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TEAS > Science-Part 1 > Flashcards

Science-Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

four basic types of tissues

A

epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular

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2
Q

basic parts of a cell

A

nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, (+ organelles_

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3
Q

mitochondria function

A

energy production

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4
Q

what do skeletal muscles contain a lot of?

A

mitochondria because of energy neede for movement

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5
Q

what organelles work together to build proteins?

A

ribosomes, rough ER, and golgi

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6
Q

function of cell wall

A

structural support and protection for cell

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7
Q

cholorplasts

A

uses photosynthesis to produce ATP

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8
Q

cytoskeleton

A

aids in the transferring of materials and movements of the whole cell

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9
Q

golgi

A

processes proteins

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10
Q

lysosomes

A

aids in digestion and recycling of old cell materials

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11
Q

nucleus

A

holds all genetic information such as DNA, and conducts the building of ribosomes

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12
Q

plasma membrane

A

maintains cell’s environment through the process of selective permeability

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13
Q

ribosome

A

synthesizes proteins

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14
Q

rough ER

A

synthesizes and processes proteins in the cell

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15
Q

smooth ER

A

synthesizes and processes lipids in the cell

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16
Q

vacuoles

A

serves as storage

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17
Q

front vs back

A

anterior/posterior

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18
Q

toward head vs toward fee

A

superior/inferior

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19
Q

toward or away from structure

A

proximal/distal

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20
Q

toward mid line vs away from midline

A

medial/lateral

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21
Q

bottom of foot

A

plantar surface of foot

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22
Q

top of foot

A

dorsum of foot

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23
Q

palm/bottom of hand

A

palmar surface of hand

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24
Q

top of hand

A

dorsum of hand

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25
Q

front/back division plane

A

coronal or frontal plane

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26
Q

top and bottom division plane

A

traverse or cross-sectional plane

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27
Q

left and right division plane

A

sagittal or median

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28
Q

respiratory system’s main function

A

to perform the critical tasks involved in transporting oxygen from the atmosphere into the body’s cells and removing carbon dioxide from the body’s cells (exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide)

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29
Q

the process of brining oxygen into the lungs

A

ventilation or breathing

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30
Q

order air goes into the body

A

nasal opening > nasal cavity > throat > trachea > r/l bronchus > r/l lung > bronchioles > alveoli (look like clusters of grapes)

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31
Q

why are alveoli important?

A

site of gas exchange because of aqueous surfactant (medium for gas exchange and keeps lung from collapsing on itself by maintaining surface tension)

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32
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

pleural cavity on the left side, causing the right lung to be a little bigger

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33
Q

lobes of the right kung

A

3: superior, middle, inferior

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34
Q

lobes of the left lung

A

2: superior and inferior

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35
Q

lung lobes are divided into what?

A

bronchopulmonary segments. each segment receives air from its own bronchus and receives blood from its own artery

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36
Q

what covers the lobes of lungs?

A

double membrane called the pleura and then surrounded by pleural fluid

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37
Q

what cavity are the lungs in

A

thoracic cavity

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38
Q

describe how the heart works with the respiratory system

A

sends blood low in O and high in CO2 to the lungs. The blood picks up O and drops off the CO2. Happens by capillaries of the circulatory system interacting with the alveoli. The blood loaded with O goes back to the heart and is pumped around the body. When the body uses the O, then the deoxy blood goes back to the heart to start the process all over.

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39
Q

How does gas exchange happen in the lungs?

A

diffusion, a passive transport method

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40
Q

what affects diffusion in the lungs?

A

surface area and distance between solutions

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41
Q

where is the highest and lowest concentration of oxygen in the lungs

A

highest- alevoli from recently inhaled air

lowest- blood coming in the from the pulmonary vessels

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42
Q

where are the highest and lowest levels of carbon dioxide in the lungs?

A

highest- capillaries

lowest- alveoli

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43
Q

what allows ventilation to occur?

A

a combination of muscle action and negative pressure

diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract and increase volume in lungs. Relaxing those muscles push air out.

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44
Q

what is the inhalation of air called?

A

periodic inspiration

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45
Q

what is the expulsion of air called?

A

expiration

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46
Q

what is the tidal volume

A

the amount of air breathed in and out of the lungs

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47
Q

what is the residual capacity

A

a small amount of air rich in CO2 that stays trapped in alveoli. It mixes with O brought in through inspiration

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48
Q

What center of the brain controls breathing? How?

