Purposive Communication in English Flashcards
1
Q
Types of Grammar
A
- Descriptive
- Prescriptive
2
Q
Language in context; usage
A
Descriptive Grammar
3
Q
Language based on rules
A
Prescriptive Grammar
4
Q
The building blocks of language
A
Words
5
Q
They function to explain the usage of words in a sentence
A
Parts of Speech
6
Q
A word used to name a person, place, thing, state or quality
A
Noun
7
Q
Kinds of Noun
A
- Proper Nouns
- Common Nouns
- Collective Nouns
- Mass Nouns
- Concrete Nouns
- Abstract Nouns
8
Q
They are specific — and first letters are capitalized
ex. Jake, Fenilla, Monday
A
Proper Nouns
9
Q
They are general and can be capitalized in the beginning of the sentence or it is a title
ex. man, student, clinic, teacher
A
Common Nouns
10
Q
Name of groups
singular (group) — united
Plural (members) — fight
ex. Flock, family, choir
A
Collective Nouns
11
Q
Cannot be counted
- a/an — singular
- s/es — plural
ex. Salt, sugar, flour
A
Uncountable/Mass Nouns
12
Q
Exist in the physical world — perceived by senses
ex. Petals, tables, pens, cups
A
Concrete Nouns
13
Q
Refer to the ideas or feelings
exam sadness, joy, brilliance
A
Abstract Nouns
14
Q
Word used to replace a noun
A
Pronoun
15
Q
Kinds of Pronoun
A
- Personal
- Indefinite
- Reflexive and Intensive
- Demonstrative
- Relative
- Interrogative
16
Q
Pronouns cases:
A
- subjective/nominative
- objective
- possessive
17
Q
The person talking in subjective case (I, Me, We)
A
First Person
18
Q
The person spoken to in the subjective case (You)
A
Second Person
19
Q
The person spoken about in the subjective case (He, She, It, They)
A
Third Person
20
Q
Object of a verb, compound verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase
A
Objective
21
Q
Objective case in first person
A
Me, Us
22
Q
Objective Case in second person:
A
You
23
Q
Objective case in third person:
A
Him, her, it, them
24
Q
Marker of possession; ownership of a particular object or person
A
Possessive
25
First person possessive case
My, Mine, Our, Ours
26
Second person possessive case
Your, yours
27
Third person possessive case
His, her, hers, it's, their, theirs
28
When to use Personal Nominative Case?
Pronoun - Action Verb
ex. He and I SANG.
Be verb - Pronoun
ex. The singer IS HE.
29
Examples of Be verbs
am, is, are, was, were
30
When to use Personal Objective Cases?
Action Verb - Pronoun
ex. I GAVE HIM a chance
Preposition - Pronoun
ex. I smiled AT HIM.
31
When to use a Personal Possessive Case?
Ownership
ex. The bag is mine.
32
Refer to an identifiable but not specified person or thing
Indefinite pronouns
33
- any
- anybody
- nobody
- anyone
- each
- everyone
- one
- someone
- somebody
- every
- either
- neither
SINGULAR INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
34
- Few
- Both
- Many
- All
- Some
- Several
(FBMASS)
PLURAL INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
35
- None
- All
- Most
- Any
- Some
- A lot of
(NAMASA)
Either SINGULAR or PLURAL
36
myself, yourself, herself, itself, himself
Reflexive and Intensive Pronoun
37
Refers back to the subject in the sentence — gives emphasis to the subject.
ex. I owe it to MYSELF.
Reflexive Pronoun
38
- is used to emphasize the antecedent
- can be deleted, still makes sense
ex. I MYSELF made that decision.
Intensive Pronoun
39
Can be found at the beginning of the sentence — this (s), these (p), that (s), those (p)
Demonstrative Pronoun
40
Used to link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause — who, whose, whoever, whom, that, which, whichever
Relative Pronouns
41
Use for questioning — who, which, what, whom, whose, whoever
ex. Who wrote the novel Les Miserables?
Interrogative Pronoun
42
A content word that denotes an action, occurrence, or state of existence
- heart of the sentence
Verb
43
How many inflections does the Verb have?
