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Yr 10 exams 2 > Science pathway 2 gang > Flashcards

Science pathway 2 gang Flashcards

1
Q

Climate sensitivity

A

the measure of temperature change in the climate dependent on the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere

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2
Q

Palaeclimates

A

shows the wide range of climates over various time scales, and transitions between them

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3
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

natural effect of the Earth’s atmosphere trapping heat, which keeps the Earth’s temperature stable.

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4
Q

Define global warming

A

The observed rise in the average near-surface temperature of the Earth

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5
Q

gases involved in global warming

A

Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, methane, CFC’s (Chlorofluorocarbons), HCF’s (Hydrofluorocarbon) and Ozone

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6
Q

main cause of global warming

A

The burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil has resulted in increased levels of greenhouse gasses in our atmosphere that are trapping heat, causing the atmosphere to heat up.

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7
Q

What is one other cause of global warming

A

Grazing animals like cattle and sheep produce large amounts of methane as a waste product.

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8
Q

What are 5 effects of global warming

A

Melting ice caps, rising sea levels, more extreme weather events, ocean acidification and increased coastal flooding

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9
Q

solutions to global warming

A

Use renewable energy, stop using fossil fuels and invest in energy efficient appliances

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10
Q

what is DNA

A

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid. The chemical substance found in all living things that encodes the genetic information of an organism. DNA is composed of nucleotides, which are linked together in a chain.

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11
Q

what are genes

A

Segment of DNA molecule with a coded set of instructions in its base sequence for a specific protein product. When expressed, may determine the characteristics of an organism

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12
Q

Chromosomes

A

tiny thread-like structures inside the nucleus of a cell. Chromosomes contain the DNA that carries genetic information.

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13
Q

what is the difference between somatic and sex cells

A

Somatic cells are cells of the body that are not sex cells, sex cells Are cells involved in sexual reproduction (Sperm & Ovum)

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14
Q

Types of autosomes and sex chromosomes and what are they

A

Autosomes are non sex chromosomes whereas Sex chromosomes are chromosomes in a cell that determine gender (X or Y)

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15
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Homologous chromosomes are matching pairs of chromosomes, Non-Homologous are pairs of chromosomes that do not match

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16
Q

what is a karyotype

A

A picture showing the chromosomes present in a cell. Shows number and general appearance (Size, Shape and banding)

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17
Q

fertilisation

A

Penetration of the ovum by a sperm

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18
Q

Phenotype

A

Outward expression of a genotype, also influenced by environment

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19
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic instructions inherited from parents

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20
Q

Dominant

A

Refers to a trait that will only require one allele to be present for it to be heterozygous (RR/Rr)

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21
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles for a characteristic trait within the genotype (Homozygous dominant BB/Homozygous recessive bb)

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22
Q

Heterozygous

A

Having two different alleles for a characteristic

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23
Q

Recessive

A

Refers to a trait that will only be expressed in the absence of a dominant trait (rr)

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24
Q

Sex linked inheritance

A

An inherited trait coded for by genes located on sex chromosomes

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25
Q

Somatic cells

A

cells of the body that are not sex cells

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26
Q

Autosomes

A

non-sex chromosomes

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27
Q

Homologous

A

matching pair of chromosomes

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28
Q

non-homogolous

A

used to describe the chromosomes that do not match

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29
Q

sex chromosomes

A

Chromosomes in a cell that determine gender. (females = XX, Males = XY)

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30
Q

telomere

A

a cap of DNA on the tip of a chromosome that enables DNA to be replicated safely without losing valuable information

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31
Q

telomerase

A

an enzyme involved in maintaining and repairing a telomere

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32
Q

Nucleic acids

A

molecules made up of nucleotides, which are linked together in a chain

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33
Q

Nitrogenous Bases

A

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine and uracil are examples of nitrogenous bases that may be found in nucleotides.

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34
Q

base pairing rule

A

the concept that in DNA every adenine (A) binds to a thymine (T), and every cytosine (C) binds to a guanine (G). Also known as Chargaff’s rule.

