Science-Part 1 Flashcards
(250 cards)
1
Q
four basic types of tissues
A
epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular
2
Q
basic parts of a cell
A
nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, (+ organelles_
3
Q
mitochondria function
A
energy production
4
Q
what do skeletal muscles contain a lot of?
A
mitochondria because of energy neede for movement
5
Q
what organelles work together to build proteins?
A
ribosomes, rough ER, and golgi
6
Q
function of cell wall
A
structural support and protection for cell
7
Q
cholorplasts
A
uses photosynthesis to produce ATP
8
Q
cytoskeleton
A
aids in the transferring of materials and movements of the whole cell
9
Q
golgi
A
processes proteins
10
Q
lysosomes
A
aids in digestion and recycling of old cell materials
11
Q
nucleus
A
holds all genetic information such as DNA, and conducts the building of ribosomes
12
Q
plasma membrane
A
maintains cell’s environment through the process of selective permeability
13
Q
ribosome
A
synthesizes proteins
14
Q
rough ER
A
synthesizes and processes proteins in the cell
15
Q
smooth ER
A
synthesizes and processes lipids in the cell
16
Q
vacuoles
A
serves as storage
17
Q
front vs back
A
anterior/posterior
18
Q
toward head vs toward fee
A
superior/inferior
19
Q
toward or away from structure
A
proximal/distal
20
Q
toward mid line vs away from midline
A
medial/lateral
21
Q
bottom of foot
A
plantar surface of foot
22
Q
top of foot
A
dorsum of foot
23
Q
palm/bottom of hand
A
palmar surface of hand
24
Q
top of hand
A
dorsum of hand
25
front/back division plane
coronal or frontal plane
26
top and bottom division plane
traverse or cross-sectional plane
27
left and right division plane
sagittal or median
28
respiratory system's main function
to perform the critical tasks involved in transporting oxygen from the atmosphere into the body's cells and removing carbon dioxide from the body's cells (exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide)
29
the process of brining oxygen into the lungs
ventilation or breathing
30
order air goes into the body
nasal opening > nasal cavity > throat > trachea > r/l bronchus > r/l lung > bronchioles > alveoli (look like clusters of grapes)
31
why are alveoli important?
site of gas exchange because of aqueous surfactant (medium for gas exchange and keeps lung from collapsing on itself by maintaining surface tension)
32
Where is the heart located?
pleural cavity on the left side, causing the right lung to be a little bigger
33
lobes of the right kung
3: superior, middle, inferior
34
lobes of the left lung
2: superior and inferior
35
lung lobes are divided into what?
bronchopulmonary segments. each segment receives air from its own bronchus and receives blood from its own artery
36
what covers the lobes of lungs?
double membrane called the pleura and then surrounded by pleural fluid
37
what cavity are the lungs in
thoracic cavity
38
describe how the heart works with the respiratory system
sends blood low in O and high in CO2 to the lungs. The blood picks up O and drops off the CO2. Happens by capillaries of the circulatory system interacting with the alveoli. The blood loaded with O goes back to the heart and is pumped around the body. When the body uses the O, then the deoxy blood goes back to the heart to start the process all over.
39
How does gas exchange happen in the lungs?
diffusion, a passive transport method
40
what affects diffusion in the lungs?
surface area and distance between solutions
41
where is the highest and lowest concentration of oxygen in the lungs
highest- alevoli from recently inhaled air
| lowest- blood coming in the from the pulmonary vessels
42
where are the highest and lowest levels of carbon dioxide in the lungs?
highest- capillaries
| lowest- alveoli
43
what allows ventilation to occur?
a combination of muscle action and negative pressure
| diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and increase volume in lungs. Relaxing those muscles push air out.
44
what is the inhalation of air called?
periodic inspiration
45
what is the expulsion of air called?
expiration
46
what is the tidal volume
the amount of air breathed in and out of the lungs
47
what is the residual capacity
a small amount of air rich in CO2 that stays trapped in alveoli. It mixes with O brought in through inspiration
48
What center of the brain controls breathing? How?
