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Science > Science Test Bi Wk. 38 2017 (9e) > Flashcards

Science Test Bi Wk. 38 2017 (9e) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name all parts of the endocrine system as well as their location.

A
  1. Adrenal Gland
    * On top of kidneys
  2. Ovary
    * Under kidneys
  3. Pancreas
    * Between kidneys
  4. Pituitary gland
    * Under brain
  5. Thyroid gland
    * Throat
  6. Testes
    * Junction of legs.
  7. Brain
    * Head
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2
Q
  1. What is a hormone?
  2. How is it carried?
  3. How does it compare to the nervous system in terms of speed and duration.
A
  1. Chemical substance that regulate processes in body.

Examples:

  • Insulin
    • Controls blood glucose
  • Adrenaline
    • Prepares body for “fight or flight”
  1. Blood carries the hormones to their target organs, where an effect is created.

Examples:
* Insulin is produced in pancreas, carried in blood to liver where it lowers blood sugar.

  1. Hormones can act quickly, but not as quick as the nervous system. However, the effects of the nervous system are longer lasting.
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3
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Bunch of glands that produce hormones that regulate the following:

  • Metabolism
  • Growth & Development
  • Tissue function
  • Sexual function
  • Reproduction
  • Sleep
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4
Q
  1. What does the Adrenal Gland produce?
  2. What organs does this hormone target?
  3. What does this hormone/s do?
A
  1. Adrenalin
  2. Vital organs, eg liver and heart
  3. Prepares body for action, fight or flight
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5
Q
  1. What does the Ovary produce?
  2. What organs does this hormone target?
  3. What does this hormone/s do?
A
  1. Estrogen & Progesterone
    • Estrogen: Ovaries, Uterus, pituitary gland
    • Progesterone: Uterus
    • Estrogen: Controls puberty & menstrual cycle in females
    • Progesterone: Maintains lining of womb
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6
Q
  1. What does the Pancreas produce?
  2. What organs does this hormone target?
  3. What does this hormone/s do?
A
  1. Insulin
  2. Liver
  3. Controls blood sugar levels
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7
Q
  1. What does the Pituitary gland produce?
  2. What organs does this hormone target?
  3. What does this hormone/s do?
A
  1. Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), Estrogen & Testosterone
    • ADH: Kidney
    • Estrogen: Ovaries
    • Testosterone: Testes
    • ADH: Controls blood water level by triggering uptake of water and producing urine by kidney
    • Estrogen: Produces & Releases eggs, also female sex hormone
    • Testosterone: Stimulates testes to make sperm, and male sex hormone
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8
Q
  1. What does the Thyroid gland produce?
  2. What organs does this hormone target?
  3. What does this hormone/s do?
A
  1. TSH
  2. Thyroid gland
  3. Helps control rate of metabolism
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9
Q
  1. What does the Testes produce?
  2. What organs does this hormone target?
  3. What does this hormone/s do?
A
  1. Testosterone
  2. Male reproductive organs
  3. Controls puberty in males and production of sperm
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10
Q

How are hormones regulated?

A

By negative feedback.

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11
Q

What organs are included in the nervous system?

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal Chord
  • Nerves
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12
Q

What two parts is the nervous system divided into?

A
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
    * Brain & Spinal chord
  2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
    * Connects everything to the brain & spinal chord.
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13
Q

What does the brain do in the nervous system?

A
  • Interprets the info it gets from its senses.
  • Thinks, dreams, memory, emotion
  • Different parts of the brain have different function
  • Divided into left & right hemisphere
    • Right side = Creative, Random
    • Left side = Likes patterns & sequence, safe, cautious
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14
Q

What are the parts of the brain?

A
  • Cerebral Cortex
    • Biggest part of the brain
    • Planning, reasoning, language, recognizing sounds, images & memory
  • Corpus Callosum
    • Connects right & left hemispheres
  • Cerebellum
    • Coordination, timing, precision
  • Brain Stem
    • Regulates heart rate, breathing, sleep cycles, emotion.
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15
Q

What are the cells of the nervous system called? And what are they composed of?
What differnet types of these cells exist and what do they do?

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Cell Body, Nucleus & Axon
    3.
    * Motor Neurone
    • Sends signals to muscles (contract etc)
      * Sensory Neurone
    • Sends signals from sensory organs
      * Relay Neurone
    • Connects neurones
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16
Q

What is the reflex arc?

How does it follow?

A

Nerve pathway followed by a reflex action.
For example when we touch something hot.
Stimuli -> Receptor -> Sensory neurone -> Relay neurone -> Motor neurone -> effector -> response

17
Q

What is a Neurotransmitter?

A

A chemical neurons use to transmit signals through synapses.

18
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A synapse is the junction between two nerve cells where electrical signals pass through through the diffusion of a neurotransmitter.

19
Q

What is papillae?

A

The top of the tounge is covered in a layer of bumps called papillae. Papillae helps to grip food, and move it around. They also contain your taste buds, for taste.

