Science Technology and Society Flashcards by Elisha Ompad

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study of life

Biology

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Hierarchy of Life (AMOCTOSO)

Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
System
Organism

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basic unit of matter (118 elements in periodic table)

Atom

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protein, fat, carbohydrates

Molecule

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Parts of cell ex. Mitochondria

Organelle

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Basic unit of life

Cell

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Group of cells

Tissue

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Group of different tissues

Organ

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Group of different organs
ex. Circulatory System

System

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Group of different system

Organism

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The study of Cells

Cytology

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2 types of cells make up every organism

Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells

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do not contain a nucleus
their DNA is located in nucleoid

ex. Bacteria and Archaebacteria

Prokaryotic Cells

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contain true nucleus
has flagellum and tail

ex. Protist, Fungi, Plant, Animal

Eukaryotic Cells

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Tail like structure

Flagellum

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Hair like structures

Cilia

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Discovered Cell from a cork made from bark of an oak tree

coined the term cell (cellulae) — small room

Robert Hooke

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Discovered the cells nucleus

Robert Brown

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Not living inert chemical — has capsid

Virus

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Protein shell that protects the virus DNA or RNA

Capsid

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Substance are moving across the cell membrane

Cellular Transport

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Virus of Covid-19

SARS COV-2

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a diffusion of a substance across a membrane — no energy investment
high to low concentration
diffusion, osmosis

Passive Transport

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The tendency for molecules of any substance to spread out evenly

Diffusion

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Passive transport aided by transport proteins

Facilitated diffusion

Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane (diffusion of water)

Osmosis

- water comes inside the cell Clue: Turgid, swell, burst, lysed

Hypotonic solution

- Solutes outside the cell are the same as inside the cell - no NET movement of WATER

Isotonic Solution

- water goes outside the cell Clue: Plasmolysis, Shrink, Shovel, Dehydrated

Hypertonic Solution

- uses energy to move solutes against their concentration gradients - Requires energy (ATP) ex. Ion pumps, cotransport, bulk transport

Active Transport

Classification and naming of organisms

Taxonomy

8 Levels of Taxonomic Classification (Dear, King, Philip, Come, Over For, Good, Spaghetti)

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

- Father of Modern Taxonomy - proposed the binomial nomenclature

Carlos Linnaeus

They live in a severe environments ex. Methanogens, Halophiles, Thermophiles

Domain Archaebacteria

- True bacteria or bacteria group. ex. Streptococus

Domain Bacteria

Allows microorganisms to multiply faster for laboratory examination

Microbial Culture

Comma shaped

Vibrio

Cause of red tide

Algae

Poisonous for human consumption if there's Red Tide

Mollusk (tahong)

ex. Diatoms, algae, entamoeba histolytica (amoebiasis) Plasmodium

Kingdom Protista

ex. Molds, mushroom, yeasts, microsporidia

Kingdom Fungi

Invertebrates (no backbones) vertebrates (has backbones) ex. Humans

Kingdom Animalia

Have stinging cells (nematocyst) ex. Jellyfish, coral

Cnidaria

Jointed legs; segmented bodies ex. Insects - mosquito Arachnids - spider

Anthropoda

Insects shed off their old cuticle to grow in size

Molting or Ecdysis

Roundworms; unsegmented ex. Pinworm, ascarsis

Nematoda

Flatworms: have soft tissues; unsegmented

Platyhelminthes

Segmented worms ex. Leech, earthworms

Annelida

Both male and female

Earthworms are hermaphroditic

Promotes anticoagulation — prevents blood clotting

Leeches

With soft bodies (usually with shells) ex. Squid, clams, snails

Mollusca

Spiny body ex. Sea star, sea urchin

Echinodermata

Shark, lampreys

Fish (pisces)

- frog, salamander - two lives (water and land)

Amphibians

- fish - amphibians - reptiles - birds - mammals

Under Chordata

eggs, scaly bodies ex. Crocodile, snake, turtle

Reptiles

Reptilia - creeping

True

2 scaly legs, wings, feathers: penguin, ostrich

Birds (Aves)

