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TEAS > Science- Part 2 > Flashcards

Science- Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how does the skin make vitamin d

A

by absorbing ultraviolet radiation from the sun

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2
Q

what is the purpose of vitamin d

A

to help the large intestine aborb dietary calcium

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3
Q

what are melanocytes

A

cells in the epidermis that produce and distribute melanin, which is a skin pigment that helps protect against ultraviolet radiation

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4
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messengers secreted by ductless glands to the cells and organs on which they have an effect (target sites)

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5
Q

which is faster hormones or nerves?

A

nerves. Hormones travel through blood, so they take much longer to get there than nerve signals.

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6
Q

Which lasts longer- hormones or nerves?

A

hormones. they can remain in the blood stream much longer than a nerve signal

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7
Q

what releases epinephrine (aka adrenaline)

A

the adrenal glands

hence why an adrenaline rush (hormone) lasts longer than initial fright (nerve signal)

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8
Q

what is an endocrine gland?

A

a gland that does not have a duct

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9
Q

what is an exocrine gland?

A

a gland that delivers its secretions by tube to an epithelial surace or mucosa
IT DOES HAVE A DUCT.

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10
Q

examples of exocrine glands/secretions

A

salivary glands- saliva

pancreatic amylase

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11
Q

why is the pancrease unique

A

it secrets both enzymes and hormones

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12
Q

give an example of the pancrease in the endocrine system

A

it releases insulin, which is a hormone that triggers uptake of glucose into cells. Lowers blood glucose levels.

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13
Q

what organs are in the endocrine system (8)

A 
pineal gland
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
hypothalamus
thymus
adrenal glands
pancreas
ovaries/testes
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14
Q

what do beta cells do

A

in the pancreas, they dectect the levels of glucose in the blood and adjust the amount of insuline they secrete

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15
Q

What cells are able to detect blood glucose levels?

A

alpha and beta cells in the pancreas

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16
Q

What do alpha cells do

A

In the pancrease, they dectect levels of glucose in the blood. If levels are too low, they can secrete glucagon.

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17
Q

What does glucagon do

A

stimulates its target cells in the liver to convert hepatic glycogen stores into glucose and relase that glucose into the blood

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18
Q

what mechanism is used for pancreatic cells to maintain blood sugar

A

negative feedback mechanisms

meaning you stop producing hormones when levels are reached

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19
Q

what disease results from pancreative hormone regulation malfunction

A

diabetes

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20
Q

how are MOST hormone levels regulated

A

through negative feedback

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21
Q

what is the integration center between the endcorine system and the nervous system? what does it do?

A

the hypothalamus
produces releasing hormones that stimulate &
inhibiting hormones that restrict hormones that come from the anterior pituitary gland

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22
Q

what secretes growth hormone

A

anterior pituitary

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23
Q

what happens when the anterior pituitary ignores GHIH

A

gigantism

long bones continue grow

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24
Q

what does thyroid hormone do

A

regulares growth, development an dmetabolic rate

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25
Q

what initiates the release of TH

A

TSH from the anterior pituitary

TSH is triggered by TRH from the hypothalamus

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26
Q

what causes hyperthyroidism

A

a malfunction of negative feedback loop of TSH

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27
Q

what is positive feedback in the endocrine system

A

increasing the amount of hormone in a situation

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28
Q

what hormone uses positive feedback during labor

A

ocytocin is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary
cervical stretching triggers the release of oxytocin
oxytocin stiumlates uterine contractions which causes more cervical stretching and more oxytocin

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29
Q

what is melatonin

A

a hormone produced by the pineal gland that maintain circadian rhythm

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30
Q

what are the target organs of melatonin

A

eye, hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

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31
Q

what secretes FSH

A

anterior pituitary

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32
Q

What does FSH do

A

stimulates the production of eggs in ovaries
stimulates production of estrogen from ovaries
stimulates production of sperm in testes

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33
Q

what is the ovaries’ primary hormonal secretion

A

estrogen

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34
Q

what secrets LH

A

anterior pituiary

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35
Q

What does LH do

A

trigger ovulation in ovaries

triggers testosterone production in testes

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36
Q

What is the primary homrone secreted by the testes? Where else can be it be secreted from?

A

Testosterone

adrenal glands in both men and women

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37
Q

What are estrogen and testosterone derived from?

A

choleserol because they are steroid hormones

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38
Q

What is a steroid hormone

A

a hormone made from cholesterol. lipid construction makes it easy for them to pass through membranes.

