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General Education > Purposive Communication in English > Flashcards

Purposive Communication in English Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Grammar

A
  • Descriptive
  • Prescriptive
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2
Q

Language in context; usage

A

Descriptive Grammar

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3
Q

Language based on rules

A

Prescriptive Grammar

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4
Q

The building blocks of language

A

Words

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5
Q

They function to explain the usage of words in a sentence

A

Parts of Speech

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6
Q

A word used to name a person, place, thing, state or quality

A

Noun

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7
Q

Kinds of Noun

A
  • Proper Nouns
  • Common Nouns
  • Collective Nouns
  • Mass Nouns
  • Concrete Nouns
  • Abstract Nouns
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8
Q

They are specific — and first letters are capitalized

ex. Jake, Fenilla, Monday

A

Proper Nouns

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9
Q

They are general and can be capitalized in the beginning of the sentence or it is a title

ex. man, student, clinic, teacher

A

Common Nouns

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10
Q

Name of groups

singular (group) — united
Plural (members) — fight

ex. Flock, family, choir

A

Collective Nouns

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11
Q

Cannot be counted

  • a/an — singular
  • s/es — plural

ex. Salt, sugar, flour

A

Uncountable/Mass Nouns

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12
Q

Exist in the physical world — perceived by senses

ex. Petals, tables, pens, cups

A

Concrete Nouns

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13
Q

Refer to the ideas or feelings

exam sadness, joy, brilliance

A

Abstract Nouns

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14
Q

Word used to replace a noun

A

Pronoun

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15
Q

Kinds of Pronoun

A
  • Personal
  • Indefinite
  • Reflexive and Intensive
  • Demonstrative
  • Relative
  • Interrogative
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16
Q

Pronouns cases:

A
  • subjective/nominative
  • objective
  • possessive
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17
Q

The person talking in subjective case (I, Me, We)

A

First Person

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18
Q

The person spoken to in the subjective case (You)

A

Second Person

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19
Q

The person spoken about in the subjective case (He, She, It, They)

A

Third Person

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20
Q

Object of a verb, compound verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase

A

Objective

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21
Q

Objective case in first person

A

Me, Us

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22
Q

Objective Case in second person:

A

You

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23
Q

Objective case in third person:

A

Him, her, it, them

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24
Q

Marker of possession; ownership of a particular object or person

A

Possessive

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25
Q

First person possessive case

A

My, Mine, Our, Ours

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26
Q

Second person possessive case

A

Your, yours

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27
Q

Third person possessive case

A

His, her, hers, it’s, their, theirs

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28
Q

When to use Personal Nominative Case?

A

Pronoun - Action Verb
ex. He and I SANG.

Be verb - Pronoun
ex. The singer IS HE.

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29
Q

Examples of Be verbs

A

am, is, are, was, were

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30
Q

When to use Personal Objective Cases?

A

Action Verb - Pronoun
ex. I GAVE HIM a chance

Preposition - Pronoun
ex. I smiled AT HIM.

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31
Q

When to use a Personal Possessive Case?

A

Ownership
ex. The bag is mine.

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32
Q

Refer to an identifiable but not specified person or thing

A

Indefinite pronouns

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33
Q
  • any
  • anybody
  • nobody
  • anyone
  • each
  • everyone
  • one
  • someone
  • somebody
  • every
  • either
  • neither
A

SINGULAR INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

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34
Q
  • Few
  • Both
  • Many
  • All
  • Some
  • Several

(FBMASS)

A

PLURAL INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

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35
Q
  • None
  • All
  • Most
  • Any
  • Some
  • A lot of

(NAMASA)

A

Either SINGULAR or PLURAL

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36
Q

myself, yourself, herself, itself, himself

A

Reflexive and Intensive Pronoun

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37
Q

Refers back to the subject in the sentence — gives emphasis to the subject.

ex. I owe it to MYSELF.

A

Reflexive Pronoun

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38
Q
  • is used to emphasize the antecedent
  • can be deleted, still makes sense

ex. I MYSELF made that decision.