- mammary glands, hairs, milk: human, platypus, marsupial

Mammals

Marine mammals that have long ivory tusks and live in an arctic environment

Walrus

Autotrophic or producer — can make their own food

Kingdom Plantae

Do not have tissues to transport water

Non-vascular

Have transport system

Vascular

Study of plants

Botany

Vascular plants can be:

- seedless vascular plants - seed vascular plants

Seed vascular plants:

- angiosperms - gymnosperms

Conducts most of the water and minerals

Xylem

Distributes sugar and other organic products

Phloem

Seedless vascular plants: fern

Correct

- bears fruit- monocot and dicot

Angiosperms (flowering plants)

- come bearing plants - naked seeds - not enclosed by fruit ex. Conifers

Gymnosperms

Reproductive organ of flowering plant

Flower

Transfer of pollen grains from the another to the stigma of the flower

Pollination

From one plant to the other plant

Cross Pollination

Pollination from the same flower or plant

Self-Pollination

- calyx — protect the flower bud before it opens

Sepals

- Corolla attracts a particular pollinator

Petals

- anther - filament - pollen grains

Stamen (male part)

-Stigma - Ovary becomes the fruit - style - ovule becomes the seed

Carpel (Pistil) Female Part

Instrumental in the distribution of the seeds

Fruit

Vegetative production

Asexual Reproduction

- horizontal stems - stolon ex. Bamboo grass

Runners

- underground stems - eyes are the stems nodes ex. Potato

Tubers

- grow as horizontal underground stem ex. Ginger

Rhizomes

- compressed underground stems ex. Onion, garlic

Bulbs

- underground stems ex. Tari (Calocasia)

Corns

Carrots, sweet potatoes, casava

Underground roots

The parent organism produces offspring by growing a replica in the form of an outgrowth ex. Hydra, Sponges, Yeast

Budding

Separated pieces of parent organism can develop into an individual ex. Sea star

Fragmentation

Binary Fission — in bacteria

True

Chewing of food in the mouth

Physical Digestion

Breakdown of large food molecules by enzymes

Chemical Digestion

Move food in the digestive tract

Peristalsis

Passes food from your throat to your stomach

Esophagus

Mixed food and gastric juices

Chyme

Final place of digestion

Small Intestine

Finger like structures

Villi

Water absorption, production of Vit. K — ends in rectum

Large Intestine

Passageway in defecation

Anus

Largest internal organ in the body — creates bile

Liver

Emulsification of fats

Bile

Stores in the bile

Gall bladder

Secrete enzymes for final digestion of food

Pancreas

Transport blood — from heart to lungs to oxygenate blood

Circulatory System

Pumps blood

Heart

Brings blood back to the heart

Vein

Brings blood away from the heart

Artery

Contains blood cells and plasma

Blood

Red because of hemoglobin

Red Blood Cells

Protein found in the plasma — responsible for blood clotting

Fibrinogen

Vitamin needed for blood clotting

Vitamin K

Mineral needed for blood clotting

Calcium

Vitamin needed for RBC production

Vitamin B12

Supplies body with OXYGEN — release Carbon Dioxide as waste

Respiratory System

Inhale — oxygen

Inspiration

Exhale — carbon dioxide

Expiration

Warms and moisten air, traps dirt

Nose

Passageway for both air and food

Pharynx (throat)

Prevents the entrance of food to trachea

Epiglottis

Vocal cords are found inside — voice box

Larynx

Windpipe

Trachea

The main organ of respiratory system

Lungs

Dome-shaped muscle beneath the lungs

Diaphragm

Diaphragm contracts

Inhale

Diaphragm relaxes

Exhale

Regulates body temperature, etc. through hormones ex. Pancreas releases insulin

Endocrine system

Maintain balance

Homeostasis

Regulates blood when you have diabetes

Insulin

Penis, testes

Male Reproductive System

Ovaries, Oviduct (fallopian tube)

Female Reproductive System

Union of sperm and egg

Fertilization

Meet inside the test tube

In vitro fertilization

Meet inside the body

In vivo fertilization

Epididymis, Vas deferens, Urethra

correct

Regulates behavior — controls sensory and motor functions Memory and emotions

Nervous System

Basic unit of nervous system

Neurons

Largest part — voluntary activities, intelligence, learning judgement

Cerebrum

Involuntary — balance, coordination

Cerebellum

Breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing

Brain Stem

Parts of Brain Stem

- Midbrain - Pons - Medulla Oblongata (breathing)

How many bones do humans have?

