Science of Exercise

Question 1

3 Functions of the Nervous Systems:

Answer 1

sensory, integrative and motor functioning. The ultimate
purpose of this neural network is to gather information about our inner and external surroundings (sensory function), process and interpret the information (integrative function), and then respond to these stimuli (motor function).

Question 2

soma

Answer 2

A neuron’s main component is a cell body, or soma, which contains the organelles important to the proper functioning of this cell

Question 3

axon:

Answer 3

A long branch called the axon projects out of the soma and feeds information through nerve impulses to muscles, organs and other neurons.

Question 4

dendrites:

Answer 4

Shorter branches called dendrites project from
the soma, bringing information from other neurons of the
nervous system

Question 5

Synapse:

Answer 5

All the communication occurs across junctions referred to as
synapses, which occur either between neurons or between a neuron and another cell type. A synapse is just a tiny empty space between two axons or dendrites from different
cells

Question 6

neurotransmitters:

Answer 6

the major chemical messengers of the nervous system, are released from the neurons before the synapse and bind to the receiving cells located after the synapse.

Question 7

3 kinds of neurons:

Answer 7

interneurons, motor neurons and sensory neurons.

-Interneurons transmit signals from one neuron to another
neuron.
-Motor neurons send signals from the spinal cord or
the brain to other areas of the body.
-Sensory neurons send signals from areas of the body to either the spinal cord or to the brain

Question 8

four major sections of the brain are:

Answer 8

the cerebrum, diencephalons, cerebellum and the
brain stem

Question 9

Cerebrum:

Answer 9

85% of the brain; is divided into left and right hemispheres that communicate with each other to control muscles and organs as well as thought, hearing and language. The
outer portion of the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex, which is primarily gray matter containing nerve cells.

Question 10

diencephalon:

Answer 10

central part of the brain which includes glands important for the release or regulation of hormones

Question 11

cerebellum :

Answer 11

is located at the rear of the brain and is similar in function to the cerebrum but controls balance, posture and coordination.

Question 12

brain stem:

Answer 12

connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord and is the center for the control of visual and auditory reflexes, heart rate, blood pressure and breathing.

Question 13

meninges:

Answer 13

The entire brain is protected by three layers of membranes
called meninges, which are located just under the skull.

Question 14

2 parts of the PNS:

Answer 14

The PNS is further divided into the voluntary nervous system (somatic) and the involuntary nervous system (autonomic).

Question 15

The PNS is comprised of:

Answer 15

all the nerves in the body, including the cranial and spinal nerves

Question 16

somatic system:

Answer 16

signals skeletal muscles to control voluntary
movement.

Question 17

The autonomic system regulates:

Answer 17

the contraction of internal organs and therefore controls involuntary physiological processes like heart rate,
digestion and breathing

Question 18

sympathetic ANS:

Answer 18

autonomic nervous system (ANS) are present. The sympathetic ANS kicks in under stress conditions
and responds accordingly, usually accelerating bodily
functions like heart rate

• the parasympathetic pathways usually slow down bodily functions in rest condition

Question 19

mechanoreceptors:

Answer 19

the primary neurons important to fitness and physical movement, respond to mechanical forces. These receptors, found in muscles, tendons and ligaments, are responsible for sensing distortion in tissues, such as tension induced by exercise.

Question 20

2 parts of the skeletal system:

Answer 20

1) the axial skeleton consists of the skull, rib cage and our vertebral column;

2) the appendicular skeleton includes our upper and lower
extremities.

Question 21

arthrokinemeatics:

Answer 21

the movement of joints

Question 22

synovial joints:

Answer 22

These joints are held by a joint capsule and ligaments. They consist of roughly 80% of the joints within the body and have a large capacity for motion

Question 23

Flexibility is:

Answer 23

the range of motion (ROM) available to a joint or joints

Question 24

FROM:

Answer 24

Joints Functional Range of Motion

Question 25

fascicule:

Answer 25

A single muscle is built from many bundles of muscle fibers
called: fascicule

Question 26

Muscle tissue is categorized into three types :

Answer 26

according to function and structure:
1) cardiac,
2) smooth and
3) skeletal

Question 27

cardiac muscle:

Answer 27

is exclusively found in the walls
of the heart

Question 28

smooth muscle:

Answer 28

composes the epithelial of other hollow organs.