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35
Q

double helix

A

DNA molecules have the appearance of a spiral ladder or double helix, a sugar–phosphate backbone or frame, and steps that are made up of nitrogenous bases joined together by hydrogen bonds.

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36
Q

Triplet

A

a sequence of three nucleotides in DNA that can code for an amino acid.

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37
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

reproduction that does not involve fusion of sex cells (gametes)

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38
Q

sexual reproduction

A

involves the joining together of male and female reproductive cells (gametes)

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39
Q

cytokinesis

A

the division of the cytoplasm of the cell

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40
Q

Diploid

A

The paired set of Chromosomes in a Somatic cell (2n)

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41
Q

Haploid

A

Half the number of chromosomes in a gamete

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42
Q

tetraploid

A

each cell contains four sets of chromosomes

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43
Q

Paternal chromosomes

A

chromosomes carried in the sperm

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44
Q

Maternal chromosomes

A

chromosomes from the ovum

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45
Q

crossing over

A

A source of variation that involves the exchange of Alleles during meiosis

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46
Q

haploid gamete

A

a sex cell containing only one set of chromosomes

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47
Q

zygote

A

formed by the fusion of male and female sex cells

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48
Q

boy or girl

A

if an X chromosome carrying gamete fertilises the ovum then it is a female. If a Y chromosome carrying gamete fertilises the ovum then it is male

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49
Q

inheritance

A

genetic transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring

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50
Q

alleles

A

alternative forms of a gene for a particular characteristic. Each allele has a different nucleotide sequence.

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51
Q

Carrier

A

a person who is heterozygous for a characteristic and therefore does not express the recessive trait

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52
Q

Complete dominance

A

type of inheritance in which the dominant trait requires only one allele to be present for its expression. It 1masks the allele for the recessive trait.

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53
Q

co-dominance

A

type of inheritance in which the heterozygote shows the expression of both alleles in its phenotype

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54
Q

Biodiversity

A

variation in the different communities and their environments on Earth

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55
Q

Charles Darwin

A

proposed the process of natural selection, explained why species change over many generations. Research proves that natural selection is the most likely process to explain evolution

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56
Q

Natural selection

A

The non-random selection of particular phenotypes to make them more or less prevalent in a population, depending on suitability to the environment.

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57
Q

Selective agent

A

the different biotic and abiotic factors that influence the survival of organisms (the environmental factor that acts on the population)

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58
Q

Constellations

A

a group of stars in the sky that take a particular shape.

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59
Q

The Big Bang theory

A

The big bang theory states that the universe always changes, it was formed by a big ball of matter and it hasn’t always been around and will eventually die

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60
Q

What is the steady state theory

A

The steady state theory states it is and always has been the exact same for ever and will never change.

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61
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. The atomic number determines which element an atom is

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62
Q

planets

A

large objects that orbit a star. Planets do not produce their own light

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63
Q

galaxies

A

very large groups of stars and dust held together by gravity

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64
Q

nebulae

A

clouds of dust and gas that can be pulled together by gravity and heat up to from a star

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65
Q

protostar

A

the final stage of the development of a star in which the temperature is not quite high enough for nuclear fusion to occur

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66
Q

star

A

a luminous ball of gas, mostly hydrogen and helium, held together by its own gravity

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67
Q

small stars

A

stars smaller than 8x the mass of our sun

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68
Q

red giant

A

Star in the late stage of its life. Cooler than main sequence stars and in their core helium is fused to form carbon and other heavy elements

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69
Q

planetary nebula

A

a ring of expanding gas caused by the outer layers of the star being thrown off into space

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70
Q

white dwarf

A

the core remains after a red giant sheds its layers of gases. No nuclear reactions occur, gravity pulls it into a core of very dense matter. It slowly cools and become a black dwarf

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71
Q

large star

A

star larger than 8x the mass of the sun

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72
Q

red supergiant

A

as hydrogen is running low in the core. This very large star continues to expand until it explodes

