Science Mtel Flashcards
Nicolas Copernicus
theory that the plants revolving around the sun in the 1500s
Galileo
Improved the telescope
found there were craters on the moon
Francis Bacon
scientific method
- theory - use the theory to make predictions
- predictions - design the experiment to test the prediction
- experiment - preform it
- observation - create or modify the theory
Isaac Newton
Laws of motion
- any object in motion will continue to move in the same direction and speed unless forces act on it
- the greater the mass of an object, the more forceit will take to accelerate the object
- for every action there is an equal or opposite reaction
validity
does the instrument test what its supposed to do?
- criterion
- construct
- content
reliability
does the instrument measure consistently overtime?
- internal consistency
- test/retest
Darwin
theory of evolution by natural selection
engineer design process
- ask
- research
- imagine
- plan
- create
- test
- improve
heart
pumps blood through the rest of your body
lungs
brings oxygen from the air into the body and releases carbon dioxide
kidney
removes waste and toxins. excess water from blood stream, carries out of the body in urine
liver
breaks down and builds up molecules, stores vitamins, destroys old blood cells, destroys poison, and aids in digestion
pancreas
hormones regulates blood glucose levels. neutralizes stomach acid, digest protein
small intestines
absorbs nutrients
large intestines
reabsorbs water + ions - forms and stores feces
pharynx
swallows
esophaugus
transports food
circulatory system
responsible for transporting materials throughout the body. it transports nutriends, water, oxygen. it also carries away waste such as carbon dioxide
(heart blood vessells)
larynax
top of the throat
trachea
connects to the lungs
cellular respiration
bio chemical pathway by which cells release energy from chemical bonds of food molecules and provides energy for the essential processes of life
aerobic cellular respiration
the initial fuel or energy source
glucose –> gylcolysis –> tca cycle –> electrons transport reactions –> ATP (readily usable energy currency for life process
cell membrane
separates the interior of all the cells from the outside environment and protects the cell from its environment
mitochondria
double membrane bound organelle
power house of the cell
responsible for generating most ATP in the cell
nucleus
central core of an atom consisting of protons + neutrons + containing nearly all its mass
genes
basis unit of hereditary
mitosis
breakdown of nuclear membrane
separates of genetic material in 2 groups
cell division
reformation of nuclear membrane in each cell
- difference from meiosis is that meiosis has TWO rounds of genetic separation and cell division
meiosis
breakdown of nuclear membrane
separates of genetic material in 2 groups
cell division
reformation of nuclear membrane in each cell
- Difference from mitosis is it only has one round of cell division
anemia
iron deficiency
blood lacks healthy red blood cells
Plant cell
2 functions that animal cells dont do
- produce their own food
- support their own weight
biomes
distinct biogeographical unit consisted of communities
- aquatic
- grassland
- forest
- desert
- tundra
ecosystem
consists of all the organisms and the physical enviroment with which they interact
habitat
place where plants and animals live
producer
baseline part of a food chain
includes: plants, bacteria, algae, and phytoplankton
consumer
organism’s that get energy from eating other organisms
-cant make their own food
- they eat plants or other animals
example: bears, elephants, rhino, giraffe, etc
wild life
decomposers
fed on remains of other animals
by digesting the dead matter they put nutrients back into the soil making them available to producers
example: fungi, worms, insects
life cycles
every animals life goes through the same cycle
birth - growth - maturity - reproduction - death
metamorphosis
transformation from immature form to an adult from in two or more distinct stages
example: Butterflies (egg, larvae, pupa, butterfly)
water cycle
describes how water evaporates from the surface of the earth, rises into the atmosphere, cools and condenses into rain or snow in clouds and falls again to the surface of precipitation
evaporation
transformation of liquid water vapor + transpiration water vapor emission from plant surfaces are outflow processes of water budgets
condensation
water that collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it
Rock cycle
describes transition through geological time among the three main rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous
sedimentary rock
types of rocks that are formed by accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles at earths surface, followed by cementation
metamorphic rock
started out as some other rock. exposed to high heat, high pressure, hot mineral fluid (lava)
igneous
formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava
land movement
earth formed 4.6 billion years ago
big bang theory - collision of particles in a large cloud of material.
