Science Summative

Question 1

The eon during earths lifetime wherein the ocean and atmosphere formed. The core and crust stabilized, and is know as the “Chaotic Eon”

Answer 1

Hadean Eon

Question 2

The eon during earths lifetime wherein the continents formed, the sky was orange due to methane in the atmosphere with little oxygen, and the sea was green due to iron.

Answer 2

Archean Eon

Question 3

The eon during earths lifetime wherein the continents started to drift and multi-cellular organism appeared.

Answer 3

Proterozoic Eon

Question 4

The era during earths lifetime wherein marine life, land plants, and amphibians formed. It was also the time of the “Rise of Reptiles”

Answer 4

Paleozoic Era

Question 5

The era during earths lifetime known as the age of dinosaurs and saw the formation of several continents

Answer 5

Mesozoic Era

Question 6

The era during earths lifetime which lasted until this very day. Known as the age of mammals wherein humans left their mark

Answer 6

Cenozoic Era

Question 7

Earth’s early atmosphere is characterized by

Answer 7

nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and very little oxygen

Question 8

Why is the earth a near perfect sphere

Answer 8

The planet was formed from a swirling cloud of gas and dust with the force of gravity pulling the matter towards the center

Question 9

How is the earths magnetic field generated and what is its purpose

Answer 9

By the movement of molten iron in the planet’s core and it acts a shield to deflect harmful solar radiation away from the planet

Question 10

What is earth’s axial tilt

Answer 10

23.5 degrees

Question 11

What is the goldilocks zone

Answer 11

It means that earth’s distance from the sun is just right. Combined with its atmosphere and water cycle, it creates a relatively stable temperature making it suitable for life

Question 12

What is the atmosphere-hydrosphere interaction

Answer 12

The atmosphere influences evaporation and precipitation, while the hydrosphere affects weather patterns and cloud formations

Question 13

What is the Lithosphere-biosphere interaction

Answer 13

The lithosphere provides foundation for ecosystem, while the biosphere influences soil formation and weathering processes

Question 14

What is the biosphere-hydrosphere interaction

Answer 14

Aquatic ecosystems rely on water from the hydrosphere, while organisms in the biosphere influence water quality and flow

Question 15

What are the differences between the inner core and outer core

Answer 15

The innermost layer of the earth is solid and mostly comprised of iron with a small percentage of nickel. The core was dense and experiences immense pressure
and
heat reaching almost hotter than the sun and the outer core is liquid and composed of iron and nickel. The liquid state allows the metals to flow

Question 16

What is the difference between the upper and lower mantle

Answer 16

The upper mantle is semi solid and behaves like a viscous fluid. Its composed of silicate minerals. It is also responsible for the movement of tectonic plates
and
The lower mantle is a solid layer. It is also composed of silicate minerals with a higher density than the upper mantle

Question 17

One of the crusts that is thicker, less dense, and composed of granite

Answer 17

Continental crust

Question 18

One of the crusts which is thinner, denser, and composed of basalt

Answer 18

Oceanic crust

Question 19

The interaction between the magnetic field and charged particles from the sun

Answer 19

Aurora Borealis and Australis

Question 20

The breaking down of rocks due to elements such as wind, rain, and ice

Answer 20

Weathering

Question 21

In relation to physical weathering what is frost wedging

Answer 21

Water seeping into cracks, freezing, expanding, and breaking the rock

Question 22

In relation to physical weathering what is abrasion

Answer 22

Rock fragments carried by wind, water, or ice collide with exposed rock surfaces, causing erosion

Question 23

In relation to physical weathering what is thermal stress

Answer 23

Repeated heating and cooling causing rock to expand and contract, creating stress which leads to fractures

Question 24

In relation to physical weathering what is thermal stress

Answer 24

Repeated heating and cooling causing rock to expand and contract, creating stress which leads to fractures

Question 25

In relation to physical weathering what is exfoliation

Answer 25

Outer layers of rock being peeled away leaving a round or dome-like shape

Question 26

In relation to chemical weathering what is dissolution

Answer 26

When minerals in rocks dissolve in acidic solutions

Question 27

In relation to chemical weathering what is oxidation

Answer 27

Oxygen in the atmosphere reacting with minerals in rocks especially minerals that contain iron, forming oxides (the rusting of iron)

Question 28

In relation to chemical weathering what is hydrolisis

Answer 28

Water molecules reacting with minerals in rocks breaking down the mineral structure in a rock (weathering feldspar which forms clay materials)

Question 29

In relation to chemical weathering what is carbonation

Answer 29

Carbonic acid, which is formed from the reaction of carbon dioxide and water, dissolving minerals in rocks (weathering of limestone)

Question 30

Two causes of biological weathering

Answer 30

Plant roots growing in rocks causing the rocks to break from the exerted pressure of the growing plant

Burrowing animals loosening and breaking up soil exposing fresh rock surfaces to other weathering agents

Question 31

Explain mass wasting process

Answer 31

The movement of rock and soil down a slope under the influence of gravity

Question 32

What is an Igneous rock

Answer 32

Rocks with a crystalline texture formed form cooled and solidified molten rock called magma. Minerals form different sizes and shapes depending on how quick the magma cooled.

Question 33

What is a Sedimentary rock

Answer 33

Accumulation of , and cementation of sediments such as mud, sand, and fragments of rocks. Often has layered patterns and can contain fossils

Question 34

What are metamorphic rocks

Answer 34

Rocks formed from existing sedimentary or igneous rocks are subjected to intense heat and pressure causing the rocks to transform into a new mineral with new composition

Question 35

What is Luster

Answer 35

How light reflects off a mineral’s surface (metallic, glassy, pearly, dull)

Question 36

What is a streak

Answer 36

The color of the minerals powder which is better for mineral identification because it is less influenced by impurities

Question 37

What is Mohs Hardness Scale

Answer 37

A standard to measure a minerals hardness. A rank of ten minerals from softest to hardest, in which a mineral can only scratch minerals thar are below it on the scale and not above it.

Question 38

What is erosion

Answer 38

The movement of weathered materials from one location to another

Question 39

What is a creep in relation to mass wasting events

Answer 39

The slow movement of soil and rock down a slope. A slow landslide caused by freeze-thaw cycles, wherein water expands as it freezes pushing soil downhill

Question 40

What is absolute dating

Answer 40

Any method of measuring the ago of an event or object in years. In this case done by analyzing isotopes of radioactive elements

Question 41

What are isotopes

Answer 41

Atoms of the same element that have similar number of protons but diff number of neutrons

Question 42

What is radiometric dating

Answer 42

Determining the age of samples based on the ratio of parent material to daughter material