Medulla oblongata, by measuring CO2 and blood ph levels
49
What happens when blood pH decreases?
respiration rates increase
50
What does asthma cause?
airways narrow, resulting in mucus buildup. Makes it difficult to inhale and exhale normal amounts of air.
51
How do environmental pollutants impede lung function?
by damaging cilia, causing emphysema, allergies, and inflammation
52
what is the main responsibility of the cardiovascular system?
movement of blood and lymph around the body, which allows for nutrient distribution, waste removal, communication and protection
53
what is the heart made of and how many chambers does it have?
made of muscle, has 4 chambers
54
what are the upper chambers of the heart called?
atria
55
what are the lower chambers of the heart called?
ventricles
56
where is the aorta?
big one at the top, right behidn pulmonary artery
57
what transports blood away from the heart?
arteries (thicker)
58
what transports blood towards the heart?
veins (thinner)
59
What are capillaries made of?
A single layer of endothelium that connects arteries and veins to tissues
60
what does the lymphatic system do?
part of the cardiovascular system, circulates and filters interstitial fluid between cells and eventually drains into the circulatory system
61
what are the two loops in the circulatory system?
pulmonary and systole
62
What does the pulmonary loop do?
carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs where it is oxygenated and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium
63
What does the systemic loop do?
Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body, returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.
64
What are the two cycles of heart contractions?
systole and diastole
65
What is systole
contraction of heart muscles
66
What is diastole
relaxation of heart mucles
67
Give the steps of the heart cycle
ventricles contract (ie ventricular systole), the atrioventricular valves close and make a lub sound, the empty ventricles are filled with blood pushed out during atrial systole. At the same time, semilunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary arteries close to prevent blood from falling back into the ventricles, making a "dub" sound.
68
What controls the pace of heart contractions?
Sinoatrial node, by sending out electrical signals
69
What is in blood plasma?
nutrients, hormones, antibodies, and other immune proteins
70
Describe red blood cells
contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
71
What do white blood cells do> (general answer) What are the two main lineages?
defend against pathogens. leukocytes and lymphocytes
72
What do lymphocytes do?
They stay in the lymph nodes and help filter interstitial fluid to provide surveillance for the immune system.
73
What is lymph
basically blood plasma with the red blood cells removed
74
Where does lymph eventually go
drains back into the large veins leading to the heart
75
Where are lymph nodes located?
oral, nasal, and genital regions were foreign objects can enter the body
76
basic definition of heart attack
blood supply to heart is interrupted (aka myocardial infarction)
77
basic definition of stroke
blood supply to brain is interrupted (aka CVA, cerebrovascular accident)
78
basic definition of aneurysm
a ballooning and weakened area in an artery
79
basic definition of atherosclerosis
build up of fats, cholesterol, plaque, etc in walls of arteries (aka cardiovascular disease)
80
basics of arrhythmias
irregular heartbeat, can be too fast or too slow. Electrical impulses of the heart don't work properly.
81
basics of hypertension
condition where force of blood against the artery walls is too high (aka high blood pressure)
82
what is the vavle to the aorta
aortic valve
83
what artery leaves the left ventricle
aorta
84
give the steps of blood coming into the heart
superior/inferior vena cava > right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary valve. > pulmonary artery.... pulmonary veins > left atrium > mitral valve > left ventricle > aortic valve > aorta
85
what makes up the tricuspid valve?
septal cusp, posterior cusp, anterior cusp
86
what is the divider in the middle of the heart called?
interventricular septum
87
what is the muscle making up the heart called?
papillary muscle
88
what is the muscle making up the heart called?
papillary muscle
89
what is the main function of the gastrointestinal system?
