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Science Mtel Flashcards

1
Q

Nicolas Copernicus

A

theory that the plants revolving around the sun in the 1500s

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2
Q

Galileo

A

Improved the telescope

found there were craters on the moon

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3
Q

Francis Bacon

A

scientific method

  1. theory - use the theory to make predictions
  2. predictions - design the experiment to test the prediction
  3. experiment - preform it
  4. observation - create or modify the theory
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4
Q

Isaac Newton

A

Laws of motion

  1. any object in motion will continue to move in the same direction and speed unless forces act on it
  2. the greater the mass of an object, the more forceit will take to accelerate the object
  3. for every action there is an equal or opposite reaction
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5
Q

validity

A

does the instrument test what its supposed to do?

  • criterion
  • construct
  • content
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6
Q

reliability

A

does the instrument measure consistently overtime?

  • internal consistency
  • test/retest
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7
Q

Darwin

A

theory of evolution by natural selection

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8
Q

engineer design process

A
  • ask
  • research
  • imagine
  • plan
  • create
  • test
  • improve
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9
Q

heart

A

pumps blood through the rest of your body

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10
Q

lungs

A

brings oxygen from the air into the body and releases carbon dioxide

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11
Q

kidney

A

removes waste and toxins. excess water from blood stream, carries out of the body in urine

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12
Q

liver

A

breaks down and builds up molecules, stores vitamins, destroys old blood cells, destroys poison, and aids in digestion

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13
Q

pancreas

A

hormones regulates blood glucose levels. neutralizes stomach acid, digest protein

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14
Q

small intestines

A

absorbs nutrients

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15
Q

large intestines

A

reabsorbs water + ions - forms and stores feces

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16
Q

pharynx

A

swallows

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17
Q

esophaugus

A

transports food

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18
Q

circulatory system

A

responsible for transporting materials throughout the body. it transports nutriends, water, oxygen. it also carries away waste such as carbon dioxide

(heart blood vessells)

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19
Q

larynax

A

top of the throat

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20
Q

trachea

A

connects to the lungs

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21
Q

cellular respiration

A

bio chemical pathway by which cells release energy from chemical bonds of food molecules and provides energy for the essential processes of life

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22
Q

aerobic cellular respiration

A

the initial fuel or energy source
glucose –> gylcolysis –> tca cycle –> electrons transport reactions –> ATP (readily usable energy currency for life process

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23
Q

cell membrane

A

separates the interior of all the cells from the outside environment and protects the cell from its environment

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24
Q

mitochondria

A

double membrane bound organelle
power house of the cell
responsible for generating most ATP in the cell

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25
Q

nucleus

A

central core of an atom consisting of protons + neutrons + containing nearly all its mass

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26
Q

genes

A

basis unit of hereditary

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27
Q

mitosis

A

breakdown of nuclear membrane
separates of genetic material in 2 groups
cell division
reformation of nuclear membrane in each cell
- difference from meiosis is that meiosis has TWO rounds of genetic separation and cell division

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28
Q

meiosis

A

breakdown of nuclear membrane
separates of genetic material in 2 groups
cell division
reformation of nuclear membrane in each cell
- Difference from mitosis is it only has one round of cell division

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29
Q

anemia

A

iron deficiency

blood lacks healthy red blood cells

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30
Q

Plant cell

A

2 functions that animal cells dont do

  1. produce their own food
  2. support their own weight
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31
Q

biomes

A

distinct biogeographical unit consisted of communities

  1. aquatic
  2. grassland
  3. forest
  4. desert
  5. tundra
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32
Q

ecosystem

A

consists of all the organisms and the physical enviroment with which they interact

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33
Q

habitat

A

place where plants and animals live

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34
Q

producer

A

baseline part of a food chain

includes: plants, bacteria, algae, and phytoplankton

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35
Q

consumer

A

organism’s that get energy from eating other organisms
-cant make their own food
- they eat plants or other animals
example: bears, elephants, rhino, giraffe, etc
wild life

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36
Q

decomposers

A

fed on remains of other animals
by digesting the dead matter they put nutrients back into the soil making them available to producers

example: fungi, worms, insects

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37
Q

life cycles

A

every animals life goes through the same cycle

birth - growth - maturity - reproduction - death

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38
Q

metamorphosis

A

transformation from immature form to an adult from in two or more distinct stages
example: Butterflies (egg, larvae, pupa, butterfly)

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39
Q

water cycle

A

describes how water evaporates from the surface of the earth, rises into the atmosphere, cools and condenses into rain or snow in clouds and falls again to the surface of precipitation