A

Medulla oblongata, by measuring CO2 and blood ph levels

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49
Q

What happens when blood pH decreases?

A

respiration rates increase

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50
Q

What does asthma cause?

A

airways narrow, resulting in mucus buildup. Makes it difficult to inhale and exhale normal amounts of air.

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51
Q

How do environmental pollutants impede lung function?

A

by damaging cilia, causing emphysema, allergies, and inflammation

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52
Q

what is the main responsibility of the cardiovascular system?

A

movement of blood and lymph around the body, which allows for nutrient distribution, waste removal, communication and protection

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53
Q

what is the heart made of and how many chambers does it have?

A

made of muscle, has 4 chambers

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54
Q

what are the upper chambers of the heart called?

A

atria

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55
Q

what are the lower chambers of the heart called?

A

ventricles

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56
Q

where is the aorta?

A

big one at the top, right behidn pulmonary artery

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57
Q

what transports blood away from the heart?

A

arteries (thicker)

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58
Q

what transports blood towards the heart?

A

veins (thinner)

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59
Q

What are capillaries made of?

A

A single layer of endothelium that connects arteries and veins to tissues

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60
Q

what does the lymphatic system do?

A

part of the cardiovascular system, circulates and filters interstitial fluid between cells and eventually drains into the circulatory system

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61
Q

what are the two loops in the circulatory system?

A

pulmonary and systole

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62
Q

What does the pulmonary loop do?

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs where it is oxygenated and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium

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63
Q

What does the systemic loop do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body, returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium.

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64
Q

What are the two cycles of heart contractions?

A

systole and diastole

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65
Q

What is systole

A

contraction of heart muscles

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66
Q

What is diastole

A

relaxation of heart mucles

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67
Q

Give the steps of the heart cycle

A

ventricles contract (ie ventricular systole), the atrioventricular valves close and make a lub sound, the empty ventricles are filled with blood pushed out during atrial systole. At the same time, semilunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary arteries close to prevent blood from falling back into the ventricles, making a “dub” sound.

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68
Q

What controls the pace of heart contractions?

A

Sinoatrial node, by sending out electrical signals

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69
Q

What is in blood plasma?

A

nutrients, hormones, antibodies, and other immune proteins

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70
Q

Describe red blood cells

A

contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body

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71
Q

What do white blood cells do> (general answer) What are the two main lineages?

A

defend against pathogens. leukocytes and lymphocytes

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72
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

They stay in the lymph nodes and help filter interstitial fluid to provide surveillance for the immune system.

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73
Q

What is lymph

A

basically blood plasma with the red blood cells removed

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74
Q

Where does lymph eventually go

A

drains back into the large veins leading to the heart

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75
Q

Where are lymph nodes located?

A

oral, nasal, and genital regions were foreign objects can enter the body

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76
Q

basic definition of heart attack

A

blood supply to heart is interrupted (aka myocardial infarction)

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77
Q

basic definition of stroke

A

blood supply to brain is interrupted (aka CVA, cerebrovascular accident)

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78
Q

basic definition of aneurysm

A

a ballooning and weakened area in an artery

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79
Q

basic definition of atherosclerosis

A

build up of fats, cholesterol, plaque, etc in walls of arteries (aka cardiovascular disease)

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80
Q

basics of arrhythmias

A

irregular heartbeat, can be too fast or too slow. Electrical impulses of the heart don’t work properly.

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81
Q

basics of hypertension

A

condition where force of blood against the artery walls is too high (aka high blood pressure)

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82
Q

what is the vavle to the aorta

A

aortic valve

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83
Q

what artery leaves the left ventricle

A

aorta

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84
Q

give the steps of blood coming into the heart

A

superior/inferior vena cava > right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary valve. > pulmonary artery…. pulmonary veins > left atrium > mitral valve > left ventricle > aortic valve > aorta

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85
Q

what makes up the tricuspid valve?

A

septal cusp, posterior cusp, anterior cusp

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86
Q

what is the divider in the middle of the heart called?

A

interventricular septum

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87
Q

what is the muscle making up the heart called?

A

papillary muscle

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88
Q

what is the muscle making up the heart called?

A

papillary muscle

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89
Q

what is the main function of the gastrointestinal system?