break down food for absorption and distribution of nutrients to the rest of the body
90
what controls the smooth. muscle involved in mechanical digestion in the gastrointestinal system?
parasympathetic nervous system
91
what absorbs digested nutrients?
blood vessels along the stomach and small and large intestines
92
where does mechanical digestion being?
in the mouth by chewing
93
How does saliva help digestion?
lubricates the food, provides amylase and lipase to initiate the chemical digestion of starch and lipids
94
What is a bolus
food packaged into small parecels to be digested
95
what is deglutition
swallowing
96
What are the next steps after chewing?
bolus passes through pharynx, epiglottis closes the tracheal opening so food can not enter respiratory system, food passes into espohagus. Peristalsis moves the bolus through the grastric sphincted into the stomach
97
What is peristalsis
constractions of muscle in the esophagus. responsible for moving food past the gastric spinchter into the stomach
98
What is the purpose of the gastric sphincter?
prevents reflux of food back into the esophagus
99
What is the stomach made of?
smooth muscle
100
what is chyme
food broken down even further by stomach muscles
101
what are the three main secretions of the stomach
pepsinogen, mucus, and hydrocholric acid
102
what does mucus do in the stomach?
lines it
103
what does hydro choloric acid do
creates the acidic environemnet, converts pepsinogen to pepsin
104
what does pepsin (aka pepsinogen) do
helps digest proteins in the acidic environement
105
Where does chyme go after it leaves the stomach?
small intestine
106
What is the first part of the small intestine? What is its purpose?
Dudoenum. Neutralizes chyme by bicarbonate in pancreatic secreations
107
What three things neutralize chyme?
1. bicarbonate in pancreating secretions
2. alkaline bile jucies from the gallbladder
3. "brush border" enzymes
108
What are the brush border enzymes
proteases, lactases, disaccharidases, and bicarbonate
109
What do villi and microvillie in the small intestine do? Where are they mostly found?
found mostly in the ileum. They absorb polar-digested nutrients into blood, lipids into lacteals as chylomicrons, and vitamin B12
110
How do blood-carrying nutrients pass from the small intestine to the liver? What happens?
Pass through the hepatic portal duct. This allow liver enzymes to deaminate amino acids, convert ammonia to urea, metabolzie consumer toxins, and store glucose as glycogen.
111
How do blood-carrying nutrients pass from the small intestine to the liver? What happens?
Pass through the hepatic portal duct. This allow liver enzymes to deaminate amino acids, convert ammonia to urea, metabolzie consumer toxins, and store glucose as glycogen.
112
Where does food go after the stomach? give steps
enters dudoenum of small intestine > passes through illeum of small inestine > passes through cecum > into the large intestine (aka colon) > rectum > anus
113
Where does food go after the stomach? give steps
enters dudoenum of small intestine > passes through illeum of small inestine > passes through cecum > into the large intestine (aka colon) > rectum > anus
114
Where is the vermiform appendix?
Projected off the cecum, which is the junction between small and large intestine
115
Generally speaking, what does the small and large intestine absorb?
Small- water and nutrients
| large- remaining water and salt, and vitamin K. Exposes waste to bacterial fermentation
116
What does Ghrelin do?
Induces hunger
117
What does leptin do?
sensation of satiety
118
what does insulin do?
induces cellular uptake of glucose
119
what does glucagon
stimualtes breakdown of stored glyogen
120
what does glucagon
stimulates breakdown of stored glycogen
121
What hormones are involved in digestion?
ghrelin, leptin, insulin, and glucagon were mentioned in the book
122
What are enzymes?
proteins produced by the body that catalyze and speed up the breakdown of food so that nutrients are available for the body
123
What is bile?
NOT AN ENZYME. Bile is a chemical that aids in digestion, but not an enzyme. The liver makes and releases bile into the small intestine to help break down fats.
124
What enzyme is found in the mouth? What does it do?
Salivary amylase, breaks down starches
125
What enzyme is found in the stomach? What does it do?