- 4 inflections (s,ed,d,en,ing)
44
-s — Present form (singular)
ex. Sings
True
45
-d/-ed — past form
ex. Walked
True
46
-en — perfect form
ex. be-en
True
47
-ing — possessive form
ex. Walking
True
48
Kinds of Verbs
- Regular Verbs
- Irregular Verbs
- Linking Verbs
- Auxiliary Verbs
- Emphatic Verbs
49
form their past tense by adding 'd' or 'ed' to the base form.
ex. Jump — jumped
Regular Verbs
50
Form their past tense and past participle in several ways (No d/ed)
ex. be, was, were, been
Lie, lay, lain
Lay, laid, laid
Irregular Verbs
51
Used to link or join the subject with a word in the predicate — be verb (am, is, are, was, were)
other ex. become, seem, look, smell, appear, feel, taste, sound, remain
Linking Verbs
52
Helping verbs — used together with a main verb — most common is "have"
- if no action verb, they the action
Auxiliary Verb
53
An auxiliary verb that is used in singular, present tense of the verb
Has
54
An auxiliary verb — base form and is used in plural present tense
Have
55
An auxiliary verb — used in singular/plural past tense of the verb
Had
56
Auxiliary Verbs must be followed by a past participle form of the verbs.
ex. I HAD LOVED him before.
We HAVE SEEN him.
True
57
Do, Does, Did + Present Action Verb (base form)
The Emphatic Verb
58
An emphatic verb — present tense, plural + simple form of the verb
Do
59
An emphatic verb — present tense, singular+ simple form of the verb
Does
60
An emphatic verb — past tense, singular/plural + simple form of the verb
Did
61
Emphatic verbs can be used as action verbs if there is no action verb.
True
62
A part of speech used to modify nouns and pronouns
Adjective
63
Order of Adjectives in an adjective phrase: DOSSACOMQ
- Determiners
- Observations
- Size
- Shape
- Age
- Color
- Origin
- Material
- Qualifier
64
a, an, the, my, your, etc.
Determiners
65
Lovely, boring, nice, etc.
Observations
66
Tiny, small, huge, etc.
Size
67
round, square, rectangular, etc.
Shape
68
Old, new, ancient, etc
Age
69
Red, blue, green, etc.
Color
70
British, American, Mexican, etc.
Origin
71
Gold, copper, silk, etc.
Material
72
Limiters for compound nouns
Qualifier
73
The interesting, small rectangular, blue car
(DOSSC)
Correct
74
It modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb — placed before or after the word it modifies
Adverb
75
- An adverb that tells us when something is done or happens.
- We use it at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.
ex. Afterwards, already, last month, now, soon, then, yesterday, and later.
Adverb of Time
76
- An adverb that tells us where something is done or happens.
- We use it after the verb, object, or at the end of a sentence.
ex. Above, below, here, outside, over, there, under, upstairs, elsewhere.
Adverb of Place
77
An adverb that tells us how something is done or happens. (it usually ends with — ly)
ex. Badly, happily, sadly, slowly, quickly, well, hard, fast, etc.
Adverb of Manner
78
An adverb that tells us the level of extent that something is done or happens.
ex. Almost, much, quite, so, too, very
Adverb of Degree
79
An adverb that tells us how often something is done or happens.
ex. Hardly, ever, nearly, nearly always, never, occasionally, often, sometimes, usually
Adverb of Frequency
80
A word expressing the relationship between a noun, pronoun, and other elements of a sentence
Preposition
81
Prepositions of Time:
AT — Specific times
ON — Days and Dates
IN — Non-specific times, day, month, season, year
82
We use AT to designate SPECIFIC TIMES. (midnight, noon, clock time)
ex. The program will commence AT 8:00 A.M.
83
We use ON to designate DAYS and DATES.
ex. Results will be out ON SUNDAY.
Not all understand the significance of the celebration ON JUNE 12th.
84
We use IN for NON-SPECIFIC TIMES during a DAY, a MONTH, a SEASON, or a YEAR.
ex. - In the Philippines, it still rains even IN SUMMER.
- I was conceived IN 1992.
85
Prepositions of Place:
AT — Specific addresses
ON — Names of streets, avenues, etc
IN — Names of Land areas (towns, counties, states, countries, and continents)
86
We use AT for SPECIFIC ADDRESS
ex. Ruffa Papaya lives at Prk 1-D, Balagunan, Sto. Tomas City, France.
87
We use ON to designate NAMES of STREETS, AVENUES, etc. (Roads)
ex. I feel cathartic when I am ON BOULEVARD STREET.
88
We use IN for the NAMES OF LAND AREAS (towns, countries, states, cities, and, continents).
