Science Test 2

Question 1

What is mass?

Answer 1

Mass is a measure of how much matter is in an object or substance.

Question 2

What is matter? What is it made up of?

Answer 2

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Matter makes up everything and what makes up matter are tiny particles.

Question 3

What is the Kinetic Theory and what are the three basic assumptions?

Answer 3

The Kinetic Theory is an attempted explanation of how particles in matter behave. The three basic assumptions are all matter is composed of small particles (molecules, atoms), these particles are in constant, random motion, and these particles are colliding with each other and the walls of their container.

Question 4

What is the difference between solid particles, liquid particles, and gas particles regarding their arrangement and movement?

Answer 4

The difference between solid particles, liquid particles, and gas particles are that in solid particles are packed together/very dense, in a geometric shape, and the particles vibrate in place. However, the liquid particles are close together but not in ordered arrangement, are slightly less dense than the solid particles, slide past one another and move more freely. Lastly, the gas particles are very far apart and not dense like solids, particles spread out like they are uniformly distributed until they fill up the container unlike solids particles move faster, more freely (liquids are not moving as freely), and are constantly colliding.

Question 5

Discuss the attractive forces between solid, liquid, and gas particles and how that affects whether they have definite or fixed shape and or volume.

Answer 5

The attractive forces in a solid are very strong holding the particles and play so they maintained fixed shape and fixed volume. the attractive forces in a liquid are weaker, but still strong compared to the gas particles only allowing the particles to have definite volume, not definite shape. Lastly, the gases attractive forces are very weak, so there is no attractive forces pulling the particles together causing there are to be indefinite volume and shape.

Question 6

What is kinetic energy and potential energy? Give examples for both.

Answer 6

Kinetic energy is energy that is in motion like going down a slope on a roller coaster while potential energy is stored energy not in motion, but can be due to its position and is at rest. For example, add the top of a roller coaster about to go down.

Question 7

What is the relationship between temperature, kinetic energy, and motion of particles?

Answer 7

Temperature affects the motion of particles because when the temperature decreases the particles will move more slowly and the kinetic energy decreases. (Adding heat to particles causes them to gain kinetic energy)

Question 8

List and describe the 6 phase changes.

Answer 8

Melting- Solid to Liquid
Freezing- Liquid to Solid
Condensation- Gas to Liquid
Vaporization- Liquid to Gas
Sublimation- Solid to Gas
Deposition- Gas to Solid

Question 9

Thermal Energy

Answer 9

Thermal energy is the total energy of a materials particles resulting from forces between them.

Question 10

When the temperature of a substance decreases, what will happen to its particles?

Answer 10

When the temperature of a substance decreases (less heat), the particles will have less thermal energy/lose kinetic energy and will move more slowly and come close together.

Question 11

When the temperature of substance increases, what will happen to its particles?

Answer 11

When the temperature of a substance increases (more heat), the particles will have more thermal energy/gain kinetic energy and will move more quickly, frequently, and move further apart.

Question 12

Temperature in Science Definition

Answer 12

In science, temperature means the average kinetic energy in the substance, or how fast or slow the particles are moving.

Question 13

How are temperature/heat and particle movement related?

Answer 13

The higher the temperature, the faster the particles are moving.
Increased temperature = Increased particle movement

Question 14

How are kinetic energy and temperature related?

Answer 14

Temperature is/represents the average kinetic energy of what makes up a substance.
Increased temperature = Increased kinetic energy.

Question 15

What are the steps of adding heat in a phase change/heating curve?

Answer 15

-Adding heat to objects/fluids causes particles to gain kinetic energy.
-As the particles gain energy, they move faster, allowing them to break free from the attractive forces that are holding them together.
-As the particles transition, the material changes phases from a solid to liquid (melting) or liquid to gas (vaporization). Solids can skip the liquid phase and go directly into the gas phase with extreme amounts of heat, known as sublimation.

Question 16

What are the steps of removing heat in a phase change/heating curve?