A

Intensive Pronoun

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39
Q

Can be found at the beginning of the sentence — this (s), these (p), that (s), those (p)

A

Demonstrative Pronoun

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40
Q

Used to link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause — who, whose, whoever, whom, that, which, whichever

A

Relative Pronouns

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41
Q

Use for questioning — who, which, what, whom, whose, whoever

ex. Who wrote the novel Les Miserables?

A

Interrogative Pronoun

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42
Q

A content word that denotes an action, occurrence, or state of existence

  • heart of the sentence
A

Verb

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43
Q

How many inflections does the Verb have?

A
  • 4 inflections (s,ed,d,en,ing)
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44
Q

-s — Present form (singular)

ex. Sings

A

True

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45
Q

-d/-ed — past form

ex. Walked

A

True

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46
Q

-en — perfect form

ex. be-en

A

True

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47
Q

-ing — possessive form

ex. Walking

A

True

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48
Q

Kinds of Verbs

A
  • Regular Verbs
  • Irregular Verbs
  • Linking Verbs
  • Auxiliary Verbs
  • Emphatic Verbs
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49
Q

form their past tense by adding ‘d’ or ‘ed’ to the base form.

ex. Jump — jumped

A

Regular Verbs

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50
Q

Form their past tense and past participle in several ways (No d/ed)

ex. be, was, were, been
Lie, lay, lain
Lay, laid, laid

A

Irregular Verbs

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51
Q

Used to link or join the subject with a word in the predicate — be verb (am, is, are, was, were)

other ex. become, seem, look, smell, appear, feel, taste, sound, remain

A

Linking Verbs

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52
Q

Helping verbs — used together with a main verb — most common is “have”

  • if no action verb, they the action
A

Auxiliary Verb

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53
Q

An auxiliary verb that is used in singular, present tense of the verb

A

Has

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54
Q

An auxiliary verb — base form and is used in plural present tense

A

Have

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55
Q

An auxiliary verb — used in singular/plural past tense of the verb

A

Had

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56
Q

Auxiliary Verbs must be followed by a past participle form of the verbs.

ex. I HAD LOVED him before.
We HAVE SEEN him.

A

True

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57
Q

Do, Does, Did + Present Action Verb (base form)

A

The Emphatic Verb

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58
Q

An emphatic verb — present tense, plural + simple form of the verb

A

Do

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59
Q

An emphatic verb — present tense, singular+ simple form of the verb

A

Does

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60
Q

An emphatic verb — past tense, singular/plural + simple form of the verb

A

Did

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61
Q

Emphatic verbs can be used as action verbs if there is no action verb.

A

True

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62
Q

A part of speech used to modify nouns and pronouns

A

Adjective

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63
Q

Order of Adjectives in an adjective phrase: DOSSACOMQ

A
  • Determiners
  • Observations
  • Size
  • Shape
  • Age
  • Color
  • Origin
  • Material
  • Qualifier
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64
Q

a, an, the, my, your, etc.

A

Determiners

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65
Q

Lovely, boring, nice, etc.

A

Observations

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66
Q

Tiny, small, huge, etc.

A

Size

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67
Q

round, square, rectangular, etc.

A

Shape

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68
Q

Old, new, ancient, etc

A

Age

69
Q

Red, blue, green, etc.

A

Color

70
Q

British, American, Mexican, etc.

A

Origin

71
Q

Gold, copper, silk, etc.

A

Material

72
Q

Limiters for compound nouns

A

Qualifier

73
Q

The interesting, small rectangular, blue car

(DOSSC)

A

Correct

74
Q

It modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb — placed before or after the word it modifies

A

Adverb

75
Q
  • An adverb that tells us when something is done or happens.
  • We use it at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.

ex. Afterwards, already, last month, now, soon, then, yesterday, and later.

A

Adverb of Time

76
Q
  • An adverb that tells us where something is done or happens.
  • We use it after the verb, object, or at the end of a sentence.

ex. Above, below, here, outside, over, there, under, upstairs, elsewhere.

