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Mocks > Science Paper 1 > Flashcards

Science Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

The ammount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree celsius.

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2
Q

How do you carry out the practical for SHC?

A
  1. Place a beaker on a balance and set it to zero.
  2. Add the oil and record its mass.
  3. Place a thermometer and an immersion heater in the oil.
  4. Read the starting temperature of the oil.
  5. Wrap the beaker in insulating foam.
  6. Connect a joulemeter to the immersion heater.
  7. Leave the set up for around 30 minutes.
  8. Read the number of Joules of energy that passed through the immersion heater.
  9. Read the final temperature of the oil.
  10. Substitute the values you have found into the equation.
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3
Q

What is Aerobic respiration?

A

The Respiration that takes place in the presence of oxgygen.

  • it is the most efficient way to transfer energy from glucose.
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4
Q

Which respiration constantly takes place in plants and animals?

A

Aerobic Respiration

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5
Q

Where do the reactions in aerobic respiration take place?

A

Mitochondria

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6
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxcide + water

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7
Q

What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O

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8
Q

What is Anaerobic Respiration?

A

The respiration that is used in an absense of oxygen.

- Its an inconplete breakdown of glucose, making lactic acid.

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9
Q

When does anaerobic respiration usually occur?

A

During exercise when the body can’t supply enough oxygen to the muscles.

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10
Q

Whats the word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?

A

Glucose —> Lactic acid

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11
Q

Which respiration transfers the most energy, why?

A

Aerobic respiration.

- This is because in anaerobic respiration glucose isnt fully oxidised.

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12
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast?

A

glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide

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13
Q

What is Fermentation?

A

Anaerobic respiration in yeast cells.

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14
Q

What is fermentation used to make?

A

Bread and alcoholic drinks e.g. beer and wine.

  • the carbon dioxide makes bread rise
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15
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

the amount of extra oxygen needed to react with the lactic acid present in the body- this occurs to remove the lactic acid from the cells.

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16
Q

Why does your breathing rate increase during exercise?

A

To get more oxygen into the blood.

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17
Q

Why does your heart rate increase during exercise?

A

To get oxygenated blood around the body faster.

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18
Q

Describe the main features of the plum pudding model.

A

The model showed the atom as:

  • a ball of positive charge (dough)
  • with negative electrons (currants) mixed in
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19
Q

Describe the nuclear model.

A

The atom has a positively charged nucleus at the centre, with a ‘cloud’ of negative electrons surrounding it- most of the atom being empty space.

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20
Q

Describe the modern atom model.

A
  • electrons orbit the nucleus at fixed distances

- there are particals in the nucleus, called neutrons, that have no charge at all

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21
Q

Who founded the plum pudding model?

A

J.J Thompson

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22
Q

Who founded the nuclear model?

A

Ernest Rutherford

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23
Q

Who founded the modern atom model?

A

Neil Bohr and James Chadwick

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24
Q

What is the radius of an atom?

A
  1. nm or 1 x 10^-10 m
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25
Q

What is the radius of a nucleus?

A

1 x 10^-14

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26
Q

What are the four types of pathogens?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Virus
  • Protist
  • Fungi
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27
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Pathogens are micro-organisms that enter the body and cause communicable diseases in plants and animals.

28
Q

How does Bacteria make you feel ill?

A

It produces toxins that damage your cells and tissues.

29
Q

How does a virus replicate?

A

They live inside your cells and replicate themselves using the cells machinary to make copies of themselves. The cell will then burst, releasing all the new viruses.

30
Q

How does a virus make you feel ill?

A

By damaging cells.

31
Q

Describe a protist.

A
  • All protists are eukaryotic
  • most of them are single-celled
  • some protists are parasites- parasites live on or inside other organisms an can cause them damage.
32
Q

Describe a fungi.

A
  • some fungi are single-celled.

- others have a body which is made of hyphae.

33
Q

How do fungi cause illness?

A
  • They can grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants, causing disease.
  • They can also produce spores, which can be spread to other plants and animals.
34
Q

List the ways in which pathogens can be spread.

A
  • Water e.g. cholera
  • Air e.g. influenza virus
  • Direct contact e.g. athletes foot
35
Q

What molecules does amylase convert and what does it convert it into?