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39
Q

What is the main function of steroid hormones

A

to affect transcription (the expression of specific genes) in their target cells. Think seconary sex characeristics in pubery.

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40
Q

How do non-steriod hormones get into cells?

A

Via receptor sites on cell membranes

They bind to the receptors and that triggers internal signals within the cells

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41
Q

What is the thymus? What does it do?

A

A gland behind sternum in adults (much larger in children) that prouces immune nonsteriod hormones like Thymosin.
Also where T-cells of the immune system are produced

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42
Q

What is the parathyroid

A

A small group of four bean shaped encodrince glands underneath the thyroid gland. It secretes PTH when calcium levels are low.

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43
Q

What does PTH do?

A

regulates plasma calcium levels
indirectily activates osteoclasts from bones
It also inhibits the kidney’s ability to transfer calcium ions to urine

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44
Q

what are the steroid hormones

A

testosterone, estrogen

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45
Q

testosterone

A

testes

promotes development of male sex characteristics

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46
Q

estrogen

A

ovaries

promotes development of female sex characteristics

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47
Q

epinephrine

A

adrenal gland

regulates heart rate, blood rpessuer

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48
Q

FSH

A

anterior pituitary

stimulates development of eggs in ovareis and sperm in testes

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49
Q

Glucagon

A

pancreas

triggers liver to convert hepatic glycogen stores into glucose and release glucose into the blood

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50
Q

Growth Hormone

A

Anterior pituitary

stimualtes tissue growth

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51
Q

inhibiting hormones

A

hypothalamus

restrict the production of certain hormones

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52
Q

insulin

A

pancrease

a hormone that triggers the influx of glucose into cells, tthus loweing blood glucose levels

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53
Q

luteinizing hormoone

A

anterior pituitary

triggers ovulation in ovaries and production of testosterone by testes

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54
Q

melatonin

A

pineal gland

plaus a role in maintaining circadian ryhyms

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55
Q

oxytocin

A

posterior pituitary

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth

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56
Q

parathyroid

A

parathyroid gland

elevates plasma calcium levels

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57
Q

releasing hormones

A

hypothalamus

stimulates the production of certain hormones

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58
Q

thyroid hormone

A

thyroid

regulates growth, development, metabolic rate

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59
Q

what is the function of the endocrine system

A

controlling the timing and number of hormones released

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60
Q

what directs the activity of the pituitary gland

A

the hypothalamus

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61
Q

what is the function of the urinary system

A

processing and exretion of fluids from the body

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62
Q

what is the primary organ of the urinary system

A

the kidney

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63
Q

what is the function of the kidney (3)

A
  1. filter metabolic waste from the blood
  2. regulate electrolyte and fluid balance in the blood
  3. influence on fluid balance by the kidneys affects blood volume in the cardiovascular system, resulting in changes in blood flow rate and blood pressure
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64
Q

what are the functional units of the kidneys

A

nephrons

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65
Q

What are the regions of the kidneys

A 
renal corex (outer layer)
renal medulla (inner layer)
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66
Q

describe the structure within the renal cortex

A

the entire kidney is made up of nephrons, which are little triangle portions
the top is the cortex, the inner part is the medulla
the cortex has arteries and veins coming in/out. They connect to the glomerular capsule. This is where they drop off wastes.
The filtrate runs through all the tubules (at one point dropping into the medulla) and then leaves either goes back into the blood through the interlobular vein or as urine through the renal papilla

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67
Q

what is a glomerulus

A

a network of capillaires where blood pushes water, sal, glucose, amino acids, and urea from the blood
think- waste drop off point

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68
Q

what is the stuff leaving the blood through the walls of the capillaries

A

filtrate

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69
Q

Where is filtrate collecteed?

A

The bowman’s capsule around the glomerulus

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70
Q

Where does filtrate go after bowman’s capsule

A

a crazy looking tube (proximal tubule) then into the medulla

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71
Q

what is the purpose of the proximal tubule

A

to reabsorb anyhhing the blood could still use like glucose

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72
Q

What happens after the proximal tubule reachss the medulla?

A

the remaining filtrate flows through th Loop of Henle, then through the distal tubule and back into the cortex trhough the collecting tubule

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73
Q

What is the purpose of the distal tubule

A

more reabsoprtion

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74
Q

what causes tubular reabsorption

A

osmotic pressure

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75
Q

when does filtrate become urine

A

when filtrate passes through the collecting ducts through the medulla

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76
Q

Where do collecting ducts dump urine

A

the renal pelvis of the kidney (the center of the kidney)

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77
Q

Where does urine go after the renal pelvis?