A

Adverb of Place

77
Q

An adverb that tells us how something is done or happens. (it usually ends with — ly)

ex. Badly, happily, sadly, slowly, quickly, well, hard, fast, etc.

A

Adverb of Manner

78
Q

An adverb that tells us the level of extent that something is done or happens.

ex. Almost, much, quite, so, too, very

A

Adverb of Degree

79
Q

An adverb that tells us how often something is done or happens.

ex. Hardly, ever, nearly, nearly always, never, occasionally, often, sometimes, usually

A

Adverb of Frequency

80
Q

A word expressing the relationship between a noun, pronoun, and other elements of a sentence

A

Preposition

81
Q

Prepositions of Time:

A

AT — Specific times
ON — Days and Dates
IN — Non-specific times, day, month, season, year

82
Q

We use AT to designate SPECIFIC TIMES. (midnight, noon, clock time)

A

ex. The program will commence AT 8:00 A.M.

83
Q

We use ON to designate DAYS and DATES.

A

ex. Results will be out ON SUNDAY.
Not all understand the significance of the celebration ON JUNE 12th.

84
Q

We use IN for NON-SPECIFIC TIMES during a DAY, a MONTH, a SEASON, or a YEAR.

A

ex. - In the Philippines, it still rains even IN SUMMER.
- I was conceived IN 1992.

85
Q

Prepositions of Place:

A

AT — Specific addresses
ON — Names of streets, avenues, etc
IN — Names of Land areas (towns, counties, states, countries, and continents)

86
Q

We use AT for SPECIFIC ADDRESS

A

ex. Ruffa Papaya lives at Prk 1-D, Balagunan, Sto. Tomas City, France.

87
Q

We use ON to designate NAMES of STREETS, AVENUES, etc. (Roads)

A

ex. I feel cathartic when I am ON BOULEVARD STREET.

88
Q

We use IN for the NAMES OF LAND AREAS (towns, countries, states, cities, and, continents).

A

Ex. She dreams of living IN NORWAY.

89
Q

A word used to connect sentences, clauses, phrases or words.

A

Conjunction

90
Q

Join equals to one another (words, phrases, clauses)

ex. For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So (FANBOYS)

A

Coordinating Conjunctions

ex. He wanted to stay, but his heart spoke otherwise.

91
Q

In coordinating conjunctions NO COMMA for TWO WORDS

ex. Cookies and Milk

A

Correct

92
Q

In coordinating conjunctions, put comma for THREE OR MORE WORDS, ETC.

ex. Peanuts, cookies, and milk

A

Correct

93
Q

A conjunction that introduces a subordinate (dependent) clause

ex. After, although, as, as far as, as soon as, as if, though

A

Subordinating Conjunctions

94
Q

A paired conjunction that links balanced words, phrases, and clauses.

ex. either, or, neither, nor, not only, but also

A

Correlative Conjunctions

95
Q

A word that expresses the feeling or emotion, and functions, independently in a sentence

ex. Ah! Oh! Uh! Alas! Hey! Ouch! Well! Wow!

A

Interjection

96
Q

What is the ultimate rule in grammar?

A

Singular Subject = Singular Verb (+s)
Plural Subject = Plural Verb (-s)

97
Q

Rule 1

Verb with +s is SINGULAR.

ex. He loves the musical.

A

Correct

98
Q

Rule 1

Verb without -s is PLURAL

ex. They love the musical.

A

Correct

99
Q

Rule 1.1

Make the linking verb/verb agree with the real subject.

ex. Rona’s CHOICES ARE final.

A

Correct

100
Q

Rule 1.2

“I take a plural verb & am

ex. I AM yours.

A

Correct

101
Q

Rule 2

Collective Noun subjects = SINGULAR VERBS, however

Group viewed as Individual members = PLURAL VERB

A

ex. The ORCHESTRA PLAYS a hit song. (united — singular)

The ORCHESTRA DISCUSS the matter. (fight — plural)

102
Q

Rule 3

Non-Count Nouns = Singular Verbs

ex. Sugar is sweet.