Answer 16

-Removing heat from objects/fluids causes particles to lose kinetic energy.
-As the particles lose energy, they begin to move slower, allowing the attractive forces to gain strength and pull them back together.
-As the particles transition, the material changes phases from a gas to a liquid (condensation) or a liquid to solid (freezing). Gases can skip the liquid phase and go directly into the solid phase with extreme amounts of heat removal, known as deposition.

Question 17

What is a heating curve? What is happening to the substance when there is an increase in heat and temperature? What is happening to the substance when there is an increase in heat, but not in temperature? Why?

Answer 17

A heating curve is a graph that shows the temperature change of water as thermal energy or heat is added. When there is an increase in heat and in temperature the particles gain energy and the temperature increases before it can phase change. When there is an increase in heat, but not in temperature the phase changes because all of the energy that is put in the water goes into overcoming the attractive forces to phase change, so there is no more energy for temperature.

Question 18

Explain what a cooling curve would be.

Answer 18

A cooling curve would be a graph showing the decrease or removing temperature over time. (Goes the opposite way of a heating curve)

Question 19

Slope

Answer 19

Temperature changes

Question 20

Flat line/plateau

Answer 20

Phase Change (temperature stays the same)

Question 21

Point

Answer 21

The temperature at which it (phase change).

Question 22

Review how to place/make parts of a heating curve.

Answer 22

:)

Question 23

What is thermal expansion and why does it occur? Give 2-3 examples in real life of this occurrence.

Answer 23

Thermal expansion is the change in volume as a temperature increases or is the increase in the size of an object / substance when the temperature increases. It occurs because the addition of heat will make the particles gain energy, move faster / further apart, and break away from the attractive forces causing an expansion. (Particles taking the space when volume increases) For example, putting a pickle jar under hot water to get it open so the cap loosens a little bit. Another example is the sidewalks expanding in high temperature.

Question 24

Density

Answer 24

The amount of mass per unit of volume of an object or substance.

Question 25

What is the formula of density? How would you solve for mass and volume?

Answer 25

The formula for density is mass divided by volume is density. Mass divided by density equals volume. Lastly, density times volume equals mass.

Question 26

Discuss the three properties of fluids and identify the scientist that discovered each. Explain 2 real world examples for each.

Answer 26

The three properties of fluids are a buoyant force on an object submerged in it discovered by Archimedes’, fluid allows pressure to go through it discovered by Pascal, and when fluids are moving fast the lower the pressure discovered by Bernoulli. An example of Archimedes principle is that when you try to bring a football down to the bottom of a pool, but it won’t sink. Also, when you fill up a tub high and then when you get in it overflows. For Pascal, when you squeeze one end of a toothpaste tube, toothpaste emerges from the other end. The pressure was transmitted throughout the fluid toothpaste. Another example is hydraulic machines because when you apply pressure with small cylinder it goes through the fluid to a large cylinder. Lastly, one examples of Bernoulli’s are that the wing of an airplane has faster are on the top which equals low pressure and on the bottom the slow air equals high pressure. The second example is that when roofs are lifted off of houses in tornadoes it is the high pressure in the house pushing the roof off.

Question 27

What is the difference between a gravitational force and a buoyant force?

Answer 27

The difference between a gravitational force and a buoyant force is that a gravitational force is a downward pulling force, while buoyancy is a upwards pushing force.

Question 28

What is the difference between buoyancy and density? How does density affect buoyancy?

Answer 28

The difference between buoyancy and density is that buoyancy is an upward pushing force, while density is not a force and is the amount amount of mass per unit of volume. Density affects Buoyancy because in order for there to be buoyancy the object needs to be less dense than the water but the buoyant force needs to be stronger than the density. If something sinks there is more gravity than buoyancy.

Question 29

What is the difference between velocity and viscosity? What is their relationship? Give an example of a substance with high viscosity and low viscosity?

Answer 29

The difference between velocity and viscosity is that velocity is speed or direction, while viscosity is a fluids resistance to flow. Their relationship is that if a fluid has a high viscosity than the object’s velocity will be lower. An example of a substance with high viscosity is honey and an example of a liquid with low viscosity is lemon juice.

