Human Population Flashcards
Number of living individuals in an area
Population
Population change equation
Population change = (Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration)
Crude birth rate
births per 1000 people in population per year
Crude death rate
deaths per 1000 people in population per year
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
- Number of children a woman has during her lifetime, averaged for population.
- Same as biotic potential
Replacement Level Fertility
- Number of children needed to replace everyone in the population.
- Varies between regions
Zero Population Growth
- Birth rate equals death rate.
Sex Ratio
- Relative number of males and females in a population
Age Distribution
- Number of individuals of each age in a population
Two factors that tell how a population will grow.
Sex Ratio and Age Distribution
Population Trends in developed countries
Developed countries
- Low infant mortality rate
- High life expectancy
- Low fertility rate
- 21% 15 below
- 12% 65 up
Population Trends in developing countries
Developing countries
- High infant mortality rate
- Low life expectancy
- High fertility rate
- 44% 15 below
- 3% 65 up
Factors affecting the society’s impact on natural resources
- Population size
- Population density
- Degree of technological development
Study of populations and their characteristics.
Demography
Factors Affecting Birth Rates and Total Fertility Rates
- Children in Labor Force
- Cost of raising and educating children
- Availability of pension systems
- Urbanization
- Education and employment for women
- Infant mortality rate
- Average marrying age
- Abortion
- Availability of birth control
One of the major social factor in determining family size
the role of women in society
- Early marriages foster high fertility rates.
- Lack of education opportunities for women
reduces their options. - When level of education increases, fertility
rates fall. - The most important factor is the ability of
women to control the size of their family. - Access to birth control is key.
Cutting Global Population Growth
- Family planning
- Improve health care
- Elevate the status of women
- Increase education
- Involve men in parenting
- Reduce poverty
- Sustainability
Global megacities
Number of large cities growing. World’s urban population will
increase from 3.1 billion to 5 billion from 2004-2030.
Undesirable Impacts of Urban Sprawl
- Loss of crop land, forest land, and wetlands
- Fragmenting fish and wildlife habitats
- Increased impervious surfaces means more flooding and soil erosion
Urban Land-Use Planning and Control
- Land-use planning
- Property taxes
- Zoning
- Smart growth
- Urban growth boundary
- Greenbelts
Growth Management Act 1990
- requires state and local governments to
manage Washington’s growth by identifying and
protecting critical areas and natural resource lands,
designating urban growth areas, preparing
comprehensive plans and implementing them through
capital investments and development regulations. - passed to help protect areas critical for natural
resources by concentrating growth in urban areas