A

break down food for absorption and distribution of nutrients to the rest of the body

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90
Q

what controls the smooth. muscle involved in mechanical digestion in the gastrointestinal system?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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91
Q

what absorbs digested nutrients?

A

blood vessels along the stomach and small and large intestines

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92
Q

where does mechanical digestion being?

A

in the mouth by chewing

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93
Q

How does saliva help digestion?

A

lubricates the food, provides amylase and lipase to initiate the chemical digestion of starch and lipids

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94
Q

What is a bolus

A

food packaged into small parecels to be digested

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95
Q

what is deglutition

A

swallowing

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96
Q

What are the next steps after chewing?

A

bolus passes through pharynx, epiglottis closes the tracheal opening so food can not enter respiratory system, food passes into espohagus. Peristalsis moves the bolus through the grastric sphincted into the stomach

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97
Q

What is peristalsis

A

constractions of muscle in the esophagus. responsible for moving food past the gastric spinchter into the stomach

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98
Q

What is the purpose of the gastric sphincter?

A

prevents reflux of food back into the esophagus

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99
Q

What is the stomach made of?

A

smooth muscle

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100
Q

what is chyme

A

food broken down even further by stomach muscles

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101
Q

what are the three main secretions of the stomach

A

pepsinogen, mucus, and hydrocholric acid

102
Q

what does mucus do in the stomach?

A

lines it

103
Q

what does hydro choloric acid do

A

creates the acidic environemnet, converts pepsinogen to pepsin

104
Q

what does pepsin (aka pepsinogen) do

A

helps digest proteins in the acidic environement

105
Q

Where does chyme go after it leaves the stomach?

A

small intestine

106
Q

What is the first part of the small intestine? What is its purpose?

A

Dudoenum. Neutralizes chyme by bicarbonate in pancreatic secreations

107
Q

What three things neutralize chyme?

A
  1. bicarbonate in pancreating secretions
  2. alkaline bile jucies from the gallbladder
  3. “brush border” enzymes
108
Q

What are the brush border enzymes

A

proteases, lactases, disaccharidases, and bicarbonate

109
Q

What do villi and microvillie in the small intestine do? Where are they mostly found?

A

found mostly in the ileum. They absorb polar-digested nutrients into blood, lipids into lacteals as chylomicrons, and vitamin B12

110
Q

How do blood-carrying nutrients pass from the small intestine to the liver? What happens?

A

Pass through the hepatic portal duct. This allow liver enzymes to deaminate amino acids, convert ammonia to urea, metabolzie consumer toxins, and store glucose as glycogen.

111
Q

How do blood-carrying nutrients pass from the small intestine to the liver? What happens?

A

Pass through the hepatic portal duct. This allow liver enzymes to deaminate amino acids, convert ammonia to urea, metabolzie consumer toxins, and store glucose as glycogen.

112
Q

Where does food go after the stomach? give steps

A

enters dudoenum of small intestine > passes through illeum of small inestine > passes through cecum > into the large intestine (aka colon) > rectum > anus

113
Q

Where does food go after the stomach? give steps

A

enters dudoenum of small intestine > passes through illeum of small inestine > passes through cecum > into the large intestine (aka colon) > rectum > anus

114
Q

Where is the vermiform appendix?

A

Projected off the cecum, which is the junction between small and large intestine

115
Q

Generally speaking, what does the small and large intestine absorb?

A

Small- water and nutrients

large- remaining water and salt, and vitamin K. Exposes waste to bacterial fermentation

116
Q

What does Ghrelin do?

A

Induces hunger

117
Q

What does leptin do?

A

sensation of satiety

118
Q

what does insulin do?

A

induces cellular uptake of glucose

119
Q

what does glucagon

A

stimualtes breakdown of stored glyogen

120
Q

what does glucagon

A

stimulates breakdown of stored glycogen

121
Q

What hormones are involved in digestion?

A

ghrelin, leptin, insulin, and glucagon were mentioned in the book

122
Q

What are enzymes?

A

proteins produced by the body that catalyze and speed up the breakdown of food so that nutrients are available for the body

123
Q

What is bile?

A

NOT AN ENZYME. Bile is a chemical that aids in digestion, but not an enzyme. The liver makes and releases bile into the small intestine to help break down fats.

124
Q

What enzyme is found in the mouth? What does it do?

A

Salivary amylase, breaks down starches

125
Q

What enzyme is found in the stomach? What does it do?

