Science Semester 1

Question 1

Active Transport

Answer 1

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane using energy, often against a concentration gradient.

Question 2

Allele

Answer 2

Different forms of a gene that can be found on a chromosome

Question 3

Amino Acid

Answer 3

The monomer of proteins, linked to form polypeptide chains

Question 4

Cell Membrane

Answer 4

The outer boundary of a cell that controls what enters and what exits

Question 5

Cell Theory

Answer 5

1. Cells are the basic unite of life
2. All living things are made of cells
3. New cells are formed from preexisting ones

Question 6

Cellular Respiration

Answer 6

The process by which organisms convert oxygen and glucose into ATP and water

Question 7

Equation for cellular respiration

Answer 7

C6H1206 + 602 = 6H20 + 6C02 + ATP

Question 8

Photosynthesis

Answer 8

The process by which plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose

Question 9

Equation for photosynthesis

Answer 9

6H20 + 6C02 = C6H1206 + 602

Question 10

Centromere

Answer 10

Region of chromosome where 2 sister chromatids attach

Question 11

Codominance

Answer 11

Both alleles are equally expressed in the phenotype (like in cows)

Question 12

Codon

Answer 12

3 nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid

Question 13

Diffusion

Answer 13

Molecules move from area of high concentration to low concentration (until equilibrium is reached)

Question 14

Diploid

Answer 14

A cell with 2 sets of chromosomes

Question 15

Endocytosis

Answer 15

Cell takes in substances by surrounding it with its cell membrane

Question 16

Eukaryote

Answer 16

Has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Question 17

Exocytosis

Answer 17

Cell releases substances by expelling them from a vesicle outside the cell membrane

Question 18

Fermentation

Answer 18

Releases energy from glucose when oxygen is unavailable

Question 19

Fertilization

Answer 19

Process in which egg and sperm cell join to form a zygote

Question 20

Gene

Answer 20

A section of DNA on a chromosome that has genetic information for one trait

Question 21

Glycolysis

Answer 21

The process in which glucose is broken down into smaller molecules, occurring in the cytoplasm

Question 22

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 22

Organelle that processes and packages molecules produced by the cell

Question 23

Haploid

Answer 23

A cell with one set of chromosomes

Question 24

Homologous Chromosomes

Answer 24

Pairs of chromosomes that have the genes for the same traits arranged in the same order

Question 25

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 25

The offspring's phenotype is a blend of the parent's phenotypes (red + white = pink)

Question 26

Lipid

Answer 26

Macromolecule for stored energy, monomers are glycerol and fatty acid

Question 27

Lysosome

Answer 27

Organelle that digest larger food molecules and older cell parts

Question 28

Macromolecules

Answer 28

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

Question 29

Multiple Allele Inheritance

Answer 29

When 2 or more alleles contribute to an organism's phenotype

Question 30

Osmosis

Answer 30

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Question 31

Passive Transport

Answer 31

Transport of molecules across a membrane without using energy

Question 32

Polygenic Inheritance

Answer 32

Traits controlled by 2 or more genes

Question 33

Ribosomes

Answer 33

Smallest organelle that produces protein

Question 34

Sister Chromatids

Answer 34

Identical copies of a chromosome attached at the centromere

Question 35

Zygote

Answer 35

A new cell formed by the fusion of an egg and sperm

Question 36

What is the difference between a scientific theory and a scientific law?

Answer 36

A scientific theory explains why something happens. A scientific law explains what is expected to happen every time under a specific set of conditions

Question 37

Why is it important to have a control group in an experiment?

Answer 37

So you can compare your experimental group to it. This is to make sure that the change in the dependent variable is happening because of the independent variable

Question 38

List the four macromolecules and their primary function in a cell.

Answer 38

1. Carbohydrates - fast energy 2. Lipids - stored energy 3. Proteins - enzymes, communication 4. Nucleic Acid - stores genetic information

Question 39

What are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 39

Prokaryotic Cells: no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles Eukaryotic Cells: membrane bound nucleus and organelles

Question 40

What is the significance of semiconservative replication of DNA?

Answer 40

Ensures that genetic material is accurately passed on