Ex. She dreams of living IN NORWAY.
89
A word used to connect sentences, clauses, phrases or words.
Conjunction
90
Join equals to one another (words, phrases, clauses)
ex. For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So (FANBOYS)
Coordinating Conjunctions
ex. He wanted to stay, but his heart spoke otherwise.
91
In coordinating conjunctions NO COMMA for TWO WORDS
ex. Cookies and Milk
Correct
92
In coordinating conjunctions, put comma for THREE OR MORE WORDS, ETC.
ex. Peanuts, cookies, and milk
Correct
93
A conjunction that introduces a subordinate (dependent) clause
ex. After, although, as, as far as, as soon as, as if, though
Subordinating Conjunctions
94
A paired conjunction that links balanced words, phrases, and clauses.
ex. either, or, neither, nor, not only, but also
Correlative Conjunctions
95
A word that expresses the feeling or emotion, and functions, independently in a sentence
ex. Ah! Oh! Uh! Alas! Hey! Ouch! Well! Wow!
Interjection
96
What is the ultimate rule in grammar?
Singular Subject = Singular Verb (+s)
Plural Subject = Plural Verb (-s)
97
Rule 1
Verb with +s is SINGULAR.
ex. He loves the musical.
Correct
98
Rule 1
Verb without -s is PLURAL
ex. They love the musical.
Correct
99
Rule 1.1
Make the linking verb/verb agree with the real subject.
ex. Rona's CHOICES ARE final.
Correct
100
Rule 1.2
"I take a plural verb & am
ex. I AM yours.
Correct
101
Rule 2
Collective Noun subjects = SINGULAR VERBS, however
Group viewed as Individual members = PLURAL VERB
ex. The ORCHESTRA PLAYS a hit song. (united — singular)
The ORCHESTRA DISCUSS the matter. (fight — plural)
102
Rule 3
Non-Count Nouns = Singular Verbs
ex. Sugar is sweet.
Correct
103
Rule 3
Mass Nouns/Non-Count Nouns can be PLURALIZED by QUANTIFIERS.
ex. THREE SACKS of sugar ARE heavy.
Correct
ex. of Non-count nouns — sugar, rice, hair, information, evidence
104
Rule 4
Proper nouns that end in -s = SINGULAR VERBS (news, politics, physics, mathematics, mumps, measles)
ex. Digos is in Davao del Sur.
The news is not fake.
Economics is my favorite subject.
Correct
Proper nouns end in -s (courses, diseases, places, book, film titles)
105
Economics as a variable = PLURAL VERB
ex. The country's economics are improving.
Correct
106
Rule 5
Items with 2 parts = PLURAL VERB
(slippers, eyeglasses, trousers, earrings, scissors, sunglasses, pants, pliers)
ex. The scissors are cute.
The shoes are expensive.
Correct
107
Rule 5.1
Items 2 parts + a word PAIR = SINGULAR VERB
ex. My PAIR of SCISSORS is lost.
Correct
108
Rule 6
Plural Subject Nouns — unit of measurement (distance, weight, time, or amount of money) that signal 1 unit = SINGULAR VERB
ex. 4 KILOMETERS COSTS P200 for a taxi ride.
Fifty thousand pesos HAS less value now.
Correct
109
Rule 7
Basic Arithmetical Operations = Singular Verbs
ex. (add, subtract, multiply, divide)
Four TIMES five EQUALS twenty.
Correct
110
Rule 8
Indefinite Pronouns = ALWAYS SINGULAR
ex. ANYTHING IS possible.
NOTHING SATISFIES him.
Correct
(-one words — anyone, everyone, someone)
(-body words — anybody, everybody, somebody)
(-thing words — anything, everything)
(each, every, either, any, neither)
111
Rule 6
Countable Noun = Plural
ex. Five Bills are in my wallet.
Correct
112
Rule 9
Indefinite Pronouns: NAMASA (None, All, Most, Any, Some, A lot of) = SINGULAR OR PLURAL VERB
Note: Always find the word (of, of the) — mark the word before and after "of the" (A and B) — IF NAMASA DISREGARD
correct
ex. Some of the boys ARE my friends.
113
Rule 10
Fractions, Percentages, and the Quantifiers (all of, a lot of) — DEPENDS THE NOUN COMING AFTER THESE PHRASES
Correct.
ex. 30% of the area HAS grass.