Question 29

skeletal muscle:

Answer 29

is attached to the skeleton and is under voluntary control

Question 30

motor units:

Answer 30

(a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates)

Question 31

Force regulation:

Answer 31

is often referred to as force gradation—this is what
allows people to control their body movements. By combining recruitment of motor units and the speed of their firing, patterns of neural discharge allow a vast selection of weak to strong contractions.

Question 32

Soreness is due to:

Answer 32

an accumulation of lactic acid during anaerobic effort.

Question 33

How much of the body’s heat is due to muscle contraction?

Answer 33

85%

Question 34

Differences in muscle fiber types:

Answer 34

Slow-Twitch / Fast-Twitch
Twitch Rate Slow/ Fast
Glycogen Content Low / High
Glycolytic Capacity Low / High
Fatigue Resistance High / Low
Respiration Type Aerobic / Anaerobic
Capillary Supply High / Low

Question 35

fiber types use?

Answer 35

Fast twitch fibers do not require oxygen; instead they utilize sugars to produce body fuel for optimal force and quick action involved in fitness training for strength.

Slow fibers normally employ oxygen-utilizing (or aerobic
pathways) to fuel activities that require lots of stamina and endurance.

Question 36

cardiorespiratory system is:

Answer 36

an umbrella term for the entire respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Acting together they offer oxygen, protective agents and nutrients to the tissues of the kinetic
chain, a term referring to the muscular, articular and
neural systems. The kinetic chain is also a mechanism
for removing waste byproducts. Basically the ardiorespiratory system is the support system for the kinetic chain to produce movement

Question 37

kinetic chain:

Answer 37

a term referring to the muscular, articular and
neural systems. The kinetic chain is also a mechanism
for removing waste byproducts.

Question 38

cardiovascular system has three components:

Answer 38

: the heart, the blood vessels carrying blood between the heart and tissues, and the blood itself

Question 39

respiratory system:

Answer 39

is often referred to as the pulmonary system and is made up
of soft tissues and skeletal structures. The major role of
the respiratory system is to make sure all cells function
properly.

Question 40

primary respiratory muscles are:

Answer 40

the external intercostals and diaphragm, which
help normal breathing,

secondary respiratory muscles (pectorals minor and
scalenes) aid in heavy, deep or forced breathing

Question 41

stroke volume:

Answer 41

The amount of blood pumped out with each contraction of the heart

Question 42

Arteries are:

Answer 42

the vessels that carry blood from the heart to the entire body. Arteries are typically large and elastic and are
further divided into medium-sized muscular arteries, which again branch into small arteries called arterioles. These arterioles are again divided into capillaries, which help the
exchange of nutrients, oxygen, waste products and hormones.

Question 43

Veins:

Answer 43

are the blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. The waste products collected in capillaries are transported for cleaning purposes by the veins.

Question 44

aerobically:

Answer 44

(with oxygen)

Question 45

anaerobically:

Answer 45

(without oxygen)

Question 46

3 energy systems for the body which are:

Answer 46

• Immediate Energy (ATP-CP system) – up to 10 seconds; inneficient at producing large amounts of ATP
• Short term Energy (Lactic acid or Glycolytic system) – up to 1 minute; sets of 8-12 reps fall in this
• Long term energy (Aerobic or Oxidative system) – 2 minutes or more; depends mainly on fats and carbs for generating ATP; slowest but generates the greatest amount of ATP. 1 Glucose molecule generates 36+ ATP

Question 47

ATP –

Answer 47

the storage and transfer unit of energy within cells of the body.
* Any any one time, the amount of ATP stored in the body is small. Must resynthesize continuously.
*

Question 48

Glycolysis –

Answer 48

the breakdown of carbs (glucose) rapidly prodces ATP.

typically takes place in the stage of respiration in the presence of oxygen but can also occur without oxygen present.

Question 49

A large accumulation of lactic acid does what?

Answer 49

triggers a drop in the pH of muscle cells, making them acidic and possibly interfering with muscle contraction

Question 50

Blood Pressure Chart:

Answer 50

Blood Pressure Category Systolic
(First Number) Diastolic (Second Number)
Average <120 / <80
Elevated 120-139 / 80-89

Hypertensive Systolic Diastolic
Phase I 140-159 / 90-99
Phase II >160 / >100