A

It converts carbohydrates into sugars.

36
Q

What molecules does protease convert and what does it convert it into?

A

It converts protein into amino acids.

37
Q

What molecules does Lipase convert and what does it convert it into?

A

It converts lipids into glycerol and fatty acids.

38
Q

What is biles role in digestion?

A

Bile nuetralises the stomach acid and emulsifies (breaks down) fats.

39
Q

Where is bile produced, stored, and released?

A
  • Its produced in the liver.
  • Its stored in the gall bladder.
  • Its released into the small intestine.
40
Q

Where is amylase made?

A
  • The salivary glands
  • The pancreas
  • The small intestine
41
Q

Where is protease made?

A
  • The stomach
  • The pancreas
  • The small intestine
42
Q

Where is lipase made?

A
  • The pancreas

- The small intestine

43
Q

How do you test for sugars?

A

The Benedicts Test

  1. Prepare food sample and transfer 5cm^3 to a test tube.
  2. Prepare a water bath and set it’s temperature to 75 degrees celsius.
  3. Add some Benedicts solution to the test tube using a pipette.
  4. Place the test tube in a water bath, using a test tube holder, and leave it in there for five minutes.
  5. If the sample contains sugar it will change from blue to green, yellow, or brick red.
44
Q

How do you test for starch?

A

Iodine solution

  1. Transfer 5cm^3 of a food sample to a test tube.
  2. Add a few drops of iodine solution and gently shake tube to mix the contents.
  3. If the sample contains starch the solution will change from browny-orange to black or blue-black.
45
Q

How do you test for proteins?

A

The Biuret Test

  1. Prepare a sample of your food and transfer 2cm^3 of it to a test tube.
  2. Add 2cm^3 if biuret solution to the sample and mix in the tube by gently shaking it.
  3. If the sample contains protein, it’ll change frim blue to purple.
46
Q

If a food has sugar, what colour does it change to after adding the benedicts solution?

A

From blue to green, yellow, or brick red.

47
Q

If a food has starch, what colour does it change to after adding the iodine solution?

A

From browny-orange to black or blue-black.

48
Q

If a food has protein, what colour does it change to after adding the biuret solution?

A

From blue to purple.

49
Q

What is the function of Valves?

A

They make sure blood flows in the right direction.

50
Q

What is the function of the arteries?

A

They carry blood away from the heart.

51
Q

What is the function of the veins?

A

They carry blood to the heart.

52
Q

Which blood vessel pumps blood at a high pressure?

A

The arteries

53
Q

Which blood vessel pumps blood at a lower pressure?

A

The veins

54
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood to the heart?

A

The veins

55
Q

Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?

A

The arteries

56
Q

Which vessel carries oxygenated blood? (excluding the pulmonary artery/vein)

A

The arteries

57
Q

Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood? (excluding the pulmonary artery/vein)

A

The veins

58
Q

What is the structure of the arteries?

A
  • They have thick muscular and elastic walls to pump and accommodate blood.
  • They have a narrow channel that carries the blood (the lumen)
59
Q

What is the structure of the veins?

A
  • They have thin walls - have less muscular tissue than arteries.
  • Have a wide Lumen.
60
Q

What is the function of the capillaries?

A

They supply food and oxygen to the blood, and take away waste like carbon dioxide.

61
Q

What is the structure of the capillaries?

A
  • They have thin, or permeable walls, usually being one cell thick- this increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance over which it occurs.
  • They have a very small lumen.
62
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

They carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body.

63
Q

What are the limiting factors of photosynthesis?

A
  • Light
  • Concentration of carbon dioxide
  • Temperature
  • chlorophyll
64
Q

How does the ammount of chlorophyll effect photosynthesis?

A

It means the chloroplasts cannot absorb enough light.

65
Q

What affects the ammount of chlorophyll?

A
  • Disease
  • Lack of nutrients
    These cause rhe chloroplasts to be damaged and/or not able to make enough chlorophyll.
66
Q

What effect does temperature have on photosynthesis?

A
  • If the temperature is too low, the rate of photosynthesis slows down- this is because the enzymes work slower at a lower temperature.
  • If the temperature is too hot the enzymes needed for photosynthesis will get damaged- this happens at around 45 degrees.

Mocks (8 decks)

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