206

Life span of an eye lash

3 to 5 months

Consists of the nerves

Peripheral Nervous System

- protects and supports body parts - provides framework - blood cell production - calcium and phosphorus

Skeletal System

- moves limbs and trunk - moves substances through the body

Muscular System

Involuntary, non-striated — can be seen in the stomach

Smooth Muscle

Involuntary, striated — found only in the heart

Cardiac Muscle

Can be control, smile

Skeletal Muscle

Removes metabolic waste

Excretory System

Main excretory organ; produces urine

Kidney

Body covering — protects from loss of internal fluids and from UV rays - body temperature regulation (nail, skin, hair)

Integumentary System

Largest organ in the human body

Skin

The study of ecosystem

Ecology

Relationship between living (biotic things) and non-living (abiotic things)

Ecosystem

Can make their own food ex. Plant

Producers (autotrophs)

Obtain food from another organisms

Consumers (heterotrophs)

Graze directly on producers

Herbivores

Feed on other animals (meat)

Carnivores

Animals that feed on both plants and animals

Omnivores

Can light a bulb when it is active

Brain

Feed on decaying and necrotic matter ex. Vulture

Scavenger

Break down dead organisms

Decomposers/Saprophytes

Both benefited ex. Bee and Flower

Mutualism

Only one benefited ex. Tapeworm and human

Parasitism

Neither harmed nor benefited ex. Orchid and Narra Tree

Commensalism

Have the same needs leads to ex. Sampaguita and Narra Tree

Competition

Two or more organisms that live closely together

Symbiosis

Ecological relationship of Lion and Deer

Predation

Study of genes and heredity

Genetics

Father of Genetics

Gregor Mendel

Observable traits of an organism (green, tall, short)

Phenotype

With reference to a specific character (Gg, gg, HH, hh)

Genotype

Identical alleles for a single trait (HH, TT, tt)

Homozygous

Having two different alleles (Hh, Tt)

Heterozygous

It prevents the expression of the other gene (recessive gene)

Dominant Gene (working gene)

Masked by the presence of a dominant gene

Recessive Gene (non-working gene)

Organs having similar structure — different functions ex. Human arm, cat leg, seal flipper, bat wing

Homologous Organs

Similar functions — different structures ex. Butterfly wings and bats wings

Analogous Organs

Modification of biological process through human intervention

Biotechnology

Genetic modified organism — transgenic organism ex. Glowing jellyfish

Genetic Organism

Use of biotechnology to solve environmental problems ex. Oil eating bacteria — used in cleaning oil spills

Bioremediation

Study of everything in the universe

Astronomy

Planet's name are based on Roman Mythology except Uranus (Greek)

True

All planets revolve around the sun — (eastward - west to east - counter clockwise)

Revolution (1 revolution = 1 year)

Some planets rotate (spin on the axis) except Venus and Uranus Cause of day and night

Planetary Motions

Made primarily of rocks

Inner Planets/Terrestrial Planets

1 revolution: 88 days Fastest revolving planet Nearest to the sun

Mercury

Brightest planet Hottest planet Earth's closest neighboring planet Morning/evening star

Venus

Oblate spheroid — moon: luna

Earth

- Red planet - 2 small moons: Phobos and Deimos

Mars

Located between Mars and Jupiter

Asteroid Belt

Main composition is gas

Outer Planets/Gas Planets/ Jovian Planets

Terrestrial Planets

- Mercury - Venus - Earth - Mars

Jovian planets

- Jupiter - Saturn - Uranus - Neptune - Pluto

- largest planet - 92 moons - 4 Galilean moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto

Jupiter

- has spectacular rings made of ice, rocks, dusts - 83 moons

Saturn

- dwarf planet (1930-2006) - found in kuiper belt - 5 moons: Charon, Nix, Hydra, Kerberos, Styx

Pluto

The rotational rate matches the rate of revolution; thus, the same side is always facing the earth (tidal lock)

The Moon (Luna)

