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Finals 2016- Pennbrook > Science Final > Flashcards

Science Final Flashcards

1
Q

Acceleration

A

how speed changes over a period of time

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2
Q

Average speed / speed

A

total distance covered divided by total time taken to cover that distance

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3
Q

constant speed

A

speed that remains the same over a particular time period

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4
Q

instantaneous speed

A

speed at a particular moment

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5
Q

velocity

A

change in speed over a period of time that also involved some type of direction (mph north)

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6
Q

inertia

A

an objects ability to resist change in a state of motion

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7
Q

Law of Conservation of Momentum

A

states that momentum is always conserved in any interaction

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8
Q

Newtons First Law of Motion

1st LOM

A

an object at rest stays at rest, and an object stays in motion, Unless acted upon by an unbalanced, outside force

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9
Q

Newtons Second Law of Motion

2nd LOM

A

force = mass * acceleration (f=m*a)

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10
Q

Newtons Third Law of Motion

3rd LOM

A

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

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11
Q

Unbalanced forces

A

forces that cause acceleration

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12
Q

efficiency

A

the ratio of output work divided by input work, a percentage, nothing is ever 100% efficient

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13
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work

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14
Q

energy transfermation

A

energy changing from one form to another

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15
Q

heat

A

thermal energy that is moving or capable of moving

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16
Q

horsepower

A

unit of power

= to 746 watts

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17
Q

Joule

A

equal to 1 newton times 1 meter, unit of energy and work

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18
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

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19
Q

Law of conservation of energy

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred

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20
Q

potential energy

A

energy that is stored, comes from position

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21
Q

gravity (g) on earth

A

g=9.8

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22
Q

power

A

the rate of doing work

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23
Q

watt

A

unit of power

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24
Q

work

A

force times distance or power times time, but the force applied must be in the same direction as the distance it moves

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25
Q

examples of work

A

lifting, pushing, pulling

NOT carrying or losing tug of war

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26
Q

atomic mass

A

protons + neutrons

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27
Q

electrons

A

equal to number of protons, negative charge, outside nucleus, have levels

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28
Q

groups

A

down (columns) on periodic table, valence electrons

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29
Q

isotopes

A

same element, different mass number

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30
Q

mass number

A

number of protons (or electrons)

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31
Q

metal

A

takes up most of the elements on the table, left side

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32
Q

neutron

A

in nucleus, neutral

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33
Q

noble gasses

A

column 18, full balanced shell (8), don’t react (except helium)

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34
Q

nonmetal

A

takes up right side of table

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35
Q

nucleus

A

99% of mass in an atom, made up of protons and neutrons

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36
Q

period

A

across (rows) on periodic table, energy level

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37
Q

periodic table

A

a table you use periodically (jk)

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38
Q

proton

A

positive charge, in nucleus

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39
Q

Chemical bond

A

the joining of atoms to form new

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40
Q

covalent bond

A

bond between two nonmetals , electrons are shared, (greek prefixes)
example: H2O

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41
Q

Ion

A

term used to describe an atom with a charge other then zero

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42
Q

ionic bond

A

bond between metal and nonmetal, electrons are transferred, (-ide) (no prefixes)
example: MgBr2

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43
Q

Lewis Dot Diagram

A

method used to visually represent valence electrons

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44
Q

Oxidation number

A

represents how many electrons to give or take to get full outer shell, and/or what the most likely charge on an atom will be (electrons are lost, gained or shared)

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45
Q

valence electrons

A

number of electrons in outer shell, determine how atoms react, involved in chemical bonding

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46
Q

addition (synthesis) reaction

A

2 elements combine to make a compound

example: 2Na+Cl2–>2NaCl

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47
Q

chemical change

A

a change that results in a new substance being formed

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48
Q

chemical equation

A

short hand way to show chemical reaction

example: H2+O2–>H2O

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49
Q

coefficient

A

number put in front of a chemical formula to balance it

examples in chapter 17 packet

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50
Q

combustion reaction

A

reaction in which CO2 + H2O + energy is produced

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51
Q

decomposition reaction

A

a compound breaking down into 2 or more elements

example: H2CO3–>H2O+CO2

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52
Q

double displacement (replacment) reaction

A

an element in 2 different compounds switch places

example: NaCl + AgF –> NaF + AgCl

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53
Q

formula mass

A

found by combining the individual mass of each atom in a compound

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54
Q

physical change

A

a change that does not result in a new substance being formed

55
Q

product

A

what is formed in chemical reaction, right side of arrow

56
Q

reactant

A

what takes part in chemical reaction, left side of arrow

57
Q

single displacement replacment) reaction

A

an element replaces another element in compound

example: Zn +2HCl –> ZnCl2 + H2

58
Q

fulcrum

Glodek said this is 10/10 important

A

stiff structure that separates the input force and output force (needed for all levers)

59
Q

gears

A

rotating wheel with teeth that transfers motion forces to other gears or objects

60
Q

input

A

force energy or power supplied to make a machine accomplish a task

61
Q

input arm

A

side of lever in which input force is applied

62
Q

input force

A

force that is applied to a machine

63
Q

lever

A

stiff structure that rotates around a fixed point (3 classes of levers

64
Q

1st class lever

A

fulcrum is right in the middle of output and input (OFI), output force is equal to input force (O=I) , ex: a see-saw

