Science Test Bi Wk. 38 2017 (9e)

Question 1

Name all parts of the endocrine system as well as their location.

Answer 1

1. Adrenal Gland
   * On top of kidneys
2. Ovary
   * Under kidneys
3. Pancreas
   * Between kidneys
4. Pituitary gland
   * Under brain
5. Thyroid gland
   * Throat
6. Testes
   * Junction of legs.
7. Brain
   * Head

Question 2

1. What is a hormone?
2. How is it carried?
3. How does it compare to the nervous system in terms of speed and duration.

Answer 2

1. Chemical substance that regulate processes in body.

Examples:

• Insulin
  
  • Controls blood glucose
• Adrenaline
  
  • Prepares body for “fight or flight”

2. Blood carries the hormones to their target organs, where an effect is created.

Examples:
* Insulin is produced in pancreas, carried in blood to liver where it lowers blood sugar.

3. Hormones can act quickly, but not as quick as the nervous system. However, the effects of the nervous system are longer lasting.

Question 3

What is the endocrine system?

Answer 3

Bunch of glands that produce hormones that regulate the following:

• Metabolism
• Growth & Development
• Tissue function
• Sexual function
• Reproduction
• Sleep

Question 4

1. What does the Adrenal Gland produce?
2. What organs does this hormone target?
3. What does this hormone/s do?

Answer 4

1. Adrenalin
2. Vital organs, eg liver and heart
3. Prepares body for action, fight or flight

Question 5

1. What does the Ovary produce?
2. What organs does this hormone target?
3. What does this hormone/s do?

Answer 5

1. Estrogen & Progesterone
2. • Estrogen: Ovaries, Uterus, pituitary gland
   • Progesterone: Uterus
3. • Estrogen: Controls puberty & menstrual cycle in females
   • Progesterone: Maintains lining of womb

Question 6

1. What does the Pancreas produce?
2. What organs does this hormone target?
3. What does this hormone/s do?

Answer 6

1. Insulin
2. Liver
3. Controls blood sugar levels

Question 7

1. What does the Pituitary gland produce?
2. What organs does this hormone target?
3. What does this hormone/s do?

Answer 7

1. Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), Estrogen & Testosterone
2. • ADH: Kidney
   • Estrogen: Ovaries
   • Testosterone: Testes
3. • ADH: Controls blood water level by triggering uptake of water and producing urine by kidney
   • Estrogen: Produces & Releases eggs, also female sex hormone
   • Testosterone: Stimulates testes to make sperm, and male sex hormone

Question 8

1. What does the Thyroid gland produce?
2. What organs does this hormone target?
3. What does this hormone/s do?

Answer 8

1. TSH
2. Thyroid gland
3. Helps control rate of metabolism

Question 9

1. What does the Testes produce?
2. What organs does this hormone target?
3. What does this hormone/s do?

Answer 9

1. Testosterone
2. Male reproductive organs
3. Controls puberty in males and production of sperm

Question 10

How are hormones regulated?

Answer 10

By negative feedback.

Question 11

What organs are included in the nervous system?

Answer 11

• Brain
• Spinal Chord
• Nerves

Question 12

What two parts is the nervous system divided into?

Answer 12

1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
   * Brain & Spinal chord
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
   * Connects everything to the brain & spinal chord.

Question 13

What does the brain do in the nervous system?

Answer 13

• Interprets the info it gets from its senses.
• Thinks, dreams, memory, emotion
• Different parts of the brain have different function
• Divided into left & right hemisphere
  
  • Right side = Creative, Random
  • Left side = Likes patterns & sequence, safe, cautious

Question 14

What are the parts of the brain?

Answer 14

• Cerebral Cortex
  
  • Biggest part of the brain
  • Planning, reasoning, language, recognizing sounds, images & memory
• Corpus Callosum
  
  • Connects right & left hemispheres
• Cerebellum
  
  • Coordination, timing, precision
• Brain Stem
  
  • Regulates heart rate, breathing, sleep cycles, emotion.

Question 15

What are the cells of the nervous system called? And what are they composed of?
What differnet types of these cells exist and what do they do?

Answer 15

1. Neurons
2. Cell Body, Nucleus & Axon
   3.
   * Motor Neurone
   
   • Sends signals to muscles (contract etc)
     * Sensory Neurone
   • Sends signals from sensory organs
     * Relay Neurone
   • Connects neurones

Question 16

What is the reflex arc?

How does it follow?

Answer 16

Nerve pathway followed by a reflex action.
For example when we touch something hot.
Stimuli -> Receptor -> Sensory neurone -> Relay neurone -> Motor neurone -> effector -> response

Question 17

What is a Neurotransmitter?

Answer 17

A chemical neurons use to transmit signals through synapses.

Question 18

What is a synapse?

Answer 18

A synapse is the junction between two nerve cells where electrical signals pass through through the diffusion of a neurotransmitter.

Question 19

What is papillae?

Answer 19

The top of the tounge is covered in a layer of bumps called papillae. Papillae helps to grip food, and move it around. They also contain your taste buds, for taste.