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73
Q

super nova

A

Huge explosion that happened at the end of the life cycle of supergiant stars. A neutron star or black hole remains

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74
Q

neutron star

A

extremely dense remnants of a supernova. Gravity forces protons and electrons to fuse forming neutrons

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75
Q

black holes

A

the remains of a star, which forms when gravity of a large neutron star is so great that not even light can escape

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76
Q

nuclear fusion

A

the joining of the nuclei of lighter elements to form another element, with the release of energy

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77
Q

apparent magnitude

A

the brightness of a star as seen from earth

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78
Q

absolute magnitude

A

actual brightness if a star

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79
Q

Hertzsprung-russell diagram

A

a plot of the characteristics that a star has at a certain point in its life. Sorts stars on their diameter. The more luminous a star is, the greater it’s diameter, and higher the temperature

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80
Q

main sequence

A

area on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram where the majority of stars are plotted. In their adult phase they undergo nuclear fusion and are stable

81
Q

red giant

A

a star in the late stage of its life. Cooler than main sequence stars and in the core helium is fused to form carbon and other heavier elements

82
Q

death of a star

A

The rapid pulsations lead to the destruction of the star. The nature of its death depends on the size of the star

83
Q

singularity

A

a single point of immense energy present at the time of the Big Bang

84
Q

Big Bang timeline

A
  1. All that existed was energy which was concentrated into singularity
  2. Time and space began. Space was expanding quickly and temperatures were very high
  3. The universe as the size of a pea, matter in the form of particles formed. Particles collided with each other releasing energy as light
  4. Protons and neutrons had formed as a result of collisions
  5. The universe expanded and cooled. Became the same size as the solar system. Atoms didn’t exist
  6. Expanded to more than trillion trillion km. Cooled to 10 billion degrees Celsius
  7. The nuclei of hydrogen helium and lithium are formed
  8. Was about a thousandth of the universe now. Cooled to 3000°C. Atoms began to form. Enough empty space to allow light to escape into the outer edges. The universe was dark
  9. Stars began to form. gravity pulled lighter elements together. Nuclear fusion began to form heavier elements. Around stars clouds of matter cool and clump to form planets
  10. Universe became ‘lumpy’. Gravity pulled matter towards the ‘lumpier’ regions to form galaxies
85
Q

behaviour

A

every action and response in which an individual engages.

86
Q

nervous system

A

the system of nerves and nerve centres in a being in which messages are sent as an electrical and then a chemical impulse. Made up of CNS and PNS

87
Q

central nervous system

A

the part of the nervous system which is composed of the brain and spinal chord

88
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

part of the nervous system that is made up of sensory and motor neurone. It connects the CNS to te rest of the body, and detects and responds to change

89
Q

cell body

A

contains major organelles eg. the nucleus of a neuron, containing genetic information (DNA)

90
Q

dendrites

A

structure that relays information to the cell body of a neuron

91
Q

axon

A

Carries messages away from the cell body

92
Q

myelin

A

Insulates and protects the axon

93
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messenger that carries impulses across the synaptic gap across transmitters

94
Q

sensory neurons

A

detects change in a bodies internal environment and sends a message to the CNS

95
Q

interneurons

A

Nerve cell that carries the nerve impulse through the CNS. Is a link between the sensory and motor neurons

96
Q

motor neurons

A

A nerve cell that causes an effector to respond to a stimulus

97
Q

reflex arc

A

a nervous pathway involving a small number of neurons. Occurs when nervous impulses travel from the receptor only to the spinal chord and then to the effector

98
Q

hindbrain

A

Lower part of brain Controls vital functions (eg. Heart rate, breathing and balance). Made up of Medulla, Pons and the cerebellum

99
Q

midbrain

A

area between the hindbrain and forebrain which is involved with vision and hearing. Includes the reticular active system (attention, sleep and arousal)