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40
Q

evaporation

A

transformation of liquid water vapor + transpiration water vapor emission from plant surfaces are outflow processes of water budgets

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41
Q

condensation

A

water that collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it

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42
Q

Rock cycle

A

describes transition through geological time among the three main rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous

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43
Q

sedimentary rock

A

types of rocks that are formed by accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles at earths surface, followed by cementation

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44
Q

metamorphic rock

A

started out as some other rock. exposed to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral fluid (lava)

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45
Q

igneous

A

formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava

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46
Q

land movement

A

earth formed 4.6 billion years ago
big bang theory - collision of particles in a large cloud of material.

land was all together and slowly broke apart

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47
Q

pangaea

A

all lands - the way the continents were joined together

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48
Q

plate tectonics

A

theory that explains how major landforms are created as a results of earths sub-terranean movements

  • interlocking slabs of crust that float on earths viscous upper mantle
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49
Q

PT + earthquakes

A

stress of an edge overcomes the friction - releases energy in waves that travel through the earths crust and cause the shaking we feel

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50
Q

divergent

A

extensional - plates move apart

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51
Q

convergent

A

compressional; plates move toward eachother

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52
Q

transforming plates

A

shearing; plates slide past eachother

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53
Q

carbon cycle

A

describes how carbon transfers between different reservoirs on earth
- important for maintaining a stable climate and carbon balance

4 steps

  1. photosynthesis
  2. decomposition
  3. respiration
  4. combustion
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54
Q

photosynthesis

A

process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water

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55
Q

decomposition

A

break down of dead material from plants and other organisms and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

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56
Q

respiration

A

animals get rid of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere —–> during respiration glucose and oxygen are changed into co2 then released into the atmosphere

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57
Q

combustion

A

occurs when any organic materials is reacted (burned) in the presence of oxygen to give off the products of co2 and water and energy

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58
Q

phases of the moon

A 
new moon
waxing crescent 
first quarter
waving gibbous 
full moon
waning gibbous 
third quarter 
waning crescent
59
Q

solar radiation & electromagnetic spectrum

A

all the energy from the sun that reaches earth arrives as solar radiation, part of a large collection of energy

solar radiation inclues visible light, ultraviolet light, infrared, radio waves, xray, gamma rays

60
Q

atom

A

smallest unit of ordinary matter that forms a chemical element

61
Q

matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

solid —- liquid —- gas —-plasma

62
Q

volume

A

the amount of space an object takes up

63
Q

mass

A

the amount of matter in an object

64
Q

phases of matter

A

solid - liquid - gas

65
Q

solids

A

rigid fixed shape
fixed volume
can not be squashed

66
Q

liquid

A

not rigid
no fixed shape
fixed volume
cannot be squashed

67
Q

gas

A

not rigid
no fixed shape or volume
can be squashed

68
Q

chemical reactions (bonds)

A

4 types

  1. covalent
  2. ionic
  3. hydrogen
  4. metallic
69
Q

covalent bonds

A

two non metal atoms share electrons

70
Q

ionic

A

metal atoms loses electrons to non metal atoms

71
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

attracts an electrons negative elctrostatically

72
Q

metallic bonds

A

positive metal ions attract conducting electrons

73
Q

simple machines

A

are tools for preforming work that enables people to complete a task faster or better than they could otherwise

74
Q

lever

A

simple machine compromised of a pole or bar used to lift a heavy object

lever is used with fulcrum which braces the rod or pole to increase force

75
Q

the wheel and axle

A

axle is a rod that fits through the center of the wheel making if possible for the wheel to turn in a balances circle - cars bukes motors gears

76
Q

ramp - inclined plane

A

flat surface one side higher on one end

ex: ramps walking paths, chutes

77
Q

wedge

A

two inclined planes fitted together. used to seperate an object

nails, ice picks, shovel

78
Q

pulley

A

type of wheel and axle that works with rope or cain to move objects up and down and back and forth

ex: elevators, cranes, window blinds

79
Q

screw

A

is an inclined plane that is in twisted configuration, making it possible to move simultaneously in a circle and from low to high