A

Correct

103
Q

Rule 3

Mass Nouns/Non-Count Nouns can be PLURALIZED by QUANTIFIERS.

ex. THREE SACKS of sugar ARE heavy.

A

Correct

ex. of Non-count nouns — sugar, rice, hair, information, evidence

104
Q

Rule 4

Proper nouns that end in -s = SINGULAR VERBS (news, politics, physics, mathematics, mumps, measles)

ex. Digos is in Davao del Sur.
The news is not fake.
Economics is my favorite subject.

A

Correct

Proper nouns end in -s (courses, diseases, places, book, film titles)

105
Q

Economics as a variable = PLURAL VERB

ex. The country’s economics are improving.

A

Correct

106
Q

Rule 5

Items with 2 parts = PLURAL VERB
(slippers, eyeglasses, trousers, earrings, scissors, sunglasses, pants, pliers)

ex. The scissors are cute.
The shoes are expensive.

A

Correct

107
Q

Rule 5.1

Items 2 parts + a word PAIR = SINGULAR VERB

ex. My PAIR of SCISSORS is lost.

A

Correct

108
Q

Rule 6

Plural Subject Nouns — unit of measurement (distance, weight, time, or amount of money) that signal 1 unit = SINGULAR VERB

ex. 4 KILOMETERS COSTS P200 for a taxi ride.

Fifty thousand pesos HAS less value now.

A

Correct

109
Q

Rule 7

Basic Arithmetical Operations = Singular Verbs

ex. (add, subtract, multiply, divide)
Four TIMES five EQUALS twenty.

A

Correct

110
Q

Rule 8

Indefinite Pronouns = ALWAYS SINGULAR

ex. ANYTHING IS possible.
NOTHING SATISFIES him.

A

Correct

(-one words — anyone, everyone, someone)
(-body words — anybody, everybody, somebody)
(-thing words — anything, everything)
(each, every, either, any, neither)

111
Q

Rule 6

Countable Noun = Plural

ex. Five Bills are in my wallet.

A

Correct

112
Q

Rule 9

Indefinite Pronouns: NAMASA (None, All, Most, Any, Some, A lot of) = SINGULAR OR PLURAL VERB

Note: Always find the word (of, of the) — mark the word before and after “of the” (A and B) — IF NAMASA DISREGARD

A

correct

ex. Some of the boys ARE my friends.

113
Q

Rule 10

Fractions, Percentages, and the Quantifiers (all of, a lot of) — DEPENDS THE NOUN COMING AFTER THESE PHRASES

A

Correct.

ex. 30% of the area HAS grass.

114
Q

Rule 11

In pairing subjects (presence of prepositional phrase) — disregard B when A is not NAMASA nor Portion.

A

Correct

ex. The color (A-s) of (p) his eyes (b) IS blue.

115
Q

Rule 12

the expression THE NUMBER (subj) = SINGULAR VERB

ex. THE NUMBER of students coming IS decreasing.

A

Correct

116
Q

Rule 12

The expression A NUMBER (subj) = PLURAL VERB

ex. A NUMBER of students ARE taking the test.

A

Correct

117
Q

Rule 13 [rule of proximity]

With correlative subjects EITHER OR, OR, NEITHER, NOR the VERB AGRESS WITH CLOSEST SUBJECT

ex. Either Jake or my friends ARE cute .

Jake or my friends ARE cute.

A

Correct

118
Q

Rule 13 [rule of proximity]

With correlative subjects EITHER OR, OR, NEITHER, NOR the VERB AGRESS WITH CLOSEST SUBJECT

ex. Either Jake or my friends ARE cute .

Jake or my friends ARE cute.

A

Correct

119
Q

Rule 13

However: EITHER alone OR NEITHER alone without Or = automatic SINGULAR unless with or

A

Correct

ex. Neither of the boys WAS okay.

120
Q

Rule 14

There/Here — never used as a subject.

Sentence begins with There/Here — subject found After the Verb.

A

Correct

ex. There is ONE PERSON in my heart.

121
Q

Rule 15

Compound Subjects + and as separate= PLURAL VERB

ex. Minda and Linda ARE my best friends.