100
Q

forebrain

A

located above the midbrain, divided into two hemispheres. Responsible for complex processes , made up of the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Limbic system and cerebrum

101
Q

thalamus

A

Acts as a relay station for sensory information

102
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulates body temp, motivation, emotion also involved with hunger, thirst and sex behaviour

103
Q

Limbic system

A

memory, emotion, sex, aggression. Made up of the hippocampus and amygdala

104
Q

cerebrum

A

Large part of the brain (70%), coordination of voluntary activity in the body

105
Q

left hemisphere

A

left side of the brain which controls language, logic and problem solving (Maths)

106
Q

right hemisphere

A

responsible for most non-verbal functions. Deals with imagination, feelings, art and spatial relations

107
Q

cerebral cortex

A

wrinkled part of the brain: controls mental processes such as thought.

108
Q

corpus collosum

A

the structure that connects the two hemisphere of the brain.

109
Q

association areas

A

involved in higher mental functions, learning, remembering thinking and speaking

110
Q

frontal lobe

A

Movement and thinking

111
Q

motor cortex

A

an area behind the frontal lobes that controls movement

112
Q

Broca’s area

A

Produces language (left hemisphere) Connected to wernickes area by nerve fibres. Damage can affect speech production

113
Q

parietal lobe

A

touch sensation & spatial relationships

114
Q

sensory cortex

A

receives info from skin senses and from the movement or body parts

115
Q

occipital lobe

A

Visual cortex

116
Q

What are the 5 different cortex

A

sensory, motor, visual, auditory, olfactory.

117
Q

primary visual cortex

A

area at the base of the occipital lobe. Registers, processes and interprets visual information sent from each eye

118
Q

temporal lobe

A

Process sounds including speech

119
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

area of the temporal lobes that registers and processes auditory(sound) information. The one on the right hemisphere specialises in processing non verbal sounds and the left temporal lobe specialises in verbal sounds associated with language.

120
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

area in the left temporal lobe responsible for speech comprehension. Connected to a Broca’s area by nerve fibres. Damage can result in an inability to understand words

121
Q

psychology

A

the systematic study of behaviour and mental processes including perception cognition and emotion

122
Q

overt behaviours

A

observable behaviours clearly visible to others

123
Q

covert behaviours

A

behaviours hidden from others but represented internally

124
Q

cognition

A

the process of thinking or mentally processing information

125
Q

emotion

A

a psychological experience, known as a feeling

126
Q

Phineas Gage Case

A

an explosion at work in 1848 put an iron rod through Gages face. In minutes he regained consciousness and could walk and talk. Although after the accident he was as intelligent in terms of movement, memory and speech, his personality changed into a more irresponsible, indecisive and disrespectful one. Years later, it was discovered that damage to the frontal region of his brain caused this change

127
Q

Intelligence

A

The ability to learn from experience, to think rationally and to deal with the environment effectively.

128
Q

Achievement tests

A

to measure the effects of a particular program of instructions

129
Q

Intelligence test

A

to measure what a person can do without training and education

130
Q

Aptitude test

A

a test that rates a persons potential to learn certain abilities

131
Q

8 intelligences

A

linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily kinaesthetic, visual spacial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic

132
Q

linguistic intelligence

A

sensitivity to spoken and written language, the ability to learn languages and the capacity to use language

133
Q

logical-mathematical intelligence

A

the capacity to analyse problems logically, carry out mathematical operations and investigate issues scientifically

134
Q

Musical intelligence

A

skill in the perfomance, composition and expression of musical patterns

135
Q

Bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence

A

potential of using ones own body or parts of the body to solve problems or to fashion products

136
Q

visual-spatial intelligence

A

the potential to recognise and manipulate the patterns of wide space as well as the patterns of more confined areas

137
Q

interpersonal intelligence

A

capacity to understand the intentions, motivations and desires of other people

138
Q

intrapersonal intelligence

A

capacity to understand oneself and use this information effectively to regulate ones life

139
Q

naturalistic intelligence

A

ability to see patterns and relationships in nature

140
Q

Goleman

A

claimed that emotional intelligence was more important than IQ. It was later modelled to be a set of abilities. They suggested that it is made up of emotional, perception/expression, facilitation, understanding and management.