65
Q

2nd class lever

A

fulcrum then output then input (FOI), output force is greater then input force (O>I), ex: a wheelbarrow or door

66
Q

3rd class lever

A

fulcrum then input then output (FIO), output force is less then input force (I>O), ex: your arm, jaw, or a broom

67
Q

machine

A

a devise with moving parts that work together to complete a task

68
Q 
mechanical advantage 
(Glodek said this is very very important)
A

ratio of output force divided by input force (O/I)

69
Q

output

A

forces energy or power provided by machine

70
Q

output force

A

force that is produced by a machine

71
Q

pulley

A

a simple machine that can increase force by changing direction

72
Q

simple machine

A

unpowered mechanical device that accomplishes a task with 1 step or motion

73
Q

amplitude

A

the amount that a cycle moves away from equilibrium

74
Q

cycle

A

one repetition of motion

75
Q

frequency

A

how often something repeats, expressed in hertz

76
Q

harmonic motion

A

motion that repeats in cycles

77
Q

hertz

A

unit of frequency, 1 hertz = 1 cycle per second

78
Q

linear motion

A

motion that goes from one place to another without repeating

79
Q

natural motion

A

the frequency at which a system vibrates when it is disturbed

80
Q

oscillator

A

physical system that has repeating cycles

81
Q

period

A

the time it takes to complete one cycle

82
Q

periodic force

A

repetitive force

83
Q

resonance

A

an exceptionally large amplitude that develops when a periodic force is applied to a natural frequency

84
Q

restoring force

A

force that acts to pull a system back to equilibrium

85
Q

wavelength

A

distance from crest to crest to trough to trough of any wave

86
Q

Acceleration formula

A

(final speed - starting speed)/ time

87
Q

Speed and velocity formula

A

speed=distance/time

88
Q

momentum formula

A

mass * velocity

89
Q

force formula

A

force = mass * acceleration (f=m*a)

90
Q

efficiency formula

A

work output /work input (will equal a decimal)

91
Q

kinetic energy formula

A

(1/2) mass * velocity squared

Ek=(m*v^2)/2

92
Q

potential energy formula

A

mass* gravity (9.8)*height

Ep= mgh

93
Q

work formula

A

forcedistance (w=fd)

powertime (w=pt)

94
Q

mechanical advantage formula

A

output force/ input force

95
Q

mechanical advantage of a lever when given the arms formula

A

input arm /output arm

96
Q

density

A

mass/volume

97
Q

dependent variable

A

what is measured from experiment, plotted on Y axis

98
Q

direct relationship

A

increase in 1 variable and produces same increase in another variable

99
Q

gram

A

metric unit of mass

100
Q

graph

A

shows how variables relate

101
Q

independent variables

A

the one variable that is changes in experiment, plotted on X axis

102
Q

inverse relationship

A

increase in 1 variable produces decrease in another variable

103
Q

kilogram

A

=1,000 grams, basic unit of mass in metric system

104
Q

mass

A

amount of matter

105
Q

scatterplot

A

graph that shows relationship between 2 variables

106
Q

volume

A

amount of space an object takes up

107
Q

weight

A

depends on mass and gravity, Not the same as mass

108
Q

Kinetic energy increases with:

A

mass and speed.

109
Q

Efficiency is defined as the ratio of:

A

work output to work input.

110
Q

When constructing a graph, the x-axis is most closely related to:

A

the independent variable.

111
Q

The “building blocks” of matter are:

A

atoms and molecules.

112
Q

The inertia of an object is related to its:

A

mass only.

113
Q

The second row of the periodic table has 8 elements because:

A

the second energy level can hold 8 electrons.

114
Q

If you go twice as fast, your kinetic energy becomes:

A

4 times bigger.

115
Q

Batteries are devices that change chemical energy to ____ energy.

A

electrical

116
Q

The rate at which velocity changes is called:

A

acceleration.

117
Q

The density of a liquid is higher than the density of a gas because:

A

particles of a liquid are closer together than particles of a gas.

118
Q

Newton’s first law of motion is also known as:

A

the law of inertia.

119
Q

The variable usually represented on the x-axis is the ____ variable.

A

independent

120
Q

A scatterplot is the best type of graph to use when:

A

one variable causes a second variable to change in value.

121
Q

In order for evidence to be considered scientific evidence, it must be:

A

objective and repeatable.

122
Q

Compared to protons, electrons have:

A

much smaller mass and opposite charge.

123
Q

Atomic number is:

A

the number of particles in an atom.

124
Q

what are the horizontal rows on the periodic table called?

A

periods

125
Q

what are the vertical rows on the periodic table called

A

groups or families

126
Q

A unit used to measure the period of a cycle is the:

A

second.

127
Q

An object at rest has:

A

inertia but no momentum.

128
Q

If the mechanical advantage of a simple machine is 5, then:

A

the output force is 5 times greater than the input force.

129
Q

A longitudinal wave travels:

A

in the same direction as the oscillations.

130
Q

The amount of time required for one cycle to occur is called the:

A

period.

131
Q

Which of the following use the same units of measurement?

A

Energy and work

132
Q

Kinetic energy increases with:

A

mass and speed

133
Q

energy can be considered stored:

A

work

134
Q

simple machine can multiply

A

force and speed

Finals 2016- Pennbrook (8 decks)

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