Question 20

What is the cochlea?

Answer 20

Inner part of ear, looks like a “snäcka”. It is filled with a liquid, which moves in response to the sound waves, and then this movement is interpreted through thousands of hair cells called stereocilla, which convert the motion to electrical signals which are communicated through neurotransmitters to the nerve cells.

Question 21

What is the cornea?

Answer 21

The cornea is the outer transparent layer that covers the iris and the pupil

Question 22

What is the iris?

Answer 22

Colored part of eye that regulates amount of light entering the eye.

Question 23

What is the pupil?

Answer 23

The opening at the center of the iris.

Question 24

What is the lens?

Answer 24

A clear part of the eye behind the iris that helps to focus the light to the retina.

Question 25

What is the retina?

Answer 25

Light sensitive tissue lining at back of eye. It converts light into electrical impulses that are sent to the brain through the optic nerve.

Question 26

What is the optic nerve?

Answer 26

A bundle of a million+ nerve fibres that carry visual messages from the retina to the brain.

Question 27

What are 3 functions of the skin?

Answer 27

1. Protection from injury, infection & water loss 2. Maintains body temperature * Does this through perspiration * Nerve cells in skin make sure we can feel cold, warmth, etc. * Sweat cools the body * Goosebumps keeps the heat in. 3. Sense of touch * Nerve endings in skin can tell if something is hot, cold, smooth, rough, is hurting you, etc. - ` Body has 20 different types of nerve endings that send messages to your brain.

Question 28

What are the 3 layers of the skin?

Answer 28

1. Epidermis * Outer layer, tough protective layer. * About as thick as a sheet of paper * Constantly flaking and being renewed. 2. Dermis * Middle layer of skin * Contains Nerve endings (How things feel) * Contains blood vessles, oil glands & sweat glands 3. Subcutaneous * Bottom layer, made mostly of fat. * Helps body stay warm * Absorbs shocks * Each hair on your body grows out of a tiny tube called follicles. * Every follicle has its roots way down in the subcutaneous layer.

Question 29

What are the 2 functions of the ear?

Answer 29

Hearing & Balance

Question 30

Describe 2 hormones and their function in the body.

Answer 30

1. Insulin * Insulin travels to the liver, to get the liver to store the glucose, therefore lowering the blood sugar 2. Adrenaline * Adrenaline is produced by the Adrenal gland, and is responsible for preparing the body for fight or flight.

Question 31

How is sound converted from a wave to an electrical impulse in the brain?

Answer 31

1. Sound waves are collected in the outer ear. 2. Sound waves pass through the ear canal, which causes the ear drum to vibrate. 3. The vibrations are sent to our inner ear by the ossicles. 4. The vibrations reach the cochlea. The fluid inside of the cochlea begins to move, which results in the hair sells sending a signal along the auditory nerve to the brain. 5. Our brain receives these impulses and interprets them.

Question 32

What are 2 conditions that can affect the eye?

Answer 32

1. Neardsightedness: When the lens focuses the light slightly infront of the retina 2. Farsightedness: When the lens focuses the light behind the retina.

Question 33

Name 2 hormonal disorders.

Answer 33

1. Pituitary Dwarfism * This is when not enough growth hormone is produced 2. Hypothyroidism

Question 34

How do the sex hormones affect males and females?

Answer 34

1. Testosterone * Produces facial and body hair * Supports collagen production * Produces sperm * Prostate growth * Erictile function * Strength and muscle mass * Responsible for sex drive. * Produces feelings * Aids memory * Produces blood cells * Maintains bone density 2. Estrogen * Helps maintain body temperature * Helps against memory loss * Regulates production of cholesterol * Stimulates maturiation * Stimulates start of menstrual cycle * Stimulates maturiation * Helps maintain a lubricated and thick vaginal lining * Stimulates the development at puberty * Prepares the glands for future milk production * Stimulates the maturiation in uterus * Helps to prepare the uterus to nourish a developing fetus * Helps to preserve bone density.

Question 35

How does the reflex arc work?

Answer 35

Stimuli -> Receptor -> Sensory Neurone -> Relay Neurones -> Split into spinal chord to brain, & relay neurons to motor neurons -> effector -> response

Question 36

How are signals sent through the nervous system and what happens at synaptic connections

Answer 36

First stimuli is sensed by the receptor in the senses. Then this is passed on to a sensory neurones, where the electrical signal goes through the neurone, and exits the neurone as a chemical called neurotransmitter, which is sprayed onto the next adjacent neurone, which is connected by the synapse, which is where this spray happens. The chemical recieved is then converted into an electrical signal, and like so the message is passed from the sensory neurone to the brain. Which processess the output.

Question 37

How does the negative feedback system regulate blood sugar?

Answer 37

1. Brain senses too high blood sugar 2. Pancreas produces insulin which travels to the liver. 3. Insulins stimulates glucose uptake from the blood by the liver. 4. The blood sugar is lowered (too much) 5. The brain senses too low blood sugar. 6. Pancreas produces glucagon 7. Stimulates glycogen breakdown, which raises blood sugar. Rinse & Repeat.