20
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

Inner part of ear, looks like a “snäcka”. It is filled with a liquid, which moves in response to the sound waves, and then this movement is interpreted through thousands of hair cells called stereocilla, which convert the motion to electrical signals which are communicated through neurotransmitters to the nerve cells.

21
Q

What is the cornea?

A

The cornea is the outer transparent layer that covers the iris and the pupil

22
Q

What is the iris?

A

Colored part of eye that regulates amount of light entering the eye.

23
Q

What is the pupil?

A

The opening at the center of the iris.

24
Q

What is the lens?

A

A clear part of the eye behind the iris that helps to focus the light to the retina.

25
Q

What is the retina?

A

Light sensitive tissue lining at back of eye. It converts light into electrical impulses that are sent to the brain through the optic nerve.

26
Q

What is the optic nerve?

A

A bundle of a million+ nerve fibres that carry visual messages from the retina to the brain.

27
Q

What are 3 functions of the skin?

A
  1. Protection from injury, infection & water loss
  2. Maintains body temperature
    * Does this through perspiration
    * Nerve cells in skin make sure we can feel cold, warmth, etc.
    * Sweat cools the body
    * Goosebumps keeps the heat in.
  3. Sense of touch
    * Nerve endings in skin can tell if something is hot, cold, smooth, rough, is hurting you, etc.
    • ` Body has 20 different types of nerve endings that send messages to your brain.
28
Q

What are the 3 layers of the skin?

A
  1. Epidermis
    * Outer layer, tough protective layer.
    * About as thick as a sheet of paper
    * Constantly flaking and being renewed.
  2. Dermis
    * Middle layer of skin
    * Contains Nerve endings (How things feel)
    * Contains blood vessles, oil glands & sweat glands
  3. Subcutaneous
    * Bottom layer, made mostly of fat.
    * Helps body stay warm
    * Absorbs shocks
    * Each hair on your body grows out of a tiny tube called follicles.
    * Every follicle has its roots way down in the subcutaneous layer.
29
Q

What are the 2 functions of the ear?

A

Hearing & Balance

30
Q

Describe 2 hormones and their function in the body.

A
  1. Insulin
    * Insulin travels to the liver, to get the liver to store the glucose, therefore lowering the blood sugar
  2. Adrenaline
    * Adrenaline is produced by the Adrenal gland, and is responsible for preparing the body for fight or flight.
31
Q

How is sound converted from a wave to an electrical impulse in the brain?

A
  1. Sound waves are collected in the outer ear.
  2. Sound waves pass through the ear canal, which causes the ear drum to vibrate.
  3. The vibrations are sent to our inner ear by the ossicles.
  4. The vibrations reach the cochlea. The fluid inside of the cochlea begins to move, which results in the hair sells sending a signal along the auditory nerve to the brain.
  5. Our brain receives these impulses and interprets them.
32
Q

What are 2 conditions that can affect the eye?

A
  1. Neardsightedness: When the lens focuses the light slightly infront of the retina
  2. Farsightedness: When the lens focuses the light behind the retina.
33
Q

Name 2 hormonal disorders.

A
  1. Pituitary Dwarfism
    * This is when not enough growth hormone is produced
  2. Hypothyroidism
34
Q

How do the sex hormones affect males and females?

A
  1. Testosterone
    * Produces facial and body hair
    * Supports collagen production
    * Produces sperm
    * Prostate growth
    * Erictile function
    * Strength and muscle mass
    * Responsible for sex drive.
    * Produces feelings
    * Aids memory
    * Produces blood cells
    * Maintains bone density
  2. Estrogen
    * Helps maintain body temperature
    * Helps against memory loss
    * Regulates production of cholesterol
    * Stimulates maturiation
    * Stimulates start of menstrual cycle
    * Stimulates maturiation
    * Helps maintain a lubricated and thick vaginal lining
    * Stimulates the development at puberty
    * Prepares the glands for future milk production
    * Stimulates the maturiation in uterus
    * Helps to prepare the uterus to nourish a developing fetus
    * Helps to preserve bone density.
35
Q

How does the reflex arc work?

A

Stimuli -> Receptor -> Sensory Neurone -> Relay Neurones -> Split into spinal chord to brain, & relay neurons to motor neurons -> effector -> response

36
Q

How are signals sent through the nervous system and what happens at synaptic connections

A

First stimuli is sensed by the receptor in the senses. Then this is passed on to a sensory neurones, where the electrical signal goes through the neurone, and exits the neurone as a chemical called neurotransmitter, which is sprayed onto the next adjacent neurone, which is connected by the synapse, which is where this spray happens. The chemical recieved is then converted into an electrical signal, and like so the message is passed from the sensory neurone to the brain. Which processess the output.

37
Q

How does the negative feedback system regulate blood sugar?

A
  1. Brain senses too high blood sugar
  2. Pancreas produces insulin which travels to the liver.
  3. Insulins stimulates glucose uptake from the blood by the liver.
  4. The blood sugar is lowered (too much)
  5. The brain senses too low blood sugar.
  6. Pancreas produces glucagon
  7. Stimulates glycogen breakdown, which raises blood sugar.
    Rinse & Repeat.

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