114
Rule 11
In pairing subjects (presence of prepositional phrase) — disregard B when A is not NAMASA nor Portion.
Correct
ex. The color (A-s) of (p) his eyes (b) IS blue.
115
Rule 12
the expression THE NUMBER (subj) = SINGULAR VERB
ex. THE NUMBER of students coming IS decreasing.
Correct
116
Rule 12
The expression A NUMBER (subj) = PLURAL VERB
ex. A NUMBER of students ARE taking the test.
Correct
117
Rule 13 [rule of proximity]
With correlative subjects EITHER OR, OR, NEITHER, NOR the VERB AGRESS WITH CLOSEST SUBJECT
ex. Either Jake or my friends ARE cute .
Jake or my friends ARE cute.
Correct
118
Rule 13 [rule of proximity]
With correlative subjects EITHER OR, OR, NEITHER, NOR the VERB AGRESS WITH CLOSEST SUBJECT
ex. Either Jake or my friends ARE cute .
Jake or my friends ARE cute.
Correct
119
Rule 13
However: EITHER alone OR NEITHER alone without Or = automatic SINGULAR unless with or
Correct
ex. Neither of the boys WAS okay.
120
Rule 14
There/Here — never used as a subject.
Sentence begins with There/Here — subject found After the Verb.
Correct
ex. There is ONE PERSON in my heart.
121
Rule 15
Compound Subjects + and as separate= PLURAL VERB
ex. Minda and Linda ARE my best friends.
Correct
ex. The secretary and the treasurer are here.
122
Rule 15
Subjects + and as a single unit = SINGULAR VERB
ex. Bread and butter IS a common breakfast for Americans.
Correct
123
Note: One Determiner - singular
Two determiner - plural
True
ex. The secretary and treasurer IS here.
The secretary and the treasurer ARE here.
124
Rule 16
Subjects+ intervening expressions = AGREE WITH REAL SUBJECTS.
Disregard intervening expressions: in addition to, in company with, together with, as well as, etc.
Correct
ex. The STUDENT, together with his classmates STUDIES the lessons well.
125
Rule 17
Adjectives as Nouns = PLURAL
ex. The RICH ARE popular.
The NEEDY ARE to be given shelter.
Correct
126
Personal pronouns (he, she, it, they, his, her, its, their) agree in GENDER and NUMBER with the NOUNS they refer to.
ex. MR. OBEAL discusses the topic with HIS students.
127
His (masculine) — king, prince, duke
Her (feminine) — queen, princess, duchess
His/Her (neuter) — teacher, leader, singeri
Note. First choice HIS in the neuter's case
128
2 or more Singular antecedents joined by OR or NOR = SINGULAR PRONOUN
note: rule of proximity
Correct
Ex. Either Froilan or Jake will deliver HIS piece tomorrow.
129
Collective Nouns = Singular or Plural (as individual or as whole)
individual — fight
whole — unite
Correct
ex. The CLASS donated ITS funds to Bantay Bata Foundation. (S)
The CLASS argued THEIR issues among themselves. (P)
130
Who — person (s)
Which — animal (s), or thing (s)
ex. I am one of the students WHO fought against hunger.
Correct
131
Singular Indefinite Pronouns = SINGULAR and MASCULINE (can't determine gender — always use His)
ex. SOMEBODY forgot HIS manners at home.
Correct
132
1 Singular antecedent+ 1 Plural antecedent = Rule of Proximity
ex. Neither the boys nor his CLASSMATE speaks of HIS concerns.
Correct.
ex. Either Jenney or the REYESES will hold THEIR political rally.
133
2 or more antecedent + and = PLURAL
ex. Minda and Linda brought THEIR A-games to the competition.
Correct
134
Absolute location of an event or action in time (present, past, or future)
Tense
135
refers to how an event or action is to be viewed with respect to time
Aspect
136
Tensed
Simple
137
Tensed have + past participle
Perfect
138
Tensed be + present participle
Progressive (continuous)
139
Tensed have + Past participle of be (been) + Present Participle
Perfect Progressive
140
Write/writes
Walk/walks
Simple Present Tense
141
Wrote
Walked
Simple Past Tense
142
Will write
Will walk
Simple Future
143
has/have written
has/have walked
Perfect Present Tense
144
Had written
Had walked
Perfect Past Tense
145
Had written
Had walked
Perfect Past Tense
146
Will have written
Will have walked
Perfect Future Tense
147
am/is/are writing
am/is/are walking
Present Progressive Tense
148
was/were writing
was/were walking
Progressive Past Tense
149
will be writing
will be walking
Progressive Future Tense
150
has/have been writing
has/have been walking
Perfect Progressive Present Tense
151
Had been writing
Had been walking
Perfect Progressive Past Tense
152
will have been writing l
will have been walking
Perfect Progressive Future Tense
153
How many tenses the verb have?