A

ureter then the bladder then urethra

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78
Q

how much liquid can th ebladder fold

A

400-800mL

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79
Q

what arteries/veins come to/from the kidney

A

renal artery brings blood in

renal vein takes blood out

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80
Q

what controls the diffusion of particular solutions to maintain water balance

A

the nephron of the kidneys

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81
Q

what three metabolic byproducts do the kidneys keep in check

A

urea, uric acid, and creatinine

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82
Q

what determines the water levels in our body

A

kidneys
pay attention to the osomotic pressure to see how much NaCL there is. Sodium causes Chloride to follow, affecting the osmotic pressure at the reabsorption parts.

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83
Q

how does dehydration affect kidneys

A

dehydration causes reduced blood volume, since blood is mostly water
this lowers blood pressure

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84
Q

how do the kidneys work with the heart

A

when blood pressure is out of normal range and it is not caused by hydration, the kidneys increase blood volume by allowing more absorption of filtrate
then, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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85
Q

what is renin

A

an enzyme released by the kidneys when reduced blood pressure is detected by baroreceptors in the aorta an cartoid arteries
renin creates angiotesnsin I from angiotennsiongen prouced in the liver

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86
Q

What converts Angiotensin I to angiotensin II

A

an enxyme produced by the liver and kidneys calle ACE

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87
Q

What is Angiotensin II

A

a secretion that acts to restore blood volume and blood presure by cocnstricting blood vessels, stimulating thirst, and stimulating production of aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone

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88
Q

what is aldosterone

A

a hormone secreted by the adrenal gland that increases reabsorption of sodium ions. This leads to an increase in reabsorption of cholide ions and water.

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89
Q

What is antidiuretic hormone

A

a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that increases the amound of water able to be reabsorbed from the cleevting duct. The effects of aldosterone and and antidiuretic hormone are to increased blood volume while decreasing water lost from the body in urine.

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90
Q

Give the steps of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A
  1. The liver makes Angiotensinogen
  2. The kidneys make renin, which changes Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I
  3. The liver and kidneys make ACE, which changes Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
  4. Angiotensin II constricts blood vessels, stimulates thirst and triggers production of Aldosterone and Antidiuretic Hormone.
  5. Adrenal Gland secretes Aldosterone. This increases reabsorption of sodium ions. Pituitary gland secretes Antidiuretic hormone, which increases the amount of water able to be reabsorbed in collecting ducts.
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91
Q

what is the tube that delivers urine to the urinary bladder

A

ureter

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92
Q

where are the glomeruli and bowmans capsule located

A

in the renal cortex

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93
Q

what are antigens

A

things the body percieves as foreign

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94
Q

what are pathogens

A

things that are dangerous towards the body

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95
Q

what are allergies

A

the immune system’s response to forgein agents that are not pathogens

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96
Q

what is the first line of defense

A

innate immune system, a collection of non-specific barriers

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97
Q

what are external parts of the innate immune system

A

hair, skin, bacterial floramucus membranes, antimicrobial substances like mucus tears and saliva

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98
Q

what is the second line of defense

A

still the innate immune system, meaning theyre not specifc but these are internal where the first line is external
this include inflammation, production of interferon, and ingestiong of pathogens by phagocytes

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99
Q

what is a macrophage

A
  • a large white blood cell that ingests foreign material - - puts the antigens on it’s cell membrane to alet patrolling T cells
  • also send out ctyokines to alert other cells of danger
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100
Q

what is the name of a macrophage with antigens on its cell membrane

A

antigen-presenting cells

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101
Q

what cells can function as antigen-presenting cells

A

macrophages, Dendritic cells and b cells

102
Q

what can cells produce to trigger immune responses

A

histamine

causes capillary permeabiliy and vasodilation

103
Q

what does histamine do

A

causes capillary permeabiliy and vasodilation

makes it easier for white blood cells to leak from capillaries into the area needed fro deffense

104
Q

what is inflammation

A

the resulting redness, swlling, heat and pain in an area of defense by innate immunity

105
Q

What are interferons

A

proteins secreted by some cells that can inhibit virus replication

106
Q

what part of the immune system:

skin, hair, mucus, earwax, secretions, normal flora

A

external innate immune system

nonspecific response

107
Q

what part of the immune system:

antimicrobials, inflammation, interferons, complement proteins, NK lymphocytes, phagocytes (including APC)

A

internal innate immune system (non specific response)

108
Q

what part fo the immune system:
cytotoxic T cells
killing pathogen

A

reaction
adaptive immune system
(respond to specific antigens)

109
Q

what part of the immune system:

b-cells produce antibodies

A

prevention
adaptive immune system
(respodns to different antigens)

110
Q

how is the adaptive immune system activated?

