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GE11 > Science, Matter, Energy, and Ecosystems > Flashcards

Science, Matter, Energy, and Ecosystems Flashcards

1
Q

Cycle of the Scientific Method

A

Make an observation
Ask a question
Do experiments and collect data > Interpret data
Formulate hypothesis to explan data
Do more experiments to test hypothesis
Revise hypothesis if necessary
Draw a Conclusion

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2
Q

the procedures used to learn about our world.

A

Scientific Method

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3
Q

goal of science

A

discover facts about the natural world and the principles that explain these facts.

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4
Q

Constructing the Hypothesis

A
  • can be tested
  • can be proved false
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5
Q

factors that might affect observations

A

variables

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6
Q

an unconfirmed explanation of an observation that can be tested

A

Scientific hypotheses

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7
Q

used to test hypotheses by gathering
data or evidence

A

Scientific method

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8
Q

explanation of an observation through repeated observations and hypothesis testing

A

Scientific theories

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9
Q

explanation of an observation, and is proven over and over (e.g., effects of gravity)

A

Scientific laws

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10
Q

What is Matter

A
  • is anything that has mass and takes up space
  • composed of atoms, ions, and molecules
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11
Q

Two forms of Matter

A
  1. Element
  2. Compound
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12
Q

a single, distinctive building blocks of matter that make up every material substance

A

Element

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13
Q

two or more different elements held together by chemical bonds

A

Compound

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14
Q

Two types of Compounds

A
  1. Organic Compounds - molecules that contain carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen and other atoms (oxygen,nitrogen, etc. Derived from living organisms (eg. Glucose, DNA, Fats)
  2. Inorganic compounds - molecules w/o carbon-hydrogen bonds. Derived from both living and non-living (e.g Salts, Minerals)
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15
Q

Law of Conservation of Matter

A
  • Matter is not destroyed, it only changes form.
  • Atoms are not destroyed, just rearranged.
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16
Q

First Law of Thermodynamics

A
  • Heat is a form of energy
  • Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only transformed.
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17
Q

Two types of Energy

A
  1. Kinetic Energy - energy at motion
  2. Potential Energy- energy at rest
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18
Q

Second Law of Thermodynamics

A
  • In every transformation, some energy is converted to heat.
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19
Q

the process of converting solar energy into chemical energy stored in food

CO2 + H20 —> C6H12O6 + O2

A

Photosynthesis

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20
Q

the process of releasing chemical energy stored in food to be used by living things

C6H12O6 + O2 —> CO2 + H20

A

Respiration

21
Q

Study of how organisms interact with each other and with their non-living surroundings.

A

Ecology

22
Q

Greek word “Oikos” meaning house

A

Eco

23
Q

Levels of Organization in Ecology

A

Individual
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere

24
Q

Earth’s Life Support Systems

A

Atmosphere - thin membrane of air
Lithosphere - earth’s crust
Hydrosphere - water
Biosphere - living and dead organisms

25
Q

Cycles of Earth’s Natural Capital

A

Cycle of elements that sustain the life of earth:
- Carbon cycle
- Phosphorus cycle
- Nitrogen cycle
- Water cycle
- Oxygen cycle

26
Q

Ecosystem Components

A
  1. Abiotic factors
    - air
    - salinity
    - soil
    - temperature
    - light
    - water
    - minerals
    - pH
    - humidity
  2. Biotic factors
    - bacteria
    - fungi
    - plants
    - protists
    - animals
    - archaea
27
Q

The existence, abundance and distribution of a species is determined by levels of one or more physical and biological factors.

A

Law of Tolerance

28
Q

Limiting factors

A

A) Terrestrial ecosystems (on land)
– precipitation
– temperature
– soil nutrients
B) Aquatic ecosystems (in water)
– temperature
– sunlight
– nutrients
– dissolved oxygen
– salinity

29
Q

Biological Components of Ecosystems

A
  • Producers (autotrophs)
  • Consumers (heterotrophs)
  • Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores
  • Decomposers and detritivores
30
Q

variety of genetic
material within a species or a population

A

Genetic diversity

31
Q

the number of species
present in different habitats

A

Species diversity

32
Q

the variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area

A

Ecological diversity

33
Q

biological and chemical processes needed for the survival of species, communities and ecosystems

A

Functional diversity

34
Q

– sequence of organisms which is a source of food for the next.

A

Food chains

35
Q

most species participate in several food chains (they don’t just eat one thing!).

A

Food webs

36
Q

each step in the flow of energy through an
ecosystem (feeding level)

A

Trophic levels

37
Q

Food Chains and Energy Flow in Ecosystems

A

Producers (Plants) [1st trophic lvl]
Primary Consumers (Herbivores) [2nd trophic lvl]
Secondary Consumers (Carnivores) [3rd trophic lvl]
Tertiary Consumers (top carnivores) [4th trophic lvl]

38
Q

The rate at which an ecosystem’s producers capture and
store a given amount of chemical energy as biomass in a
given length of time.

A

Gross primary productivity (GPP)

39
Q

Net primary productivity (NPP)

A
  • Rate at which all the plants in an ecosystem produce net
    useful chemical energy
  • Equal to the difference between the rate at which the plants in an ecosystem produce useful chemical energy (e.g. carbohydrates) and the rate at which they use some of that energy through cellular respiration.
40
Q
  • provides most of the nutrients for plant life
  • cleans water
  • decomposes and recycles biodegradable waste
A

Soils

41
Q

Matter Cycling in Ecosystems

A

Biogeochemical cycles
Hydrological cycle
Carbon cycle
Nitrogen cycle
Phosphorus cycle

42
Q

Nitrogen Cycle

A

Nitrogen Fixation
Ammonification
Nitrification
Assimilation
Denitrification

43
Q

One is toxic to plants, One is useful to plants.

Nitrate vs Nitrite

A

Nitrate - Usable by Plants
Nitrite - Toxic to Plants

44
Q

Consists of single organism

A

Individual

45
Q

Multiple organisms belonging to the same species

A

Population

46
Q

Multiple organisms belonging to different species

A

Community

47
Q

Multiple communities and their physical environment in an area

A

Ecosystem

48
Q

Biological community formed in response to the physical environment and shared regional climate

A

Biome

GE11 (5 decks)

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