land was all together and slowly broke apart
pangaea
all lands - the way the continents were joined together
plate tectonics
theory that explains how major landforms are created as a results of earths sub-terranean movements
- interlocking slabs of crust that float on earths viscous upper mantle
PT + earthquakes
stress of an edge overcomes the friction - releases energy in waves that travel through the earths crust and cause the shaking we feel
divergent
extensional - plates move apart
convergent
compressional; plates move toward eachother
transforming plates
shearing; plates slide past eachother
carbon cycle
describes how carbon transfers between different reservoirs on earth
- important for maintaining a stable climate and carbon balance
4 steps
- photosynthesis
- decomposition
- respiration
- combustion
photosynthesis
process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water
decomposition
break down of dead material from plants and other organisms and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
respiration
animals get rid of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere —–> during respiration glucose and oxygen are changed into co2 then released into the atmosphere
combustion
occurs when any organic materials is reacted (burned) in the presence of oxygen to give off the products of co2 and water and energy
phases of the moon
new moon waxing crescent first quarter waving gibbous full moon waning gibbous third quarter waning crescent
solar radiation & electromagnetic spectrum
all the energy from the sun that reaches earth arrives as solar radiation, part of a large collection of energy
solar radiation inclues visible light, ultraviolet light, infrared, radio waves, xray, gamma rays
atom
smallest unit of ordinary matter that forms a chemical element
matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
solid —- liquid —- gas —-plasma
volume
the amount of space an object takes up
mass
the amount of matter in an object
phases of matter
solid - liquid - gas
solids
rigid fixed shape
fixed volume
can not be squashed
liquid
not rigid
no fixed shape
fixed volume
cannot be squashed
gas
not rigid
no fixed shape or volume
can be squashed
chemical reactions (bonds)
4 types
- covalent
- ionic
- hydrogen
- metallic
covalent bonds
two non metal atoms share electrons
ionic
metal atoms loses electrons to non metal atoms
hydrogen bonds
attracts an electrons negative elctrostatically
metallic bonds
positive metal ions attract conducting electrons
simple machines
are tools for preforming work that enables people to complete a task faster or better than they could otherwise
lever
simple machine compromised of a pole or bar used to lift a heavy object
lever is used with fulcrum which braces the rod or pole to increase force
the wheel and axle
axle is a rod that fits through the center of the wheel making if possible for the wheel to turn in a balances circle - cars bukes motors gears
ramp - inclined plane
flat surface one side higher on one end
ex: ramps walking paths, chutes
wedge
two inclined planes fitted together. used to seperate an object
nails, ice picks, shovel
pulley
type of wheel and axle that works with rope or cain to move objects up and down and back and forth
ex: elevators, cranes, window blinds
screw
is an inclined plane that is in twisted configuration, making it possible to move simultaneously in a circle and from low to high
weight
forced excerted by gravity on an object with a specific mass
conductor
allow for charge transfer through the free movement of electrons
examples: copper, aluminum, steel, any metal
insulator
are materials that impede the free flfow of electrons from atom to atom + molecule to molecule
example: plastic, rubber, glass, cloth, wood
newtons law of motion
first - object at rest will remain at rest —> unless acted on by an unbalanced force —> an object in motion will continue with constant speed and direction unless acted on by an unbalanced force
example: a box at rest —> person starts to push the box —> person continues to push box
second law - the acceleration of an object depends on the mass of an object and the amount of forced applied
example: car (object) gas peddle (accerlation)
third law: for every action force, there is a reaction force equal in strength and opposite in direction
example: two people skating holding eachother pushing
rock cycle in detail
igneous - is newest rock - overtime with weathering and mixs with other matter and it turns into sedimentary rock
sedimentary rock - gets buried with alot of heat and turns into metamorphic rock
metamorphic rock - coal + heat, rock melts and turns into new rock (igneous)
sedimentary rock can not turn into igneous
igneous turns into sedimentary, sedimentary can turn into metamorphic and vise versa, metamorphic can turn into igneous and vise versa.
Food Chain
a food chain shows the transfer of energy within an ecosystem
producers - plants etc (make their own food)
consumers - wild life ( can not make their own food)
decomposer - dead carcus or other dead things that can get into the soil and creates rich soil
science vs. engineering
science - natural phenomenon
engineering - solving practical problems
scientists
identify, describe, and propose explanations and models for patterns in nature based on observations, tests, claims, evidence, community knowledge, and reflection
engineers
solve practical problems by designing and making useful devices and materials who purpose is increase our efficacy and for enjoyment of the world
prototypes
first design of an engineer
sir francis bancon most influenced the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century by
proposing methods for organization of scientific though and research
sir charles lyell
geologist - studied how earth changed over time
one of the first to believe the earth is older than 300 million years old
lynneus
developed a system for classification of plant and animal life
robert hooke
english physicist who discovered law of elasticity now known as hookes law
studied organisms (microbiologist)
in 1665, he used a microscope to example a thin slice of cork and he saw what looked like small boxes so he called them cells
Marie Curie
polish naturalized french physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity .
1st woman to win a noble prize
gregor mendel
austrian monk who dicovered basic principle of heredity through expirements in his garden
his observation became the foundation of modern genetics and the study of heredity
pioneer of genetics
during scientific investigation, whats the primary goal of the experiment step?
to gather data related to the hypothesis
mathematical analysis is often an important part of interpreting scientific results primarily because it can
reveal important relationships or trends in the collected data
Major health concern related to the care and handling of reptiles kept in captivity?
infection with salmonella bacteria
Most of the chemical bonding that occurs between elements during the formation molecular compounds results from
the transfer or sharing of the outer most electrons of two or more atoms
when a compound in the liquid state vaporizes and becomes a gas, what remains the same?