A

Pepsin, breaks down proteins

126
Q

What enzymes are found in the pancreas? What do hey do? (3)

A
  1. Pancreatic amylase- breaks down starch
  2. trypsin- breaks down proteins
  3. lipase- breaks down fat
    All of these are created int he pancreas and released into the small intestine
127
Q

What enzymes are found in the pancreas? What do hey do? (3)

A
  1. Pancreatic amylase- breaks down starch
  2. trypsin- breaks down proteins
  3. lipase- breaks down fat
    All of these are created int he pancreas and released into the small intestine
128
Q

What enzymes are found in the small intestine? What do they do?

A

brush border enzymes (proteases, lactase)

Continue to break down molecules. Break down carbohydrates into monosaccharides

129
Q

What enzymes are found int the large intestine? What do they do?

A

None, nothing

130
Q

What enzymes are found int the large intestine? What do they do?

A

None, nothing

131
Q

what is the main function of the neuromuscular system?

A

controls involuntary and voluntary movement

132
Q

what makes up the neuromuscular system?

A

nerves and muscles

133
Q

What are nerves

A

long bundles of axons that transmit signals from the central nervous system

134
Q

Describe signals moving through the nervous system

A

start as electrical impulses at the end of nerve cells > travels along the axon > transmitted to the next cell using chemical neurotransmitters secreted into the synapse from the axon terminal

135
Q

What is the end part of a nerve called?

A

axon terminal

136
Q

What is the stuff wrapped around the long part of a nerve

A

myelin sheath

137
Q

What are the fingery things at the end of a nerve cell

A

dendrites

138
Q

What nerves send messages to the central nervous system?

A

sensory (afferent) nerves

139
Q

What nerves send messages to the muscles?

A

motor (effernt) nerves

140
Q

What controls involuntary actions?

A

Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system controls things such as heart rhythm, digestion, and breathing

141
Q

What are the three type of muscles?

A

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

142
Q

What makes up muscles?

A

Long myofibrils made of sarcomere units. Sarcomere is made up of long strands of proteins called actin and mysoin

143
Q

What is the difference between actin and myosin?

A

Actin is a thinner fiber. Myosin is a thicker one. Actin is usually ont he outside.

144
Q

What is needed for a muscle to move?

A

A concerted effort by many nerve fibers connected to the muscle fiber and ATP to powe the contraction

145
Q

How do skeletal muscles contract?

A

Nervous system sends a signal to the muscle > actin and myosin proteins slide past each other> either contract or relax depending. These two motions are responsible for all muscle movement.

146
Q

what is the purpose of the male reproductive system

A

generate male gametes (aka sperm) and deliver them to the female reproductive system

147
Q

what are the major components of the male reproductive system? (7)

A

penis, vas deferens, urethra, prostate, seminal vesicles, testis, scrotum

148
Q

What is the primary reproductive organ in males?

A

Testes

149
Q

What produces seprm?

A

Seminiferous tubules within th testes

150
Q

What is the purpose of the scrotum? What is the purpose of the prostate and seminal vesicles?

A

scrotum- lowers body temperature during sperm production

prostate & seminal vesicles- produce fluids necessary for lubricating and nourishing the sperm

151
Q

What do the urethra, vas deferens, and penis do?

A

Form the conduit through which sperm is ejected

152
Q

What is the vas deferens?

A

The tube from testes to urethra through the penis

153
Q

What is the primary purpose of the female reproductive system

A

generating female gametes (eggs) and incubating the fetus during pregnancy

154
Q

What makes up the female reproductive system? (5)

A

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina

155
Q

what releases the egg?

A

The graafian follicle in the ovary in response to hormones

156
Q

where do eggs embed themselves when fertilized?

A

the uterine wall aka the endometrium

157
Q

What does the placenta do

A

connects the parents blood supply, nourishes the fetus and removes wastes

158
Q

Which hormones initiate puberty?

A 
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Lutenizing Hormone (LH
159
Q

What does LH do in males?

A

signals testes to produce more testosterone

testosterone + FSH stimulate the production of sperm cells

160
Q

What does FSH do in females?

A

Signals the ovaries to produce more estrogen

161
Q

What does estrogen do in females?

A

Causes the egg to mature in the graafian follcile. Causes the endometrium to thicken.

162
Q

What does LH do in females?

A

A surge of LH causes the developing egg to be released

163
Q

What is a graafian follicle called when an egg has been released. What happens next?