Pepsin, breaks down proteins
126
What enzymes are found in the pancreas? What do hey do? (3)
1. Pancreatic amylase- breaks down starch
2. trypsin- breaks down proteins
3. lipase- breaks down fat
All of these are created int he pancreas and released into the small intestine
127
What enzymes are found in the pancreas? What do hey do? (3)
1. Pancreatic amylase- breaks down starch
2. trypsin- breaks down proteins
3. lipase- breaks down fat
All of these are created int he pancreas and released into the small intestine
128
What enzymes are found in the small intestine? What do they do?
brush border enzymes (proteases, lactase)
| Continue to break down molecules. Break down carbohydrates into monosaccharides
129
What enzymes are found int the large intestine? What do they do?
None, nothing
130
What enzymes are found int the large intestine? What do they do?
None, nothing
131
what is the main function of the neuromuscular system?
controls involuntary and voluntary movement
132
what makes up the neuromuscular system?
nerves and muscles
133
What are nerves
long bundles of axons that transmit signals from the central nervous system
134
Describe signals moving through the nervous system
start as electrical impulses at the end of nerve cells > travels along the axon > transmitted to the next cell using chemical neurotransmitters secreted into the synapse from the axon terminal
135
What is the end part of a nerve called?
axon terminal
136
What is the stuff wrapped around the long part of a nerve
myelin sheath
137
What are the fingery things at the end of a nerve cell
dendrites
138
What nerves send messages to the central nervous system?
sensory (afferent) nerves
139
What nerves send messages to the muscles?
motor (effernt) nerves
140
What controls involuntary actions?
Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system controls things such as heart rhythm, digestion, and breathing
141
What are the three type of muscles?
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
142
What makes up muscles?
Long myofibrils made of sarcomere units. Sarcomere is made up of long strands of proteins called actin and mysoin
143
What is the difference between actin and myosin?
Actin is a thinner fiber. Myosin is a thicker one. Actin is usually ont he outside.
144
What is needed for a muscle to move?
A concerted effort by many nerve fibers connected to the muscle fiber and ATP to powe the contraction
145
How do skeletal muscles contract?
Nervous system sends a signal to the muscle > actin and myosin proteins slide past each other> either contract or relax depending. These two motions are responsible for all muscle movement.
146
what is the purpose of the male reproductive system
generate male gametes (aka sperm) and deliver them to the female reproductive system
147
what are the major components of the male reproductive system? (7)
penis, vas deferens, urethra, prostate, seminal vesicles, testis, scrotum
148
What is the primary reproductive organ in males?
Testes
149
What produces seprm?
Seminiferous tubules within th testes
150
What is the purpose of the scrotum? What is the purpose of the prostate and seminal vesicles?
scrotum- lowers body temperature during sperm production
| prostate & seminal vesicles- produce fluids necessary for lubricating and nourishing the sperm
151
What do the urethra, vas deferens, and penis do?
Form the conduit through which sperm is ejected
152
What is the vas deferens?
The tube from testes to urethra through the penis
153
What is the primary purpose of the female reproductive system
generating female gametes (eggs) and incubating the fetus during pregnancy
154
What makes up the female reproductive system? (5)
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina
155
what releases the egg?
The graafian follicle in the ovary in response to hormones
156
where do eggs embed themselves when fertilized?
the uterine wall aka the endometrium
157
What does the placenta do
connects the parents blood supply, nourishes the fetus and removes wastes
158
Which hormones initiate puberty?
```
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Lutenizing Hormone (LH
```
159
What does LH do in males?
signals testes to produce more testosterone
| testosterone + FSH stimulate the production of sperm cells
160
What does FSH do in females?
Signals the ovaries to produce more estrogen
161
What does estrogen do in females?
Causes the egg to mature in the graafian follcile. Causes the endometrium to thicken.
162
What does LH do in females?