A

activated by antigen and helper t cells

helper t cells are activated by APC

111
Q

which reacts faster: the innate immune system or the adaptive immune system?

A

the innate, because it doesnt need prior knowledge. The adaptive needs to learn and adapt before acting. Each defense is unique, soi it’s slower but once it knows the defense it happens faster in subsequent times

112
Q

what is the body’s third line of defense?

A

the adaptive immune system, a collection of cellular responses triggered by the internal presence of specific antigens

113
Q

what types of cells are considered lymphocytes

A

NK cells, b-cells, t-cells (helper t-cells, cytotoxic t-cells, and mempry cells)

114
Q

where do t cells mature

A

the thymus

115
Q

what three types of cells can t cell become

A

helper t cells
cytotoxic t cells
memory cells

116
Q

What do helper t-cells do? What is their biggest role?

A

secrete interleukins, which are chemical messengers that trigger action of other cells. iggest role is to activate b cells.

117
Q

what do cytotoxic t cells do

A

attack forgein cells which summoned my the interleukins from helper t cells

118
Q

what do memory cells do

A

respond quickly to antigens upon re-exposure, so quickly that the body is immune from the pathogen the second time

119
Q

what is cell mediated immunity

A

a type of adaptve immunity in whcih t lymphocytes attack parasitic worms, cancer cells, transplated tissues, or cells that contain pathgoens. uses t cells.

120
Q

What are b cells

A

lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigens

121
Q

what are plasma cells

A

rapidly dividng bc ells that secrete antibodies

122
Q

what is anotehr word for antibodies

A

immunoglobulins

123
Q

what are antibodies

A

blood proteins that have a certain part that fits to antigens. They tag them for descrution

124
Q

What is antibody-mediated immunity

A

the process of b-cells secreting antibodies and takggin antigens for destruction

125
Q

Give the hierarchy of immunity

A

immunity > adaptive or innate
adaptive > nature or articial
natural > passive (maternal) or active (infection
artificial > passive (antibody transfer) or active (immunization)

126
Q

difference between active and passive immunity

A

passive is through placenta or breastmilk, it is passed to you
active is given to you through an infection or a vaccine

127
Q

describe osteocytes

A

kind of look like dendrites

they maintain bone by sensing physical stress

128
Q

describe osteobytes

A

cells that make bone.

look like cuboidal cells.

129
Q

describe osteoclasts

A

look like big blobs

break down bone

130
Q

mineral reabsorption

A

performed by osteoclasts, remove calcium from bone so it can enter bloodstream

131
Q

why do we reabsorp calcium

A

neurons need it for communication and ca in blood is involved in inhibitng muscle contraction, also involved in blood clotting

132
Q

what does hypocalcemia cause (deficit in plasma ca)

A

tetany, an involuntary continuous contraction of skeletal muscle

133
Q

what happens when too much ca is removed from bone

A

osteporosis, porous weak bones

134
Q

what is mineralization

A

performed by osteoblasts, a process that deposits hydroxyapatite in the collagen matrix in bone

135
Q

what does collagen do

A

gives bone flexibility while minerals around the collagen gives the bone strength

136
Q

brittle bone disease

A

aka osteogenesis imperfecta

genetic disease affecting the collagen matrix that also causes brittle, weak bones

137
Q

how is compact bone organize

A

in long, concentric layers called lamella like growth rings of a tree
between each lamellae are pockets called lacunae where bone cells reside
miscroscopic tunnels run from each lacunae for communication. These are called canaliculi.
Groups of lamellae are osteon

138
Q

Describe the canals in the bone

A

the canal in an osteon is called a central (haversion) canal and contains nerves and blood vessels.
It runs parralle to the osteon. Perpendicular to the end of the osteon is the perforating (Volkmann’s) canals

