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yearlys > Science Study > Flashcards

Science Study Flashcards

1
Q

Define digestion

A

Digestion is the stage of breaking down food into nutrients.

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2
Q

identify the function of the digestive system

A

The functions ensure that we get the essential nutrients while disposing of what we don’t need.

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3
Q

Define physical digestion

A

Physical digestion is the process of breaking food into smaller pieces through physical means. This starts in the mouth, where the teeth chew the food, and continues in the stomach, where it is churned to mix everything. Importantly, physical digestion does not change the composition of the nutrients in the food.

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4
Q

Define chemical digestion

A

The process of chemically breaking down food into smaller pieces. Chemical digestion uses digestive enzymes. This can happen in our mouth through enzymes in our saliva and stomachs from the enzymes in our stomach acid. Chemical digestion affects the composition of the nutrients in our food because it happens on a molecular level

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5
Q

Define respiration as a series of chemical reactions occurring inside cells

A

The chemical reaction occurs inside the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. When you exercise, your cells require more oxygen and glucose to respire. They create more carbon dioxide as waste product.

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6
Q

outline the main organ in the human respiratory system and how it works

A

The main organ of the human respiratory system is the lung. The lung works by bringing oxygen into our bodies and send carbon dioxide out

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7
Q

explain how breathing rate is linked to respiration rate

A

Breathing rate is linked to respiration rate because the body adjusts how fast we breathe based on our oxygen needs. When we exercise or are active, our cells use more oxygen and produce more carbon dioxide. When respiration increases, breathing rate increases to support that energy production

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8
Q

List the components of the circulatory system

A

Ateries
Capilleries
Veins

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9
Q

describe the structure and function of arteries

A

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Big with thick walls
Blood travels quickly because it has just left the heart

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10
Q

describe the structure and function of Capillaries

A

Blood tissue that spreads out through all the tissues
Small and thin walls
Form a network to ensure blood is reaching every cell

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11
Q

describe the structure and function of Veins

A

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
Big with thin walls
Blood travels slowly

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12
Q

Define excretion as the way body removes wastes it has produced

A

Excretion is elimination of metabolic waste, which is an essential process in all organisms. This is primarily carried out by the lungs, kidneys, and skin.

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13
Q

describe the excretory role of the lungs

A

help remove the carbon dioxide formed by the respiratory system through the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the alveoli. by exchanging the oxygen and carbon dioxide, the oxygen goes into our body and we exhale the carbon dioxide waste.

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14
Q

What are ligaments

A

Bones to muscle

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15
Q

What are tendons

A

are strong straps that attach muscle to bone

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16
Q

What are muscles

A

pieces of tissue spread around out whole body.

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17
Q

Define cell division and mitosis

A

Mitosis is the process in which a nucleus divides to form two cells with identical genetic information that is generally identical to the parent

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18
Q

What is sexual reproduction

A

Sexual reproduction happens when a sperm and an egg join together in a process called fertilisation. Two individuals are needed. Fertilisation results in a zygoat with then develops into an embryo.

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19
Q

What is asexual reproduction

A

In asexual reproduction, the offspring are genetically identical. It involves no fertilisation between male and female gametes. Asexual reproduction requires only one parent. It involves the process of mitosis and binary fission

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20
Q

Describe what a gamet is

A

A Gametes is a sex cells that have only half the normal number of chromosomes in humans

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21
Q

Describe what a zygote is

A

A zygote is the initial cell formed when a sperm cell fertilises an egg cell. It contains a complete set of genetic material, half from the mother and half from the father, and undergoes multiple divisions and development to form an embryo eventually.

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22
Q

where is a gamete is formed during meiosis

A

Meiosis is a type of cell division that only occurs in the testes and the ovaries, and forms specialised cells known as gametes.

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23
Q

What is internal fertilisation

A

Internal fertilisation occurs when a sperm and egg combine inside the female’s body. After fertilisation, the embryo continues to develop in the female’s reproductive system.

24
Q

What is external fertilisation

A

External fertilisation takes place outside the body, where a female lays her eggs in water, and a male releases sperm over them.

25
Q

Discuss the important role of the placenta

A

As a baby grows the placenta develops it allows nutrients and oxygen from the mother to enter the body, it also allows the removal of carbon dioxide and waste.

26
Q

Define atoms as the basic building blocks of substances.

A

Atoms are the tiny building blocks that make up everything around us. Each atom has a center called a nucleus, which contains protons (with a positive charge) and neutrons (with no charge). Electrons (with a negative charge) move around the nucleus.