A

Correct

ex. The secretary and the treasurer are here.

122
Q

Rule 15

Subjects + and as a single unit = SINGULAR VERB

ex. Bread and butter IS a common breakfast for Americans.

A

Correct

123
Q

Note: One Determiner - singular
Two determiner - plural

A

True

ex. The secretary and treasurer IS here.
The secretary and the treasurer ARE here.

124
Q

Rule 16

Subjects+ intervening expressions = AGREE WITH REAL SUBJECTS.

Disregard intervening expressions: in addition to, in company with, together with, as well as, etc.

A

Correct

ex. The STUDENT, together with his classmates STUDIES the lessons well.

125
Q

Rule 17

Adjectives as Nouns = PLURAL

ex. The RICH ARE popular.
The NEEDY ARE to be given shelter.

A

Correct

126
Q

Personal pronouns (he, she, it, they, his, her, its, their) agree in GENDER and NUMBER with the NOUNS they refer to.

A

ex. MR. OBEAL discusses the topic with HIS students.

127
Q

His (masculine) — king, prince, duke
Her (feminine) — queen, princess, duchess
His/Her (neuter) — teacher, leader, singeri

A

Note. First choice HIS in the neuter’s case

128
Q

2 or more Singular antecedents joined by OR or NOR = SINGULAR PRONOUN

note: rule of proximity

A

Correct

Ex. Either Froilan or Jake will deliver HIS piece tomorrow.

129
Q

Collective Nouns = Singular or Plural (as individual or as whole)

individual — fight
whole — unite

A

Correct

ex. The CLASS donated ITS funds to Bantay Bata Foundation. (S)
The CLASS argued THEIR issues among themselves. (P)

130
Q

Who — person (s)
Which — animal (s), or thing (s)

ex. I am one of the students WHO fought against hunger.

A

Correct

131
Q

Singular Indefinite Pronouns = SINGULAR and MASCULINE (can’t determine gender — always use His)

ex. SOMEBODY forgot HIS manners at home.

A

Correct

132
Q

1 Singular antecedent+ 1 Plural antecedent = Rule of Proximity

ex. Neither the boys nor his CLASSMATE speaks of HIS concerns.

A

Correct.

ex. Either Jenney or the REYESES will hold THEIR political rally.

133
Q

2 or more antecedent + and = PLURAL

ex. Minda and Linda brought THEIR A-games to the competition.

A

Correct

134
Q

Absolute location of an event or action in time (present, past, or future)

A

Tense

135
Q

refers to how an event or action is to be viewed with respect to time

A

Aspect

136
Q

Tensed

A

Simple

137
Q

Tensed have + past participle

A

Perfect

138
Q

Tensed be + present participle

A

Progressive (continuous)

139
Q

Tensed have + Past participle of be (been) + Present Participle

A

Perfect Progressive

140
Q

Write/writes
Walk/walks

A

Simple Present Tense

141
Q

Wrote
Walked

A

Simple Past Tense

142
Q

Will write
Will walk

A

Simple Future

143
Q

has/have written
has/have walked

A

Perfect Present Tense

144
Q

Had written
Had walked

A

Perfect Past Tense

145
Q

Had written
Had walked

A

Perfect Past Tense

146
Q

Will have written
Will have walked

A

Perfect Future Tense

147
Q

am/is/are writing
am/is/are walking

A

Present Progressive Tense

148
Q

was/were writing
was/were walking

A

Progressive Past Tense

149
Q

will be writing
will be walking

A

Progressive Future Tense

150
Q

has/have been writing
has/have been walking

A

Perfect Progressive Present Tense

151
Q

Had been writing
Had been walking

A

Perfect Progressive Past Tense

152
Q

will have been writing l
will have been walking

A

Perfect Progressive Future Tense

153
Q

How many tenses the verb have?

A

3 but if there’s 12 — it’s 12

154
Q
  • base form (plural) or with (-s) singular
  • habitual actions in the present
A

Simple Present Tense

ex. He GOES to school everyday.
The teachers TALK with passion and wit on a daily basis.