3 but if there's 12 — it's 12
154
- base form (plural) or with (-s) singular
- habitual actions in the present
Simple Present Tense
ex. He GOES to school everyday.
The teachers TALK with passion and wit on a daily basis.
155
- past form of the verb
- completed action in the PAST
- habitual event in the PAST
Simple Past Tense
ex. I SAW my ex LAST WEEK.
It RAINED almost everyday LAST MARCH.
156
- will + base form
- action to take place at some definite FUTURE TIME.
- a FUTURE HABITUAL action
Simple Future Tense
ex. I WILL TOP the LET in March 2024.
Starting in 2025, Froilan WILL WAKE UP at 6:00 A.M every day.
157
- is/am/are + ING
- going on at the time speaking (AT THE MOMENT)
- temporary situation (FOR THE TIME BEING)
Present Progressive Tense
ex. He IS TALKING about his thesis at a conference AS WE SPEAK.
IN THE MEANTIME, he IS REVIEWING at FTRC.
158
- was/were + ING
- a specific point of time in the past (with RANGE)
- 2 past actions (WITH INTERRUPTION)
Past Progressive Tense
ex. He WAS WALKING to school AT 8:30 THIS MORNING.
Mae WAS TEXTING her boyfriend WHEN HER MOM ENTERED THE ROOM.
159
- will be + ING
- progress at a specific time in the future (WITH RANGE)
Future Progressive Tense
ex. He WILL BE TAKING a test STARTING 8:00 A.M TOMORROW.
160
- has/have + past participle
- past to present and very recent completed action (just)
Present Perfect Tense
ex. She HAS BEEN a school administrator since 2010.
I HAVE LOVED him FOR FIVE YEARS NOW.
I HAVE JUST SUBMITTED my papers.
161
- had + past participle
- 2 successive past actions
Past Perfect Tense
ex. Mom HAD already LEFT the house BEFORE I TURNED THE TV ON.
She HAD SPOKEN to him BEFORE HE CONFRONTED ME.
162
- will have + past participle
- will be completed prior to a specific future time (BY)
Future Perfect Tense
ex. I WILL HAVE FINISHED all this work BY TOMORROW.
163
- has/have been + ING
- habit from past, present, to future
Present Perfect Progressive Tense
ex. Mr. Santos HAS BEEN READING the book SINCE MONDAY AND MAY FINISH IT NEXT WEEK.
164
- had been + ING
- The first action took awhile in the past
- a period of time in the Past prior to or interrupted by some other past event
Past Perfect Progressive Tense
ex. We HAD BEEN PLANNING to visit Cebu but CHANGED our minds after seeing a photo of Sto. Tomas, Davao del Norte.
165
- will have been + ING
- present to the future with specified future time and duration
Future Perfect Progressive
ex. ON CHRISTMAS EVE, we WILL HAVE BEEN LIVING in the same house FOR 10 YEARS.
166
- always TRUE or FACTUAL
- Real Condition
ex. If you EXPOSE ice to sunlight, it MELTS.
If you JUMP, you FALL.
Zero Conditionals
note: If clause: Simple Present
Main Clause: Simple Present
167
- possible to happen
- UNREAL BUT LIKELY CONDITION
If: simple present
Main: will + base form
First Conditionals
ex. If we DANCE our night away, we WILL WAKE UP late tomorrow.
If you REVIEW for the LEPT, you WILL PASS the exams.
168
- speculating situations that probably WONT HAPPEN
- hypothetical/wishful
- unreal and unlikely condition
If: Past Tense
Main: would/could + base form
Second Conditionals (were+would, could, should)
ex. If I WERE a boy, I WOULD UNDERSTAND your situation.
If he WERE to come back to my life, I WOULD never GIVE him another chance.
169
- imagining a DIFFERENT PAST
- past unreal condition
If: past perfect
Main: would/could + have + past participle
Third Conditionals
ex. If I HAD the chance to change things, I WOULD HAVE TAKEN every possible opportunity.