80
Q

weight

A

forced excerted by gravity on an object with a specific mass

81
Q

conductor

A

allow for charge transfer through the free movement of electrons

examples: copper, aluminum, steel, any metal

82
Q

insulator

A

are materials that impede the free flfow of electrons from atom to atom + molecule to molecule

example: plastic, rubber, glass, cloth, wood

83
Q

newtons law of motion

A

first - object at rest will remain at rest —> unless acted on by an unbalanced force —> an object in motion will continue with constant speed and direction unless acted on by an unbalanced force
example: a box at rest —> person starts to push the box —> person continues to push box

second law - the acceleration of an object depends on the mass of an object and the amount of forced applied

example: car (object) gas peddle (accerlation)

third law: for every action force, there is a reaction force equal in strength and opposite in direction
example: two people skating holding eachother pushing

84
Q

rock cycle in detail

A

igneous - is newest rock - overtime with weathering and mixs with other matter and it turns into sedimentary rock

sedimentary rock - gets buried with alot of heat and turns into metamorphic rock

metamorphic rock - coal + heat, rock melts and turns into new rock (igneous)

sedimentary rock can not turn into igneous
igneous turns into sedimentary, sedimentary can turn into metamorphic and vise versa, metamorphic can turn into igneous and vise versa.

85
Q

Food Chain

A

a food chain shows the transfer of energy within an ecosystem

producers - plants etc (make their own food)
consumers - wild life ( can not make their own food)
decomposer - dead carcus or other dead things that can get into the soil and creates rich soil

86
Q

science vs. engineering

A

science - natural phenomenon

engineering - solving practical problems

87
Q

scientists

A

identify, describe, and propose explanations and models for patterns in nature based on observations, tests, claims, evidence, community knowledge, and reflection

88
Q

engineers

A

solve practical problems by designing and making useful devices and materials who purpose is increase our efficacy and for enjoyment of the world

89
Q

prototypes

A

first design of an engineer

90
Q

sir francis bancon most influenced the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century by

A

proposing methods for organization of scientific though and research

91
Q

sir charles lyell

A

geologist - studied how earth changed over time

one of the first to believe the earth is older than 300 million years old

92
Q

lynneus

A

developed a system for classification of plant and animal life

93
Q

robert hooke

A

english physicist who discovered law of elasticity now known as hookes law

studied organisms (microbiologist)

in 1665, he used a microscope to example a thin slice of cork and he saw what looked like small boxes so he called them cells

94
Q

Marie Curie

A

polish naturalized french physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity .

1st woman to win a noble prize

95
Q

gregor mendel

A

austrian monk who dicovered basic principle of heredity through expirements in his garden

his observation became the foundation of modern genetics and the study of heredity

pioneer of genetics

96
Q

during scientific investigation, whats the primary goal of the experiment step?

A

to gather data related to the hypothesis

97
Q

mathematical analysis is often an important part of interpreting scientific results primarily because it can

A

reveal important relationships or trends in the collected data

98
Q

Major health concern related to the care and handling of reptiles kept in captivity?

A

infection with salmonella bacteria

99
Q

Most of the chemical bonding that occurs between elements during the formation molecular compounds results from

A

the transfer or sharing of the outer most electrons of two or more atoms

100
Q

when a compound in the liquid state vaporizes and becomes a gas, what remains the same?

A

chemical composition of the substance

101
Q

density equals

A

volume over mass

102
Q

temperature moderation

A

takes alot of energy to break it apart so alot of heat

103
Q

dissolving substances

A

allows alot of things to mix = dissolve

104
Q

low density of ice

A

when water freezes the mass is higher

105
Q

chemical composition

A

chemical composition of water is h2O

2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom

106
Q

polarity

A

when two hydrogen atoms bond with oxygen, they attach to the top of the water molecule rather like mickey mouse ears or a lopsided electrical charged that attracts other atoms

107
Q

cohension, adhesion, and surface tension of water

A

because of polarity, water molecules are strongly attatched to one another (cohesion+adhesion) which gives water molecules at the surface of the water “stick together” to form a type of skin on water, strong enough to support very light objects

108
Q

Properties of water

A

water has many properties that make it significant to living organisms

they inclue
1. transparency - light can pass through it
2. cohesion - water molecules stick together, surface tension
3. solvent properties - many substances dissolve in water
4. thermal properties - water has a relatively high specific melting + boiling point
water can store heat
water can be used as a coolant

109
Q

oxidation

A

example: food exposed to oxygen

metal/iron: exposed to oxygen (rust)

110
Q

photosynthesis (plants)

A

co2+h2o+sun=oxygen+glucose

carbon dioxide + water + sun = oxygen + glucose

111
Q

respiration (plants and animals)