chemical composition of the substance
density equals
volume over mass
temperature moderation
takes alot of energy to break it apart so alot of heat
dissolving substances
allows alot of things to mix = dissolve
low density of ice
when water freezes the mass is higher
chemical composition
chemical composition of water is h2O
2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
polarity
when two hydrogen atoms bond with oxygen, they attach to the top of the water molecule rather like mickey mouse ears or a lopsided electrical charged that attracts other atoms
cohension, adhesion, and surface tension of water
because of polarity, water molecules are strongly attatched to one another (cohesion+adhesion) which gives water molecules at the surface of the water “stick together” to form a type of skin on water, strong enough to support very light objects
Properties of water
water has many properties that make it significant to living organisms
they inclue
1. transparency - light can pass through it
2. cohesion - water molecules stick together, surface tension
3. solvent properties - many substances dissolve in water
4. thermal properties - water has a relatively high specific melting + boiling point
water can store heat
water can be used as a coolant
oxidation
example: food exposed to oxygen
metal/iron: exposed to oxygen (rust)
photosynthesis (plants)
co2+h2o+sun=oxygen+glucose
carbon dioxide + water + sun = oxygen + glucose
respiration (plants and animals)
o2+g = co2+h2o+energy
oxygen+glucose = carbon dioxide + water +energy
combustion
(methane - is a complex substance) + oxygen —-> (FIRE) carbon dioxide and water
vinegar and baking soda
after the chemical reaction, two chemicals weigh less than before.
how?mass lost in gas form
a major contribution of issac newton to the development to modern science
stating the laws of nature in mathematical form
force of inertia
force of gravity that holds things in place
crumple zones
areas of a vehicle that are designed to deform and crumple into a collision. it absorbs some of the energy of the impact, preventing it from being transmitted to the occupants
conduction
energy is transferred by direct contact
example: by touching - if you are boiling water and the heat goes to the handle and you touch it
convection
energy is transferred by the mass motion of molecules
example: water boiling - so it started hot on the bottom and the heat moves up causing it to warm up
radiation
energy is transferred by electromagnetic radiation
example: not direct contact - through wave lengths
example: fire
why does it rain as warm air off the ocean rises to higher altitudes?
water molecules are closely packed together and as it rises it breaks apart and rising air cools and condenses and rains
chloroplast
where photosynthesis occurs in plants
eukaryotes
have a nucleus (plants)
prokaryotes
no nucleus (bacteria, etc)
explain photosynthesis
in a leaf:
- chloroplast traps light energy
- water enters the leaf
- carbon dioxide enters leaf through stomata (small holes at the bottom of the leaf)
- sugar leaves leaf - chemical energy + carbon dioxide = sugar
top shiny part of the leave is shiny or waxy (lipids) this preserves the moisture
H2O+CO2+SUN—-> SUGAR+O2
cellular respiration formula
c6h12o6 + 6o2 —-> 6co2 + 6h2o + ATP
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
cellular respiriation is mostly directly associated with
the release of energy (atp) from the breakdown of food
if you cut your hand and the tissue heals its called
mitosis (mutation)
how many cell divisions does meiosis have?
2 cell divisions
cells with high energy demands, such as muscle cells, often contain several mitochondria. this is because mitochondria are organelles where
The chemical energy contained in carbohydrates is transformed into a form usable within the cell
(broke down into glucose (sugar) then transformed into energy (atp)
eukaryotic cells
- nucleus
- membrane enclosed organelle
- chromosomes in pairs
- streaming in the cytoplasm
- cell division by mitosis
- complex flagella
- larger ribosomes
- complex cytoskeleton
- cellulose in cell walls
- dna bound to histone proteins
prokaryotic cells
- no nucleus
- no membrane enclosed organelles
- single chromosomes
- no streaming in cytoplasm
- cell division without mitosis
- simple flagella
- smaller ribosomes
- simple cytoskeleton
- no cellulose in cell walls
- no histone proteins
respiratory system
responsible for delivering oxygen to the body and to take way carbon dioxide
digestive system
a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body
stomach
breaks down food to digest
erosion
happens when rocks and sediments are picked up and moved to another place by ice, water, wind, or gravity
weathering
causes rocks to breakdown at the earth surface from extreme temperatures and biological activity
divergent boundaries of two continental plates creates what?
a rift valley
divergent boundaries of two oceanic plates creates a
ridge (seafloor spreading)
carbon cycle example
plants move carbon from the atmosphere into the biosphere through photosynthesis. They use energy from the sun to chemically combine carbon dioxide with hydrogen and oxygen from water to create sugar molecules. Animals that eat plants digest the sugar molecules to get energy for their bodies. Respiration, excretion, and decomposition release the carbon back into the atmosphere or soil, continuing the cycle.
reducing the acidity of lakes in new england depends primarily on technology that:
limits emisson from coal fired power plants
what factors most directly responsible for causing ocean tides
the gravitational interactions of the earth, sun, and moon
the weight of an object is most accurately described as
mass of an object divided by its volume)
accretion
is the accumulation of particles into a massive object by gravitationally attracting more matter, typically gaseous matter