8 phases of the moon

1. New Moon 2. Waxing Crescent 3. First Quarter 4. Waxing Gibbous 5. Full moon 6. Waning gibbous 7. Last quarter 8. Waning crescent

Sun - Earth - Moon — earth's shadow fall on the moon

Luna Eclipse (SEM)

Sun - Moon - Earth — moon's shadow fall on the Earth

Solar Eclipse (SME)

Highest tide and lowest tide

Spring Tide

Lower high tides — higher low tides

Neap Tides

Moon closest to the Earth

Perigee

Moon farthest from the Earth

Apogee

First successful manned mission to the moon

Apollo 11

First men on moon (July 16, 1969, 8:18 PM)

- Neil Armstrong (left foot) - Buzz Aldrin - Michael Collins

A medium sized star that has a white color

Sun

H + H = He + energy

Nuclear Fusion

Sun is closest to the Earth

Perihelion

Sun is farthest from the Earth

Aphelion

Asteroid — Meteoroid — Meteor — Meteorite

Correct

Small debris chipped off from an asteroid

Meteoroid

When it enters the atmosphere

Meteor

When it hits the land

Meteorite

- Has a nucleus called coma - tail points away from the sun

Comets

A comet that appears every 76 years

Halley's comet

A ball of hydrogen and helium

Star

Hottest star color

Blue

Coolest star color

Red

Stars forming recognizable pattern. ex. Ursa Minor

Constellation

Nearest Star

Proxima Centauri

Brightest star

Sirius

Polaris of the Ursa minor (Little Bear)

Northern Star

Largest known star

Stephenson 2-18

Reason of tidal motion

Moons Gravity

How old is Earth?

4.2 billion years old

Appearance of first dinosaurs and mammals

Triassic Period

Age of dinosaurs

Jurassic Period

Outermost layer of the Earth

Crust

Rocky, made up of Si, O, Fe, Mg, Ca

Mantle

Crust + upper mantle

Lithosphere

Innermost central part of the Earth

Core

Liquid outer core is made up of

Iron and Nickel

Inner core is made up of

Iron and Solid

Continental Drift Theory by

Alfred Wegener

Super continent

Pangaea

Due to volcanic eruption or tectonic plate movement

Earthquake

Foreshock - mainshock -aftershock

Correct

The point of origin where the movement of fault happens

Focus

The place above the focus

Epicenter

Measurement of energy released

Magnitude

Richter scale by

Charles Richter

The damage of produced and the reaction of people ( Mercalli Intensity Scale)

Intensity

Inorganic crystalline composed of an ordered arrangement of atoms

Mineral

Resistance to scratch

Hardness

Softest

Talc

Hardest

Diamond

Moh's Scale of Hardness

1. Talc 2. Gypsum 3. Calcite 4. Fluorite 5. Apatite 6. Orthoclase 7. Quartz 8. Topaz 9. Corundum (sapphire and ruby) 10. Diamond

Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

Rocks

Hardened magma or lava (crystallization)

Igneous Rock

Layers of sediments

Sedimentary rock

Organic sedimentary rock

Coal (fossil fuel)

Decayed vegetation

Peat

Soft brown coal (lowest rank of coal)

Lignite

Bituminous

Black coal

Dark, black coal, having highest heat value among the four

Anthracite

Formed due to heat and pressure ex. Marble

Metamorphic Rock

Breaking of rocks

Weathering

Removal of solids — transport by wind and water

Erosion

3 quarters (75%) of the Earth's surface is submerged in water.

Hydrosphere

Five Oceans (PAISA)

1. Pacific (largest) 2. Atlantic 3. Indian 4. Antarctic (southern ocean) 5. Arctic Ocean (smallest)

Deals with the study of the atmosphere — weather and climate (typhoon)

Meteorology

Lowermost layer of the atmosphere

Troposphere

Layer of the atmosphere where Ozone (O³) layer is found

Stratosphere

Destroys ozone layer

CFC's

Alternative chemicals of CFC

Hydrofluorocarbons

Coldest layer of the atmosphere

Mesosphere

Hottest layer of the atmosphere - aurora's are observed here

Thermosphere

Outermost layer of the atmosphere

Exosphere

Protects the Earth from dangerous charged particles (solar flares and solar winds)