A surge of LH causes the developing egg to be released
163
What is a graafian follicle called when an egg has been released. What happens next?
Called a corpus luteum
| Produces a large amount of progesterone to prepare the endometrium for implantation of the fertilized egg
164
what is the plasma membrane made of
phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
165
four basic types of tissues
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
166
what does epithelial tissues do?
covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and serves as a protective barrier
167
what does connective tissue do?
connects other tissues to each otehr and serves to bind and support body parts
168
what does muscle tissue do
moves the body and its contents by contraction
169
what does nervous tissue do
recevies stimuli from the internal or external environment and communicates through electrical impulses with the rest of the body
170
what is in the upper respiratory tract?
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal, sinuses, oral cavity, pharynx, glottis, and larynx
171
What is in the lower respiratory tract?
trachea, lungs (bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli)
172
what comes after the pharynx?
pharynx > glottis (epiglottis covering) > larynx > trachea
173
What is the total lung capacity?
The amount of air in the lungs after a maximum inspiration (aka deep breath)
174
What is the vital capacity?
The amount of gas that can be exhaled after a deep breath
175
What is the residual volume
the amount of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration
176
How do you get the total lung capacity?
vital capacity + residual volume
177
what is surfactant
a lipid mixture secreted by cells in the lungs, which reduces surface tension and prevents alveoli from sticking together
178
what is lung compliance? what does it depend on?
a measure of the ease of expanding the lungs. depends on the the elasticity of the lung tissue and the aleveolar surface tension
179
What is empjysema?
Destruction of elastic lung tissue, resulting in greater tha normal expansion of the lungs but poor recoil
180
What diseases cause low lung complaince?
Asthma, bronchitis, and lung cancer
181
What genetic condition can impair lung compliance?
cystic fibrosis
| Recessive gene causes surfactant to become sticky
182
what is cardiac tissue called
myocardium
183
what is the sac around the heart called
pericardium
184
erythrocytes
aka blood cells
185
what are platelets responsible for
blood clotting
186
where is the sinoatrial node located
in the upper wall of the right atrium
187
where does the impulse go after leaving the sinoatrial node
to the antrioventricular node and then travels down the atrivoentricular bundle and finally the purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to contract
188
Which hormones affect the heart
epinephrine and norepinephrine
189
what is average blood reading
120/70
190
what is a piece of plaque or clotted blood traveling through vessels
embolus
191
what are the five steps in digestion?
1. ingestion - taking in food
2. digestion- breakdwon food
3. peristalsis- movement of food through GI tract
4. absorption of nutrients
5. elimination of wastes
192
what are rugae
folds in the stomach that increase the holding capacity of the stomach to about 1 liter
193
what cells secrete pepsinogen
chief cells
194
what cells secrete hydrochloric acid
parietal cells
195
what cells help protect the lining of the stomact against acid
goblet cells- secrete mucus
196
how long is the small intestine
18feet
197
what are the three regions of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunem, and ileum
198
what is the sphincter at the end of the stomach
pyloric sphincter
199
what makes up the large intestine?
cecum , colon, rectum, and anal canal
200
what is the projection on the cecum?
the appendx
201
What are the four sections of the colon?
ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid
202
why is bacterial fermentation in the colon important?
produces vitamins to be asborbed, like vitamin k
203
what are the two divisons of the nervous system
central nervous CNS
| peripheral nervous PNS
204
what is in the CNS
brain and spinal cord
205
what is in the PNS
network of spinal nerves carrying information towards and away from the brain
INCLUDES AUTONOMIC DIVISIONS
206
somactic division of the nervous system
=voluntary stuff
207
whats the difference between dendrites and axons
dendrites receive impulses, axons pass on impulses
208
Which direction do all nerve impulses travel?
From dendrites down the axon
209
What happens when a nerve impulse reaches the axon temrinal?