139
Q

What is on the outside of the bone

A

periosteum

140
Q

What is in the center of bone where the ceentral canal

A

trabecuale of spongy bone

141
Q

where is bone marrow

A

in the spongy bone in the center of bones

142
Q

red bone marrow

A

site of blood formation and play a part in the immune system

143
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

medullary cavity of adult long bones

made of adipose

144
Q

what is the largest bone

A

femur

145
Q

what are the bone categories

A

long bone, short bone, flat bone, and irregular bone

146
Q

sutures

A

the joints of flat bones

147
Q

what makes articulation of the skeleton possible

A

soft tissue : cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and periosteium

148
Q

what do tendons and ligaments attach to

A

periosteum

149
Q

what protects joints

A

hyaline cartilage

150
Q

osteoarthritis

A

inflammation in a joint from break down of cartilage

151
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

autoimmune recation that causes joint inflammation and pain

152
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

hyaline cartilage in long bones where bone elongation happens
aka growth plate

153
Q

epiphyseal line

A

line that develops when a eiphyseal plate are stops producing cartilage

154
Q

achondroplastic dwarfism

A

the result of epiphyseal plate stoping growth prematurely

155
Q

what are the two major divisons of the skeleton

A

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

156
Q

axial skeleton

A

sjull, thoraci cage (risbs and sternum) vertebrate

157
Q

three types of vertebrae

A

cerevical
thoracic
lumbar

158
Q

upper arm bone

A

humerus

159
Q

thumb side arm bone

A

radius

160
Q

pinky side arm bone

A

ulna

161
Q

wrist bones

A

carpals

162
Q

hand bones

A

metacarpals

163
Q

fingers/toes

A

phalanges

164
Q

hip bone

A

pelvis

165
Q

inner hip vertebrae stuff

A

sacrum

166
Q

tail bone

A

coccyx

167
Q

front shin bone

A

tibia

168
Q

back shin bone

A

fibular

169
Q

ankle bone

A

calcaneus

170
Q

foot/ankle bones

A

tarsals

171
Q

top of foot bones

A

meta tarsals

172
Q

what does the manndible atriculate with

A

temproal bone

173
Q

which bones have sinues

A

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary

174
Q

what are the tiniest bones

A

auditory ossicles in the middle ear

175
Q

what is the only bone that is not connected to the rest of the skeleton

A

hyoid bone, where your tongue and larynx attach

176
Q

what is the atals

A

the first cervial vertebrae
aka C1
allos the head to nod

177
Q

what is the axis

A

the secnod cervical vertebrae because it allows the head to pivot

178
Q

what is between vertebrae

A

intervertebral discs made of cartilage

179
Q

sacrum

A

five vertebrae fused together and nesteled inside of the hip bones

180
Q

what is in the pectroal girdle

A

r and l scapula and clivcles

181
Q

blood vessels in bone are where

A

in the central canal, volkmanns canal, and meudllary cavity

182
Q

four types of small molecules

A

sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides

183
Q

three classes of macromolecules:

A

polysaccaharides, proteins, and nucleic acids

184
Q

bonds that hold sugars together

A

covalent bonds

185
Q

dehydration reaction

A

forming a covalent bondy by displacing a water molecule

akak condensation reaction

186
Q

noncovalent bonds

A

hydrogen and ionic bonds
form spontaneously an dbreak easily
give macromolecules shape, structure, and function

187
Q

polysaccharides/sugars/carbs

A

sources of energy

188
Q

startch

A

polysaccaride used as energy in plants

189
Q

what is carb energy stored as

A

glycogen (polymers of glucose)

190
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

chemical reaction that converst a polymer of glycogen into momenrs of glucose

191
Q

chitin and cellulose

A

polysaccahrid used to provide a support skelton to plants and animals respecitvely

192
Q

what are proteins made of

A

amino acids

20 differnt kind

193
Q

how are aminos bonded otgether

A

through dehydration reaction to form a covalent bond

this covalent bond is called a peptide bond

194
Q

4 structures of proteins

A
  1. primary- phone cord
  2. secondary- coiled phone cord
  3. tertiary- bundeld up phone cord
  4. quarternary- 2+ phone cords bundled otgether
195
Q

how do enzymes work

A

by reducting activation energy

196
Q

functions of proteins

A

enzymes
strucural
transporters
antibodies

197
Q

two types of nucleic acids

A

DNA

RNA

198
Q

DNA

A

double helix of nucleic acids

stores herediatry info in a cell

199
Q

what is RNA made of

A

ribonulcelotides, which are ribose sugar + trio of phosphates + nitrogenous base

200
Q

differenc ebetween DNA and RNA

A

DNA- G,C,A,T

RNA- G, C, A, U

201
Q

RNa function

A

converting info stored in the DNA into proteins

202
Q

why are lipids not macromolcules?