A

Called a corpus luteum

Produces a large amount of progesterone to prepare the endometrium for implantation of the fertilized egg

164
Q

what is the plasma membrane made of

A

phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins

165
Q

four basic types of tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

166
Q

what does epithelial tissues do?

A

covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, and serves as a protective barrier

167
Q

what does connective tissue do?

A

connects other tissues to each otehr and serves to bind and support body parts

168
Q

what does muscle tissue do

A

moves the body and its contents by contraction

169
Q

what does nervous tissue do

A

recevies stimuli from the internal or external environment and communicates through electrical impulses with the rest of the body

170
Q

what is in the upper respiratory tract?

A

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal, sinuses, oral cavity, pharynx, glottis, and larynx

171
Q

What is in the lower respiratory tract?

A

trachea, lungs (bronchus, bronchioles, alveoli)

172
Q

what comes after the pharynx?

A

pharynx > glottis (epiglottis covering) > larynx > trachea

173
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

The amount of air in the lungs after a maximum inspiration (aka deep breath)

174
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

The amount of gas that can be exhaled after a deep breath

175
Q

What is the residual volume

A

the amount of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration

176
Q

How do you get the total lung capacity?

A

vital capacity + residual volume

177
Q

what is surfactant

A

a lipid mixture secreted by cells in the lungs, which reduces surface tension and prevents alveoli from sticking together

178
Q

what is lung compliance? what does it depend on?

A

a measure of the ease of expanding the lungs. depends on the the elasticity of the lung tissue and the aleveolar surface tension

179
Q

What is empjysema?

A

Destruction of elastic lung tissue, resulting in greater tha normal expansion of the lungs but poor recoil

180
Q

What diseases cause low lung complaince?

A

Asthma, bronchitis, and lung cancer

181
Q

What genetic condition can impair lung compliance?

A

cystic fibrosis

Recessive gene causes surfactant to become sticky

182
Q

what is cardiac tissue called

A

myocardium

183
Q

what is the sac around the heart called

A

pericardium

184
Q

erythrocytes

A

aka blood cells

185
Q

what are platelets responsible for

A

blood clotting

186
Q

where is the sinoatrial node located

A

in the upper wall of the right atrium

187
Q

where does the impulse go after leaving the sinoatrial node

A

to the antrioventricular node and then travels down the atrivoentricular bundle and finally the purkinje fibers, causing the ventricles to contract

188
Q

Which hormones affect the heart

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

189
Q

what is average blood reading

A

120/70

190
Q

what is a piece of plaque or clotted blood traveling through vessels

A

embolus

191
Q

what are the five steps in digestion?

A
  1. ingestion - taking in food
  2. digestion- breakdwon food
  3. peristalsis- movement of food through GI tract
  4. absorption of nutrients
  5. elimination of wastes
192
Q

what are rugae

A

folds in the stomach that increase the holding capacity of the stomach to about 1 liter

193
Q

what cells secrete pepsinogen

A

chief cells

194
Q

what cells secrete hydrochloric acid

A

parietal cells

195
Q

what cells help protect the lining of the stomact against acid

A

goblet cells- secrete mucus

196
Q

how long is the small intestine

A

18feet

197
Q

what are the three regions of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jejunem, and ileum

198
Q

what is the sphincter at the end of the stomach

A

pyloric sphincter

199
Q

what makes up the large intestine?

A

cecum , colon, rectum, and anal canal

200
Q

what is the projection on the cecum?

A

the appendx

201
Q

What are the four sections of the colon?

A

ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid

202
Q

why is bacterial fermentation in the colon important?

A

produces vitamins to be asborbed, like vitamin k

203
Q

what are the two divisons of the nervous system

A

central nervous CNS

peripheral nervous PNS

204
Q

what is in the CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

205
Q

what is in the PNS

A

network of spinal nerves carrying information towards and away from the brain
INCLUDES AUTONOMIC DIVISIONS

206
Q

somactic division of the nervous system

A

=voluntary stuff

207
Q

whats the difference between dendrites and axons

A

dendrites receive impulses, axons pass on impulses

208
Q

Which direction do all nerve impulses travel?

A

From dendrites down the axon

209
Q

What happens when a nerve impulse reaches the axon temrinal?