Releases chemical neurotransmitters at the synapse
210
what are spinal nerves
bundles of nerve fibers (both axons and dendrites) that can carry both afferent and efferent impulses
211
efferent vs afferent
```
efferent = motor
afferent = sensory
```
212
which division of the nervous system controls reflexes
autonomic
213
what is a muscle strain
stretching or tearing of the muscle
214
what is a muscle sprain
injuray to the accompanying ligaments and tendons of a muscle
215
what is a ligamennt
a tough connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
216
what is a tendon
a tough connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
217
what is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
aka ALS
aka Lou Gehrig's disease
motor neurons die leading to loss of voluntary muscle movement
218
what is muscular dystropy
a group of genetic disorders where abnormal genes interfere with the production of proteins needed to form healthy muscles.
Affects both voluntary and involuntary muscles
219
Where do sperm mature
epidiymis
220
Which gland controls the endocrine system
the pituitary gland
221
what does FSH cause in females
secondary sex characteristics
| the development of a follicle, whcich then secretes estrogen
222
which hormone is responsible for secondary sex characteristics in males
testosterone
223
what is the main organ of the integumentary system
the skin
224
What are the functions of the integumentary system? (6)
1. removes metabolic waste
2. synthesizes vitamin D
3. communication
4. senses
5. provides protection
6. main organ of temperature regulation
225
what are the three layers of skin
epidermis, dermis, and hypo dermis
226
what is the epidermis made of
keratinized stratified squamous epitherlial tissue
227
what is the dermis made up of
connective tissue
228
are there blood vessels in the epidermis? The dermis?
the epidermis is avascular
| the dermis contains capillaries and small blodd vessels
229
what is another name for the dermis
cutaneous layer
| think "cut" because you bleed from this layer
230
what is the hypodermis made of?
loose connective tissue (areolar and adipose)
231
Does the hypodermis have blood vessels?
yes it is very vascular
232
What is under the hypodermis
muscle
233
what structures are in the dermis?
blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, nails, hair follciles
234
What supplies a hair follicle with oil?
sebaceous glands around the follicles
235
what is oil from the sebaceous glands called? what does it do?
sebum, moisturizes hair and skin thus keeping the keratin flexible and water-resistant
236
what other gland produces sebum?
ceruminous glands in the ear canal
237
what is ear wax?
aka cerumen
| sebum + dead epithelial cells
238
what is the apocrine sweat gland
sweat glands aka scent glands
release sweat, but it could act as a pheromone because it's higher in fatty acids
apocrine sweat smells like bo oncce bacteria use up the nutrients
239
what is th eeccrine sweat gland (aka merocrine sweat gland)
the more commonly known sweat gland
| releaes sweat to the external surface of the epidermis
240
what is the role of sweat
thermoregulations
241
what two things are used for temperature regulation
perspiration and diameter changes of blood vessels
242
where are thermoreceptors found
in both the hypothalamus and the skin
243
what is the body's thermostat
hypothalamus
244
what happens when body temp is too high
cutaneous vasodilation, sweating
1. increases blood vessel in diameter to allow more blood flow near the surface of the body, so heat can release
2. if thats not enough, then sweat production. As it dries, the body cools from evaporation
245
what happens when body temp is too low
shivering, cutaneous vasoconstriction
1. arrector pili muscles tense. The contraction generates heat.
2. vessels contract to reduce the amount of blood traveling at the surface, decreasing the heat loss at the skin
246
how is the integumentary system related to the immune system
it is part of the innate immune system
| cerumen, hair, and mucus trap particles that can contain pathogens
247
what maintains the epidermal water barrier? what is the purpse?
sebum and keratin, prevents dehydration
248
how does the skin inhibit bacteria growth
lactic and fatty acids in sebum in sweat encourage a low pH which makes it difficult for bacteria to grow
249
how does the integumentary system help with excretion
you an lose mineral salts and urea through sweat
250
what sensory senstions does the integumentary system respond to
once in the skin like pressure, heat, and pain