155
Q
  • past form of the verb
  • completed action in the PAST
  • habitual event in the PAST
A

Simple Past Tense

ex. I SAW my ex LAST WEEK.
It RAINED almost everyday LAST MARCH.

156
Q
  • will + base form
  • action to take place at some definite FUTURE TIME.
  • a FUTURE HABITUAL action
A

Simple Future Tense

ex. I WILL TOP the LET in March 2024.
Starting in 2025, Froilan WILL WAKE UP at 6:00 A.M every day.

157
Q
  • is/am/are + ING
  • going on at the time speaking (AT THE MOMENT)
  • temporary situation (FOR THE TIME BEING)
A

Present Progressive Tense

ex. He IS TALKING about his thesis at a conference AS WE SPEAK.

IN THE MEANTIME, he IS REVIEWING at FTRC.

158
Q
  • was/were + ING
  • a specific point of time in the past (with RANGE)
  • 2 past actions (WITH INTERRUPTION)
A

Past Progressive Tense

ex. He WAS WALKING to school AT 8:30 THIS MORNING.

Mae WAS TEXTING her boyfriend WHEN HER MOM ENTERED THE ROOM.

159
Q
  • will be + ING
  • progress at a specific time in the future (WITH RANGE)
A

Future Progressive Tense

ex. He WILL BE TAKING a test STARTING 8:00 A.M TOMORROW.

160
Q
  • has/have + past participle
  • past to present and very recent completed action (just)
A

Present Perfect Tense

ex. She HAS BEEN a school administrator since 2010.

I HAVE LOVED him FOR FIVE YEARS NOW.

I HAVE JUST SUBMITTED my papers.

161
Q
  • had + past participle
  • 2 successive past actions
A

Past Perfect Tense

ex. Mom HAD already LEFT the house BEFORE I TURNED THE TV ON.

She HAD SPOKEN to him BEFORE HE CONFRONTED ME.

162
Q
  • will have + past participle
  • will be completed prior to a specific future time (BY)
A

Future Perfect Tense

ex. I WILL HAVE FINISHED all this work BY TOMORROW.

163
Q
  • has/have been + ING
  • habit from past, present, to future
A

Present Perfect Progressive Tense

ex. Mr. Santos HAS BEEN READING the book SINCE MONDAY AND MAY FINISH IT NEXT WEEK.

164
Q
  • had been + ING
  • The first action took awhile in the past
  • a period of time in the Past prior to or interrupted by some other past event
A

Past Perfect Progressive Tense

ex. We HAD BEEN PLANNING to visit Cebu but CHANGED our minds after seeing a photo of Sto. Tomas, Davao del Norte.

165
Q
  • will have been + ING
  • present to the future with specified future time and duration
A

Future Perfect Progressive

ex. ON CHRISTMAS EVE, we WILL HAVE BEEN LIVING in the same house FOR 10 YEARS.

166
Q
  • always TRUE or FACTUAL
  • Real Condition

ex. If you EXPOSE ice to sunlight, it MELTS.

If you JUMP, you FALL.

A

Zero Conditionals

note: If clause: Simple Present
Main Clause: Simple Present

167
Q
  • possible to happen
  • UNREAL BUT LIKELY CONDITION

If: simple present
Main: will + base form

A

First Conditionals

ex. If we DANCE our night away, we WILL WAKE UP late tomorrow.

If you REVIEW for the LEPT, you WILL PASS the exams.

168
Q
  • speculating situations that probably WONT HAPPEN
  • hypothetical/wishful
  • unreal and unlikely condition

If: Past Tense
Main: would/could + base form

A

Second Conditionals (were+would, could, should)

ex. If I WERE a boy, I WOULD UNDERSTAND your situation.

If he WERE to come back to my life, I WOULD never GIVE him another chance.

169
Q
  • imagining a DIFFERENT PAST
  • past unreal condition

If: past perfect
Main: would/could + have + past participle

A

Third Conditionals

ex. If I HAD the chance to change things, I WOULD HAVE TAKEN every possible opportunity.

General Education (8 decks)

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