A

because they are not monomers linked together. They are grouped together because of how they react to water

203
Q

function of lipids

A

phospholipid cell membrane
energy stores (stores 5x as carbs)
steroids

204
Q

what are phospholipids and tricglycerides mde of

A

fatty acids + glycerol

205
Q

glycerol

A

a type of sugar

206
Q

what are the covalent bonds in DNA called

A

phosphodiester bonds

207
Q

DNA bases

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine

208
Q

where is DNA store

A

nucleus

minor amount on mitochondria

209
Q

genome

A

complete set of genetic information

210
Q

how many chromosome doe adults have

A

46 (23 pairs)

211
Q

genes

A

sequences of DNA that encode something the cell can use

212
Q

types of RNA

A

tRNA, rRNA, mRNA

213
Q

codons

A

triplets/base pairs that each code for an amino acid

214
Q

genetic code

A

set of 64 codons that specifcy the 20 amino acids used to make proteins

215
Q

simpel steps of DNA to protein

A

DNA > RNA > prtien

216
Q

the complimentary strand of DNA makes what

A

the messenger RNA

217
Q

what does the mRNA do

A

exits the nucleus and binds to a ribosome, where it tells it how to make a protein

218
Q

what does tRNA do

A

brings in the correct amino acids to the ribosomes

219
Q

mitosis

A

cell division in eukaryotes taht produces two daughter cells, each with the same chromone number as the parent cell

220
Q

what happens during the synthesis phase of the cell yclce

A

replaction of chromosomes

221
Q

chromatid

A

during mitosis, when the chromosomes duplicate but stay attached to each other

222
Q

phenotype

A

physical expression of a trait

223
Q

alleles

A

variants of a gene (little g or big G in the punnet square)

224
Q

homozygous

A

having the same alleles

225
Q

heterozygous

A

having different alleles

226
Q

genotypes

A

the name for allele pairs

227
Q

diploid

A

cells that conain two sets of chromosomes

228
Q

meiosis

A

specialized cell division used to create gametes

229
Q

what is the result of meiosis

A

4 haploid cells

230
Q

monohybrid cross

A

a cross between parents heterozygous at one specifc gene

231
Q

dihybfried cross

A

a cross between parents heterozygous at two specic genese

232
Q

incomplete dominance

A

when phenotype is intermediate between parents (hair color)

233
Q

codominanc

A

when two alleles are equally dominant (blood tpye)

234
Q

epistasis

A

type of gene interaction in which the phenotype of a trait is the result of one gene’s alels affecting the allele’s of another independently inhertied gene
ex/ a lab who has the E/e gene and is yellow even if it has dominant genes for a black coat

235
Q

electron oribals

A

2 per orbital

s (2), p (6), d(18), f (32)

236
Q

atomaic mass

A

number under element

sum of protons and neutrons

237
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in one atom

top number on period table

238
Q

how do you know how may valence electrons something has

A 
the row (period) on the periodic table
ex: 2nd row, 2 oribtals max of 8 electrons- 6 valence
239
Q

how to determine element identity

A

of protons

240
Q

isotopes

A

versisons of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
ex: carbon- 12= 6p, 6n
carbon-14= 6p, 8n

241
Q

ion

A

when the number of protons and electrons are not equal, giving an atom a charge

242
Q

cation

A

positively charged ion

243
Q

anion

A

negatively charged ion

244
Q

ionic bond

A

results from the attractive between two oppositely charged ions when one atom is strong enough to “steal” elctrons from the other atom

245
Q

covalent bond

A

sharing electrons

246
Q

which atom gets the electron in an ionic bond

A

the one closer to having 8 get it
the one with less than 4 loses
if similar, covalent bonds happen

247
Q

boiling point

A

temperature at which a substance boils, changing itstate from liquid to gas

248
Q

specific heat capacity

A

measure of the amount of energy needed to change the temp of 1 gram of substance by 1 degree celcius

249
Q

intensive properties

A

physical properties that are independent of the amount of substnace present
luster, conductivity, malleability, density)
can be used for substance identification

250
Q

extensive properties

A

characteristics dependent on the size of the sample
length, volume, mass, energy
cannot be used for substance identification

TEAS (5 decks)

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