Science Exam Term 4 2022 Flashcards
Explain how igneous rocks are formed.
Igneous rocks form when hot, molten rock crystallizes and solidifies.
Explain how cooling rate affects crystal size.
If the magma cools quickly, the crystals do not have much time to form, so they are very small. If the magma cools slowly, then the crystals have enough time to grow and become large.
Recall the 2 main types of igneous rocks.
Intrusive and Extrusive.
Determine the difference between magma and lava.
Magma is underground, lava is above ground..
Recall the meaning of the terms volcanic and plutonic.
Volcanic is extrusive, Plutonic is intrusive.
Describe the processes by which sedimentary rocks are formed.
Weathering → Erosion → Deposition → Lithification
Discuss the role of water in the formation of many sedimentary rocks.
It can transport, weather and erode. It also creates mud which acts as another layer on the earth’s crust.
What is the difference between clastic and non clastic?
Non-clastic rocks are created when water evaporates or from the remains of plants and animals, clastic rocks are created by pieces of other rocks.
Identify the two types of sedimentary rocks and recall examples of each.
Clastic, e.g. sandstone, Non-Clastic, e.g. limestone
Discuss the roles of heat and pressure in the formation of metamorphic rocks.
Regional metamorphism and contact metamorphism.
Determine the difference between contact and regional metamorphism.
Contact is high temp, produces non-foliated rocks and is over a small area. Regional is high temp and pressure, produces foliated rocks and occurs over a large region.
Discuss the cyclic nature of the formation of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
Lava solidifies to form igneous rock. The magma bursts through Earth’s surface in the form of a volcano. Heat and pressure deep in the Earth makes some rocks change to metamorphic rock. Layers of rock get squashed and packed together and gradually harden to form sedimentary rock. This can all happen to one rock.
Describe the uses of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, including as building
materials.
Igneous - Granite is used to make kitchen table tops
Metamorphic - Marble is used to make floors
Sedimentary - Limestone is used to make cement
Recall what all substances are made of.
All substances are made of matter, and atoms.
Describe the physical properties of minerals, and how some may contain valuable resources.
Some rocks can contain valuable resources due to their chemical composition and minerals inside.
Discuss how layers of sedimentary and other rocks, together with fossils, reveal
information about past environments and life on earth.
Because it shows us what animal lived at the time, how they were composed and where their habitat was.
What are the 2 ways of getting metal from ores?
Mineral extraction, crushing grinding washing, Metal extraction, chemical reactions.
Discuss and Understand the science and engineering used in mineral exploration, the
extraction of mineral ores and metals and the rehabilitation of mining sites.
Open cut and underground, companies must restore the site to it’s original state.
Discuss some of the environmental and community issues associated with the mining of
mineral resources.
Noise pollution, destroying animal habitat, contamination and alteration of soil profiles, contamination of local streams and wetlands, and dust in the air.
Describe weathering, transportation,
deposition and lithification.
Transportation - Moving the material from place to place (erosion)
Weathering - Breaking down of the rock using natural forces
Deposition - Laying the sediment down
Lithification - Pressure by other layers forming on top
Distinguish between extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks.
Extrusive - outside, Intrusive - inside
Explain some ways to identify minerals.
Some common ways to do this are size, streak, luster, hardness, colour