A

o2+g = co2+h2o+energy

oxygen+glucose = carbon dioxide + water +energy

112
Q

combustion

A

(methane - is a complex substance) + oxygen —-> (FIRE) carbon dioxide and water

113
Q

vinegar and baking soda

A

after the chemical reaction, two chemicals weigh less than before.

how?mass lost in gas form

114
Q

a major contribution of issac newton to the development to modern science

A

stating the laws of nature in mathematical form

115
Q

force of inertia

A

force of gravity that holds things in place

116
Q

crumple zones

A

areas of a vehicle that are designed to deform and crumple into a collision. it absorbs some of the energy of the impact, preventing it from being transmitted to the occupants

117
Q

conduction

A

energy is transferred by direct contact

example: by touching - if you are boiling water and the heat goes to the handle and you touch it

118
Q

convection

A

energy is transferred by the mass motion of molecules

example: water boiling - so it started hot on the bottom and the heat moves up causing it to warm up

119
Q

radiation

A

energy is transferred by electromagnetic radiation

example: not direct contact - through wave lengths
example: fire

120
Q

why does it rain as warm air off the ocean rises to higher altitudes?

A

water molecules are closely packed together and as it rises it breaks apart and rising air cools and condenses and rains

121
Q

chloroplast

A

where photosynthesis occurs in plants

122
Q

eukaryotes

A

have a nucleus (plants)

123
Q

prokaryotes

A

no nucleus (bacteria, etc)

124
Q

explain photosynthesis

A

in a leaf:

  1. chloroplast traps light energy
  2. water enters the leaf
  3. carbon dioxide enters leaf through stomata (small holes at the bottom of the leaf)
  4. sugar leaves leaf - chemical energy + carbon dioxide = sugar

top shiny part of the leave is shiny or waxy (lipids) this preserves the moisture

H2O+CO2+SUN—-> SUGAR+O2

125
Q

cellular respiration formula

A

c6h12o6 + 6o2 —-> 6co2 + 6h2o + ATP

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy

126
Q

cellular respiriation is mostly directly associated with

A

the release of energy (atp) from the breakdown of food

127
Q

if you cut your hand and the tissue heals its called

A

mitosis (mutation)

128
Q

how many cell divisions does meiosis have?

A

2 cell divisions

129
Q

cells with high energy demands, such as muscle cells, often contain several mitochondria. this is because mitochondria are organelles where

A

The chemical energy contained in carbohydrates is transformed into a form usable within the cell

(broke down into glucose (sugar) then transformed into energy (atp)

130
Q

eukaryotic cells

A
  • nucleus
  • membrane enclosed organelle
  • chromosomes in pairs
  • streaming in the cytoplasm
  • cell division by mitosis
  • complex flagella
  • larger ribosomes
  • complex cytoskeleton
  • cellulose in cell walls
  • dna bound to histone proteins
131
Q

prokaryotic cells

A
  • no nucleus
  • no membrane enclosed organelles
  • single chromosomes
  • no streaming in cytoplasm
  • cell division without mitosis
  • simple flagella
  • smaller ribosomes
  • simple cytoskeleton
  • no cellulose in cell walls
  • no histone proteins
132
Q

respiratory system

A

responsible for delivering oxygen to the body and to take way carbon dioxide

133
Q

digestive system

A

a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body

134
Q

stomach

A

breaks down food to digest

135
Q

erosion

A

happens when rocks and sediments are picked up and moved to another place by ice, water, wind, or gravity

136
Q

weathering

A

causes rocks to breakdown at the earth surface from extreme temperatures and biological activity

137
Q

divergent boundaries of two continental plates creates what?

A

a rift valley

138
Q

divergent boundaries of two oceanic plates creates a

A

ridge (seafloor spreading)

139
Q

carbon cycle example

A

plants move carbon from the atmosphere into the biosphere through photosynthesis. They use energy from the sun to chemically combine carbon dioxide with hydrogen and oxygen from water to create sugar molecules. Animals that eat plants digest the sugar molecules to get energy for their bodies. Respiration, excretion, and decomposition release the carbon back into the atmosphere or soil, continuing the cycle.

140
Q

reducing the acidity of lakes in new england depends primarily on technology that:

A

limits emisson from coal fired power plants

141
Q

what factors most directly responsible for causing ocean tides

A

the gravitational interactions of the earth, sun, and moon

142
Q

the weight of an object is most accurately described as

A

mass of an object divided by its volume)

143
Q

accretion

A

is the accumulation of particles into a massive object by gravitationally attracting more matter, typically gaseous matter

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