Science Semester 1 Flashcards
Active Transport
The movement of molecules across a cell membrane using energy, often against a concentration gradient.
Allele
Different forms of a gene that can be found on a chromosome
Amino Acid
The monomer of proteins, linked to form polypeptide chains
Cell Membrane
The outer boundary of a cell that controls what enters and what exits
Cell Theory
- Cells are the basic unite of life
- All living things are made of cells
- New cells are formed from preexisting ones
Cellular Respiration
The process by which organisms convert oxygen and glucose into ATP and water
Equation for cellular respiration
C6H1206 + 602 = 6H20 + 6C02 + ATP
Photosynthesis
The process by which plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and glucose
Equation for photosynthesis
6H20 + 6C02 = C6H1206 + 602
Centromere
Region of chromosome where 2 sister chromatids attach
Codominance
Both alleles are equally expressed in the phenotype (like in cows)
Codon
3 nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid
Diffusion
Molecules move from area of high concentration to low concentration (until equilibrium is reached)
Diploid
A cell with 2 sets of chromosomes
Endocytosis
Cell takes in substances by surrounding it with its cell membrane
Eukaryote
Has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
Exocytosis
Cell releases substances by expelling them from a vesicle outside the cell membrane
Fermentation
Releases energy from glucose when oxygen is unavailable
Fertilization
Process in which egg and sperm cell join to form a zygote
Gene
A section of DNA on a chromosome that has genetic information for one trait
Glycolysis
The process in which glucose is broken down into smaller molecules, occurring in the cytoplasm
Golgi Apparatus
Organelle that processes and packages molecules produced by the cell
Haploid
A cell with one set of chromosomes
Homologous Chromosomes
Pairs of chromosomes that have the genes for the same traits arranged in the same order
Incomplete Dominance
The offspring’s phenotype is a blend of the parent’s phenotypes (red + white = pink)
Lipid
Macromolecule for stored energy, monomers are glycerol and fatty acid
Lysosome
Organelle that digest larger food molecules and older cell parts
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids
Multiple Allele Inheritance
When 2 or more alleles contribute to an organism’s phenotype
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Passive Transport
Transport of molecules across a membrane without using energy
Polygenic Inheritance
Traits controlled by 2 or more genes
Ribosomes
Smallest organelle that produces protein
Sister Chromatids
Identical copies of a chromosome attached at the centromere
Zygote
A new cell formed by the fusion of an egg and sperm
What is the difference between a scientific theory and a scientific law?
A scientific theory explains why something happens. A scientific law explains what is expected to happen every time under a specific set of conditions
Why is it important to have a control group in an experiment?
So you can compare your experimental group to it. This is to make sure that the change in the dependent variable is happening because of the independent variable
List the four macromolecules and their primary function in a cell.
- Carbohydrates - fast energy
- Lipids - stored energy
- Proteins - enzymes, communication
- Nucleic Acid - stores genetic information
What are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic Cells:
no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles
Eukaryotic Cells:
membrane bound nucleus and organelles
What is the significance of semiconservative replication of DNA?
Ensures that genetic material is accurately passed on