Question 30

How does temperature affect viscosity? How are they related?

Answer 30

Temperature affects the viscosity because when heat is added the particles gain energy and move faster and further apart causing the viscosity of a fluid to be lower and flow quicker. Increase in temperature equals a decrease/lower viscosity.

Question 31

What is pressure?

Answer 31

The amount of force exerted per unit of area or P=F/A.

Question 32

What unit is pressure measured in?

Answer 32

Pressure is measured in units called pascals (Pa), the SI unit of pressure.

Question 33

Compare and contrast Boyle’s Law and Charles law. Explain two real world examples for each.

Answer 33

Charles law is about temperature and volume, while Boyle’s law is about volume and pressure. Another difference is that an increase in temperature creates more space while an increase in pressure equals a decrease in volume. Their similarities are that they are both about volume ( how other aspects can affect the amount of space an object / particles take up). An example for Charles’s Law is leaving a basketball outside decrease in volume equals decrease in temperature and when the temperature increases the air in the tire expands. Lastly, in a spray paint can because it increase in volume equals decrease in pressure and opening a soda decrease in volume equals increasing pressure.

Question 34

Describe what would happen to the volume of a gas if the temperature of the gas was increased.

Answer 34

The volume would increase due to the gas expanding and filling up the entire container if the temperature of a gas was increased.

Question 35

Describe what would happen to the pressure of particles if the volume were decreased.

Answer 35

The pressure of particles would increase if the volume decreased.

Question 36

What is the relationship between particles, density, and pressure?

Answer 36

The relationship between particles, density, and pressure is that particles increase which makes the density increase and then the pressure increases.

Question 37

What is the relationship between temperature, volume, and pressure?

Answer 37

The relationship between temperature, volume, pressure is if the temperature increases, the volume increases, and that means a decrease in pressure.

Question 38

If the amount of the particles doesn’t change, what also doesn’t change?

Answer 38

The mass doesn’t change.

Question 39

Charles =.. explain a bit.

Answer 39

TV- Temperature and Volume
The volume of a gas increases with increasing temperatures.
When temperature is lowered, the volume decreases.
As temperature is increased, the volume increases.

Question 40

Boyle=.. explain a bit.

Answer 40

VP- Volume and Pressure
If you decrease the volume of a container of gas and hold the temperature constant, the pressure of the gas will increase.

Question 41

Density is a measure of how much … is in a given volume. (Mass or weight)

Answer 41

Mass

Question 42

The Density of an object …. change depending on the size of a sample. (Does or does not)

Answer 42

Does not.

Question 43

Contracting

Answer 43

Shrinking when the temperature is lowered.

Question 44

Displacement and Example

Answer 44

When an object enters water it pushes water out of the way to fit itself. (Has to be completely submerged) You fill up the tub for a nice, relaxing bath. The height of the water is high enough to cover you, but not too high where it will overflow. You get in and it overflows due to you displacing the water.

Question 45

Gravity and example

Answer 45

A downward pulling force from earth. More density- Down. You through a tennis and it comes back down.

Question 46

Buoyancy and example

Answer 46

An upward pushing force by water on objects. Buoyancy= Boing. You try to push a football filled with air to the bottom of the pool, but it comes back up to float and hits you in the face.

Question 47

How can you tell the mass of a displaced fluid vs. the volume of a displaced fluid? What unit is volume and mass measured in?

Answer 47

The mass of a displaced fluid is the buoyant force on an object, while the volume of the the displaced fluid is how much space an object takes up. Volume is measured in cm3 or ml, while mass is measured in kg or lbs.

Question 48

What is the relationship between density, buoyancy, and gravity?

Answer 48

High density- Strong Gravity equals less buoyancy!

Question 49

What happens to a gas when it is heated and its temperature increases? Why does temperature (in a gas) only remain the same during phase changes?

Answer 49

As a gas is heated, its particles move faster and faster and its temperature increases. Temperature only remains the same during phase changes. Because the gas particles move faster, they begin to strike the walls of their container more often and with more force.