Magnetosphere

Typhoon

Pacific Ocean

Cyclone

Indian Ocean

Hurricane

Atlantic ocean

Made of water — classified by shape and altitude

Clouds

Clouds that bring thunderstorm

Cumulonimbus

Seasonal changes due to changing winds

Philippine Monsoons

Northeast Monsoon (September to June — cold and dry)

Amihan

Southwest Monsoon (July - August — warm and humid)

Habagat

Caused by NO and SO

Acid Rain

Thermal Blanket

Greenhouse Effect

Accumulation of carbon dioxide — trapping of heat from the sun

Greenhouse Effect

Increase of carbon dioxide

Global warming

Easily identified through pipelines from large factories (septic tanks) — directly pour wastes to the bodies of water

Point Source Pollution

Source of water pollution either cannot be identified or may come from many sources

Non-point Source Pollution

Algal bloom occurs because of the high nutrients in the water — oxygen concentration is reduced because of the decomposition of algae

Eutrophication

Building block of matter

Atom

Does not occupy space — no mass ex. Energy

Non-matter

Occupy space (volume) and has mass

Matter

Exhibit exact properties and composition (element or compound)

Pure Substance

Only one type of atom — cannot be broken down ex. Oxygen

Elements

118th element

Oganesson (Og)

Good conductors of heat and electricity - exists as solid except mercury and gallium (liquid)

Metal

Poor conductors of heat and electricity ex. Oxygen

Non-metals

Both properties of metals and non-metals (tellerium)

Metalloids

Chemical combination of 2 or more types of atoms — can be broken down by chemical processes ex. Water (hydrogen and oxygen)

Compound

A hydroxyl bonded to an alkyl group — found in perfumes and colognes

Alcohol

Organic compounds used in perfumes and food colorings

Esters

2 or more non-metals ex. H²0

Covalent Bonds

Metals and nonmetals ex. Sodium chloride and Sodium Flouride

Ionic Bonds

2 or more substances combined without chemical bonding

Mixture

Has only single phase ex. Water + sugar = sugar solution Water + salt = brine solution

Homogeneous Mixture

Mixture are visually distinguished ex. Salad, gravel

Heterogeneous Mixture

Particles that do not settle ex. Milk

Colloid

Particles that eventually settle out — re-suspende Ex. Chocolate milk

Suspension

Has definite shape and volume - tightly packed - vibrate in place

Solid

Has definite volume — no definite shape - loosely packed - particles flow around each other

Liquid

Does not have definite volume and shape — particles move freely

Gas

A very hot gas — 4th form of matter ex. Aurora Borealis

Plasma

Super cold — absolute zero temperature

BEC — Bose-Eistein Condensate

Chemical composition remains the same — change in size, shape

Physical Change

Liquid to solid

Freezing

Solid to liquid

Melting

Liquid to gas

Evaporation

Gas to liquid

Condensation

Solid to gas (moth gas - napthalene)

Sublimation

Gas to solid (frost)

Deposition

Chemical composition has been altered — chemical reaction has taken place Ex. Rusting of iron

Chemical Change

Form a single product A + B — AB

Synthesis

Single reactant broken down into 2 or more AB — A + B

Decomposition

More active elements replaces a less active elements AB + C — AC + B

Double Decomposition

Needs energy

Endothermic Reaction

Releases energy

Exothermic reaction

AB + energy — A + B

Endothermic Decomposition

A + B — AB + energy

Exothermic Synthesis

Have pH value of below 7

Acids

Have pH value of above 7

Bases (alkaline)

pH value of 7 is neutral

Pure water And salt

Study of matter and energy

Physics

Quantity of matter in an object — measured in Kg

Mass

Pull of gravity — measured in Newton

Weight

Continuous change in position

Motion

Every object that is at rest will remain at rest unless you give force

Law of Inertia

When force is applied, the object will accelerate

Law of Acceleration

To every action there is always an opposed equal reaction.