141
Q

emotional perception/ expression

A

ability to identifying emotions in oneself and others, ability to express emotions and distinguish between honest/dishonest feelings

142
Q

emotional facilitation

A

ability to prioritise and generate thoughts and feelings to appreciate multiple POV facilitate judgement, memory, problem solving, creativity

143
Q

Emotional understanding

A

ability understand complex feelings, transitions of emotions and the cause of certain emotions

144
Q

Weight

A

a measure of the size of the gravity force pulling an object to the centre of a massive body. The weight of an object depends on its mass, weight=mass(kg) x gravitational field strength (N/kg). On earth the gravitation field strength is 9.8N/kg

145
Q

thrust

A

forward push

146
Q

resistant forces

A

Forces that push against the direction of movement. An effort force must be greater than A this force in order to work on an object

147
Q

Newton’s first law of motion

A

known as the law of inertia: an object remains at rest or continues to move with the same speed in the same direction unless acted on by an outside, unbalanced force.

148
Q

inertia

A

property of objects that make them resist changes in their motion

The greater the mass of the object, the more inertia it has

149
Q

Newtons second law of motion

A

the acceleration of an object equals the total force on the object divided by its mass. Formula- a=F/m and F=am

150
Q

net force

A

the resultant force of two or more forces acting on an object. Takes direction into account

If net force is in (N) and the mass is in (kg) the acceleration will be in m/s2(squared)

Larger masses accelerate less rapidly than smaller masses acted on by the same total force

A particular object accelerates more rapidly when a larger total force is applied. When all of the forces on an object are balanced, the total force is zero

Because mass is inversely proportional to acceleration, a large mass will have a small acceleration

151
Q

What are two forces acting on a spacecraft

A

Two forces acting on a spacecraft include the weight of gravity and the upward push of burning fuel. The net force is the difference between the two. As the mass gets smaller (burning fuel) the acceleration increases

152
Q

mass

A

the quantity of matter in. A body that occupies a volume. Mass never changes but weight can change in different places

153
Q

average speed

A

distance travelled divided by time taken

154
Q

speed

A

a measure of how fast or slow an object is moving, the rate of change of distance with respect to time

155
Q

rate

A

how fast an event happens, e.g. the speed of a reaction

156
Q

velocity

A

a measure of the rate of change in displacement. Unlike speed, it involves direction as well as a magnitude.

157
Q

instantaneous speed

A

speed at any particular instant of time

158
Q

displacement

A

the distance between the origin and destination

159
Q

acceleration

A

the rate of change/increase in speed

160
Q

deceleration

A

decrease in speed resulting in negative acceleration

161
Q

Atomic number

A

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. The atomic number determines which element an atom is

162
Q

mass number

A

the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

163
Q

metals

A

elements that have high shine/lustre, are good conductors of heat and electricity, are ductile, are malleable and have high melting points, except mercury which melts at-40°. Solid at room temperature except for mercury

164
Q

non-metals

A

elements that are dull or glassy, brittle, not malleable, poor conductors of heat and electricity and have low melting points. Most non metals are gases at room temperature

165
Q

metalloid

A

elements that have the appearance of metals but properties of metals and non metals

166
Q

molecules

A

particles with two or more atoms joined (bonded) together

167
Q

electron shell diagram

A

diagram showing electrons in their shells around the nucleus of an atom

168
Q

shell

A

energy levels around the nucleus of an atom into which electrons are arranged

169
Q

electron configuration

A

an ordered list of the number of electrons in each electron shell, from inner (low energy) to outer (higher energy) shells

170
Q

neutral

A

having equal amounts of negative and positive electric charge and, therefore, no overall electric charge. Atoms are neutral whereas ions have either a positive or negative electric charge.