27
Q

Describe some physical and chemical properties of metals

A

Some properties of of metal are:
-they are shiny or lustrous
-are solids at a room temperature except for Mercury which is a liquid
-a good conductors of heat and electricity
-Are malleable and can be bent and hammered in shape

28
Q

Describe some physical and chemical properties of non-metals

A

Some properties of nonmetals are:
-they tend to be dull
- they do not cannot conduct electricity or heat they are insulators
- are brittle as they break or crumble when bent
-low melting points

29
Q

Correctly write chemicals symbols and identify the chemical name of common element symbol

A

H- Hydrogen
He- helium
C- carbon
N- nitrogen
O- Oxygen

30
Q

State that there are three ways that atoms can be arranged in an element

A

atoms can be arranged in an element: as single atoms, molecules or lattices

31
Q

State that all metals exist as crystal lattices

A

the symmetrical three-dimensional arrangement of atoms. All metals exist as crystal lattices

32
Q

what are the properties of a molecular compound

A

Molecular compounds generally have lower melting and boiling points compared to ionic compounds. They can be gases, liquids, or solids at room temperature and often have distinct, recognizable smells or tastes. They typically do not conduct electricity in solution.

33
Q

what are the properties of a lattices

A

Compounds with lattice structures usually have high melting and boiling points due to the strong electrostatic forces between ions or metallic bonds. They tend to be hard and brittle.

34
Q

Describe the arrangement of elements

A

Structured in lattices (solids) or spread out (gases).

35
Q

Describe the arrangement of compounds

A

Fixed ratios and structures; atoms form specific arrangements.

36
Q

Describe the arrangement of mixtures

A

Randomly arranged; components retain individual properties and can vary in proportion.

37
Q

Explain the type of particles in elements

A

: Only one type of atom (e.g., H, O, C).

38
Q

Explain the type of particles in compounds

A

Two or more different types of atoms chemically bonded (e.g., H₂O)

39
Q

What is the key feature of physical change

A

The key feature of physical change is that no new substances produced during the change

40
Q

Describe examples of physical change

A

Types of physical change-
-Change of shape or form
-Expansion
-Contraction
-A change of state

41
Q

Describe some changes of state

A

Melting is the change of state from solid to liquid.
Evaporation is the change of state from liquid to gas
Condensation is the change of state from gas to liquid.
Freezing is the change of state from liquid to solid.
Sublimation is the change of state from solid straight to gas.

42
Q

How can detect a new presence of a new substance

A

Chemical reactions always form new substances. A change in colour, temperature or production of a gas or solid are all indicators of chemical reactions. Temperature, particle size and presence of a catalyst will all affect the rate of a reaction.

43
Q

Describe some examples of colour change that indicate chemical
change

A

Rusting of metal over time, one would realized that the metal has changed color and turned orange. This change in color is evidence of a chemical reaction.

44
Q

Describe the structure of solids, liquids and gases

A

This is a solid particle diagram. In a solid, particles are packed tightly together in a regular pattern. Solids have fixed shaped that are hard to break apart because individual particles do not have enough energy to escape individually. They only vibrate on the spot.

45
Q

Describe particle behaviour of a solid

A

Stay fixed to their neighbours, Line up in a regular pattern, Are very close together, Are very strongly attracted by each other, can only vibrate

46
Q

Describe particle behaviour of a gas

A

Don’t stay in a regular pattern, Always change neighbour, Move sliding past each other, Are close together, Are slightly attracted by each other

47
Q

Describe particle behaviour of a liquid

A

can fill any container of any size, have no attraction between particles, have lots of space between each other, are free to move around.

48
Q

what happens to particles when a substance is melted

A

heat energy is added causing the particles to gain energy and vibrate more, the bonds eventually weaken in the particles can flow over and around each other

49
Q

what happens to particles when a substance is evaporated

A

If more energy is added to a liquid again the particles gain energy and vibrate more eventually it’s enough energy is added all the bonds break in a gas is formed

50
Q

what happens to particles when a substance is condensation

A

If energy is removed from a gas the particles lose energy and vibrant less eventually the bonds are recreated and strengthen to form a liquid

51
Q

what is the mouths function in digestive system

A

Your mouth is where digestion begins. When you chew food, your salivary glands make saliva (spit). Saliva helps break down starches in the foods you eat. Then your tongue moves the food into your throat, down through your esophagus and into your stomach.

52
Q

what is the Oesophagus function in digestive system

A

to transport food entering the mouth through the throat and into the stomach.

53
Q

what is the stomach function in digestive system

A

the stomach holds the food and mixes it with acid and enzymes that continue to break the food down into a liquid or paste.

54
Q

what is the small intestine function in digestive system

A

It helps to further digest food coming from the stomach. It absorbs nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and water from food so they can be used by the body.

55
Q

what is the Large intestine function in digestive system

A

The large intestine has 3 primary functions: absorbing water and electrolytes, producing and absorbing vitamins, and forming and propelling feces toward the rectum for elimination.

yearlys (4 decks)

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