Law of Interaction

Capacity to do work

Energy

Energy at rest — potential to fall or move

Potential Energy

Energy in motion

Kinetic Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed — only transformed into another form of energy

Conservation of Energy

Study of heat and it's transformation to different forms of energy

Thermodynamics

Heat is transferred from an object with higher temperature to an object to an object with lower temperature

Heat/Thermal Energy

Transmission of heat — with direct contact (molecule to molecule)

Conduction

Heat transfer through Air and water current (liquid) through water vapor

Convection

Heat transfer through RAYS or Waves emitted by a very hot object

Radiation

Travels faster than sound

Light

Travels fast in a Vacuum - gas - liquid - solid

Light

Violet and blue frequencies of sunlight

Scattering

Scattering of red light

Sunset

Separation of white light by a prism (Rainbow - ROYGBIV)

Dispersion

Bending of light as it passes through an obstruction such as a small slit

Diffraction

Overlapping of light waves

Interference

When light bounces off an object

Reflection

Light changes its direction — passes through a medium

Refraction

A mechanical wave Travels fast in solid, liquid, gas Cannot travel in vacuum

Sound

Intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the physical and natural world

Science

R.A 2067

Science Act of 1958

R.A 3589

An Act Amending R.A 2067

R. A 5207

Am Act provides for the licensing of regulation of atomic energy facilities and materials

Presidential Decree no. 49 s. 1972

PAG-ASA

Presidential Decree no. 334, s. 1973

Philippine National Oil Company

R.A. 8749

The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999

R.A 8792

Electronic Commercial and Non-Commercial Transactions

R.A 9513

The Renewable Act of 2008

R.A 10175

Philippine Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012

R. A 10612

An Act Expanding the Coverage of the Science and Technology Scholarship

R.A 10844

Creating the Department of Information and Communication Technology (DICT)

A robot that performs useful tasks for humans

Robotics

Father of Information Age

Claude Shannon

Scientific study of materials of nanometer size

Nanoscience

An ideology that evokes the necessity and responsibility of humans to respect and preserve the natural world

Environmentalism

Allows individuals to explore environmental issues — problem solving and take action

Environmental Education

Study of body parts and their location

Anatomy

Study of functions of the body parts

Physiology

Study of chemical processes and transformations in living things

Biochemistry

Study of microorganisms

Microbiology

Study of fungi

Mycology

Study of algae

Phycology

Study of parasites and their hosts

Parasitology

Study of animals

Zoology

Ethology

Animal behavior

Fishes

Ichthyology

Birds

Ornithology

Entomology

Insects

Most abundant in the cell

Oxygen

Macromolecules

- carbohydrates - nucleic acid - proteins - lipids

- selective barrier (semipermeable) - control the passage of nutrients and waste (boundary of cell and external environment)

The Plasma Membrane

Genetic library of the cell - contains most of the genes

Nucleus

Jelly like fluid — organelles are located

Cytoplasm (Cytosol)

Protein Factories in the Cell

Ribosomes

Folded membranes that serves as channels through which materials are transported in the cell

The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic Factory

Shipping and receiving center of the cell

The Golgi Apparatus

Powerhouse of the cell — converts food molecules into energy (ATP) through cellular respiration

Mitochondria: Chemical Energy Conversion

The process that releases energy from food

Cellular Respiration

Adenosine Triphosphate: Energy currency of the cell

True

Digest bacteria

Lysosomes

Capture of light energy

Chloroplasts

Entire process of capturing light energy to produce food

Photosynthesis

Needed material: sunlight, water, carbon dioxide Waste product: oxygen End product: sugar (glucose)

Photosynthesis

Plant cell wall: made up of cellulose Bacterial cell wall: made up of peptidoglycan Fungal cell wall- chitin

True

Protective layer of the cell

The Cell wall

Hold reserves important organic compounds of water

Central Vacuoles

Mechanical network fibers

Cytoskeleton

Microfilaments

Actin

Intermediate Filament

Keratin

Microtubules

Tubulin

Essential for cytokinesis, amoebid movement and changes in cell shape

Microfilaments

- hypostasis - blood settles because of gravity - skin becomes pinkish, bluish, blotchy

Livor Mortis

Muscle mass become rigid — chemical breakdown and muscles become flaccid

Rigor Mortis

Body cooling from normal internal temperature to the temperature of the environment

Algor Mortis

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