A

Releases chemical neurotransmitters at the synapse

210
Q

what are spinal nerves

A

bundles of nerve fibers (both axons and dendrites) that can carry both afferent and efferent impulses

211
Q

efferent vs afferent

A 
efferent = motor
afferent = sensory
212
Q

which division of the nervous system controls reflexes

A

autonomic

213
Q

what is a muscle strain

A

stretching or tearing of the muscle

214
Q

what is a muscle sprain

A

injuray to the accompanying ligaments and tendons of a muscle

215
Q

what is a ligamennt

A

a tough connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

216
Q

what is a tendon

A

a tough connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

217
Q

what is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

aka ALS
aka Lou Gehrig’s disease
motor neurons die leading to loss of voluntary muscle movement

218
Q

what is muscular dystropy

A

a group of genetic disorders where abnormal genes interfere with the production of proteins needed to form healthy muscles.
Affects both voluntary and involuntary muscles

219
Q

Where do sperm mature

A

epidiymis

220
Q

Which gland controls the endocrine system

A

the pituitary gland

221
Q

what does FSH cause in females

A

secondary sex characteristics

the development of a follicle, whcich then secretes estrogen

222
Q

which hormone is responsible for secondary sex characteristics in males

A

testosterone

223
Q

what is the main organ of the integumentary system

A

the skin

224
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system? (6)

A
  1. removes metabolic waste
  2. synthesizes vitamin D
  3. communication
  4. senses
  5. provides protection
  6. main organ of temperature regulation
225
Q

what are the three layers of skin

A

epidermis, dermis, and hypo dermis

226
Q

what is the epidermis made of

A

keratinized stratified squamous epitherlial tissue

227
Q

what is the dermis made up of

A

connective tissue

228
Q

are there blood vessels in the epidermis? The dermis?

A

the epidermis is avascular

the dermis contains capillaries and small blodd vessels

229
Q

what is another name for the dermis

A

cutaneous layer

think “cut” because you bleed from this layer

230
Q

what is the hypodermis made of?

A

loose connective tissue (areolar and adipose)

231
Q

Does the hypodermis have blood vessels?

A

yes it is very vascular

232
Q

What is under the hypodermis

A

muscle

233
Q

what structures are in the dermis?

A

blood vessels, nerves, sensory receptors, nails, hair follciles

234
Q

What supplies a hair follicle with oil?

A

sebaceous glands around the follicles

235
Q

what is oil from the sebaceous glands called? what does it do?

A

sebum, moisturizes hair and skin thus keeping the keratin flexible and water-resistant

236
Q

what other gland produces sebum?

A

ceruminous glands in the ear canal

237
Q

what is ear wax?

A

aka cerumen

sebum + dead epithelial cells

238
Q

what is the apocrine sweat gland

A

sweat glands aka scent glands
release sweat, but it could act as a pheromone because it’s higher in fatty acids
apocrine sweat smells like bo oncce bacteria use up the nutrients

239
Q

what is th eeccrine sweat gland (aka merocrine sweat gland)

A

the more commonly known sweat gland

releaes sweat to the external surface of the epidermis

240
Q

what is the role of sweat

A

thermoregulations

241
Q

what two things are used for temperature regulation

A

perspiration and diameter changes of blood vessels

242
Q

where are thermoreceptors found

A

in both the hypothalamus and the skin

243
Q

what is the body’s thermostat

A

hypothalamus

244
Q

what happens when body temp is too high

A

cutaneous vasodilation, sweating

  1. increases blood vessel in diameter to allow more blood flow near the surface of the body, so heat can release
  2. if thats not enough, then sweat production. As it dries, the body cools from evaporation
245
Q

what happens when body temp is too low

A

shivering, cutaneous vasoconstriction

  1. arrector pili muscles tense. The contraction generates heat.
  2. vessels contract to reduce the amount of blood traveling at the surface, decreasing the heat loss at the skin
246
Q

how is the integumentary system related to the immune system

A

it is part of the innate immune system

cerumen, hair, and mucus trap particles that can contain pathogens

247
Q

what maintains the epidermal water barrier? what is the purpse?

A

sebum and keratin, prevents dehydration

248
Q

how does the skin inhibit bacteria growth

A

lactic and fatty acids in sebum in sweat encourage a low pH which makes it difficult for bacteria to grow

249
Q

how does the integumentary system help with excretion

A

you an lose mineral salts and urea through sweat

250
Q

what sensory senstions does the integumentary system respond to

A

once in the skin like pressure, heat, and pain

TEAS (5 decks)

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