If enough energy is supplied to an atom, electrons can move from one shell (or energy level) to another (higher) energy level. When electrons move between energy levels, they either absorb or emit an amount of energy. Electrons returning to a lower energy level emit this energy in the form of light.

171
Q

Ions

A

atoms or groups of atoms that have lost or gained electrons

172
Q

Cations

A

atoms or groups of atoms that have lost electrons and are positively charged

173
Q

Anions

A

atoms or groups of atoms that have gained electrons and are negatively charged

174
Q

Ionic compounds

A

compounds containing positive and negative ions held together by the electrostatic force

175
Q

properties of ionic compounds

A

made up of positive and negative ions, usually solids at room temperature, high melting points due to strong electrostatic force, dissolvable in water, aqueous solutions normally conduct electrify

176
Q

Ionic bond

A

a type of bonding that involves the transfer of electrons from one atom to another due to the strong electrostatic force between the oppositely charged ion

177
Q

Valency

A

is equal to the number of electrons that each atom needs to gain, lose or share to fill its outer shell

178
Q

alloy

A

mixture of several metals or sometimes a metal and a non-metal, such as carbon

179
Q

rate

A

how fast an event occurs eg. The speed of a reaction

What can speed up a chemical reaction- Increase in temperature, surface area increase, concentration of the reactants, exposure to light

180
Q

temp eg.

A

refrigerating food, slows down the chemical reaction that spoils food, heating particles making the move faster and collide with each other(speeding up the reaction)

181
Q

amount eg.

A

fanning a fire to increase the oxygen given yo the wood in a wood fire

182
Q

surface area eg.

A

bath bombs dissolve into water slowly, but if it was crushed into pieces and added to the water (larger surface area) it would result in a the bath bomb dissolving faster

183
Q

catalyst

A

chemical that speeds up the reaction but is not consumed in the reaction

184
Q

industry catalysts

A

iron + iron oxide is used to produce ammonia gas which is used for fertiliser and explosives, vanadium oxide used to produce sulfuric acid (increasing temperature to 450°C speeds up reaction), Zeolites- crystalline substances that are used as catalysts to break up large molecules in crude oil

185
Q

everyday catalysts

A

cars fitted with catalytic converters used to reduce the pollution of CO and N20 (nitrogen oxide is turned into less harmful gas and oxygen is added to CO to make it CO2 so it’s less harmful), contact lenses using hydrogen peroxide

186
Q

enzymes

A

biological catalyst, helps you digest food, break down toxic waste and other chemical processes

187
Q

amylase

A

Enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch into sugar

188
Q

catalase

A

enzyme in the liver involved in the break down of hydrogen peroxide a toxic waste product from the cells in the body

189
Q

maximum electrons in outer shell

A

2n2(squared) - substitute in shell number (shell one-four)

190
Q

period

A

number of shells

191
Q

groups

A

number of electrons in valant shell

192
Q

neutralisation

A

reaction between an acid and a base. Salt and water are the products of this type of reaction eg. Antacid (with MgO) for too much hydrochloric acid in stomach. The base (antacid) neutralises the acid (hydrochloric acid)

193
Q

salt

A

one of the products of the reaction between an acid and a base. The salt contains the positive metal ion from the base and the negative non-metal ion from the acid.
Metal + acid = hydrogen gas + sal

194
Q

photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water —–> Glucose + Oxygen

195
Q

cellular respiration

A

glucose + oxygen ——> carbon dioxide + water + energy

196
Q

what does deforestation result in

A

results in less less producers being able to photosynthesis which means there is more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and it adds to the enhanced greenhouse effect.

197
Q

Study punnet squares

A

yes :)

198
Q

what are metals

A

yes

199
Q

Willhelm Wundt

A

known as the ‘father of science’ for gathering actual evidence which made psychology a scientific study. Set up a lab to study consciousness. Wanted to test how sensations, images and feeling were formed by measuring certain stimuli

Yr 10 exams 2 (9 decks)

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