Science Exam Review Flashcards
What is science?
science is the study of the natural world and aims to find the “truth” (explanations).
What is the scientific method?
the scientific method is a series of steps used during a lab for experimentation
Why is the scientific method important?
the scientific method is used to organize and solve a problem/question that is desired to be answered and used to explore observations.
What are the instruments you would use to measure length, mass and liquid volume?
length - ruler
mass - balance
volume - graduated cylinder
What are the base units, in the metric system for length, mass and liquid volume?
length - meter (m)
mass - gram (g)
volume - litre (L)
What is the difference between precision and accuracy?
precision refers to how close a set of measurements are to one another, regardless whether they are correct
ANALOGY: an archer shooting arrows at a target
accuracy refers to how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity
Draw a metric conversion scale including all prefixes and base units.
Giga G (1000)
Mega M (1000)
Kilo k (10)
Hecto h (10)
Deca da (10)
Base Unit
Deci d (10)
Centi c (10)
Milli m (10)
Micro μ (1000)
Nano n (1000)Are normal glasses an acceptable substitute for safety goggles? Explain.
normal glasses are not an acceptable substitute for safety goggles due to the following reasons:
1. glasses have open spaces which is a risk for
substances to splash into your eyes. safety goggles
are tightly sealed around the eyes to prevent this
2. safety goggles are designed to protect your eyes
and are made with thicker lenses
Use the particle theory to explain why tire pressure might decrease in the winter.
the pressure in the tire might decrease in the winter because the colder the particles get, the slower they move and the less energy they have. the particles begin to contract making the tire “deflate” or seem “less full”
What three 3) tests can you perform to determine if an unknown gas is oxygen gas, hydrogen gas or carbon dioxide gas?
Glowing splint test - If it is oxygen, the glowing splint with light into a flame in test tube.
Flaming splint test - If it is hydrogen gas, the flaming splint will create a “pop” in test tube.
Lime water test (Ca(OH)2) - If carbon dioxide is present, limewater turns a cloudy white colour and you get a precipitate = CaCO3
What is a group on the periodic table?
vertical columns on the periodic table. each element in a group has similar properties (# of valence electrons) there are a total of 18 groups
What is a period on the periodic table?
individual (horizontal) rows, and each element in a period have similar properties. there are 7 periods. period # = # of shells
List the Families of the periodic table and provide common characteristics of each.
Alkali Metals- Reacts with air and water, and the most reactive of all metals (highly reactive). Hydrogen is not a metal but it is highly reactive. Slivery, shiny and soft.
Alkaline Earth Metals- Not as reactive as alkali metals but still reacts with air and water. Silvery, shiny and not as soft.
Halogens- Very reactive non-metals.
Noble Gases- These elements are all gases, and are non-reactive (referred to being stable or inert). Odourless, colourless, tasteless and non-toxic except Radon.
Transition Metals- The least reactive of all the metals. Hard, high melting and boiling points, highly conductive and malleable.
Lanthanide Series- Rare Earth metals and relatively lighter than the other metals. Silvery in colour, soft, and reactive with cold and hot water.
Actinide Series- Same as Lanthanide series.
List 4 properties of metals. Where are they located on the periodic table?
LOCATION - left of zigzag
- malleable
- good conductors
- lustrous
- ductile
List 4 properties of nonmetals. Where are they located on the periodic table?
LOCATION - right of zigzag
- hard
- brittle
- gases and solids (except bromine)
- poor conductors
List 4 properties of metalloids. Where are they located on the periodic table?
LOCATION - right of the zigzag (nearest to it)
- solids at room temperature
- not ductile
- brittle
- semi-conductive
How is static electricity formed?
when 2 different materials are rubbed together and they become charged (charging by friction)
- rubbing a balloon on head
- clothes in a dryer
- petting a dog
- running comb through hair
Describe in terms of protons and electrons: neutral objects, negative objects, positive objects
neutral - protons = electrons
negative - protons < electrons
positive - protons > electrons
Purpose of the 3rd prong on a plug
the third prong is a ground connector that allows electricity to leave the building and travel to the ground. prevents short circuits and other faults
Difference between static and current electricity?
STATIC ELECTRICITY is an imbalance of electric charges and is caused (built) by rubbing 2 different materials together. does not run through a wire or circuit
CURRENT ELECTRICITY is the flow of electrons through a circuit. when electrons move from a negative terminal to a positive terminal
Difference between a complete and an incomplete circuit?
if electrons are continually moving in a closed path, the circuit is COMPLETE
if electrons are stopped at a point, the circuit is INCOMPLETE
hydro - renewable
PROS
does not pollute air or water
endless supply
CONS
dams change the way water flows in a certain area
migration of fish is often disrupted and large areas of land might flood
not always suitable locations available
tidal - renewable
PROS
produces no pollution
can be used multiple times
CONS
tidal generation stations can be only be built near coastlines that experience significant changes in tides
can only operate when tides come in or out
fossil fuels - non- renewable
PROS
easy and inexpensive to mine
produces significant amounts of energy
CONS
fossil fuels can take millions of years to form
burning results in air pollution, smog and acid precipitation
nuclear - non- renewable
PROS
low greenhouse gas emissions
no direct air pollution
CONS
aquatic life and lake ecosystems are affected due to thermal pollution produced
causes large amounts of radioactive waste
- serious environmental and health consequences
biomass - renewable
PROS
reduces greenhouse gas emissions and dependency on fossil fuels
Turning leftover biomass into fuel is good recycling
CONS
might not be enough to supply the ever-increasing demand for energy
reducing the amount of land available to grow food
geothermal - renewable
PROS no pollution does not contribute to climate change CONS can be challenging to obtain generating stations must be built in places where the temperature deep in the ground is enough to produce steam
wind - renewable
PROS
The installation and maintenance costs for a wind turbine are significantly cheaper than generating stations that use fossil fuels or uranium
wind turbines can be added to or removed from the grub easily
CONS
noisy
dangerous to birds
solar - renewable
PROS
can operate independently off the power grid or be connected to it
maintenance - free
CONS
some pollution is produced in the manufacture of solar panels and in the disposal of broken solar panels
are only 30% efficient at converting sunlight into electricity
expensive
The most used type of electricity used in Canada
Hydroelectricity
why are there inverted pyramids
community contains a few producers with a very large biomass that support a larger amount of smaller consumers (can also be found in an ecosystem containing parasites)
nitrogen cycle steps
- fixation by lightning (nitrifying N2-NO3)
- plants and animals decompose to ammonia
- nitrate NO2
- denitrifying bacteria - N2
- animals consume NO2
oxidizer
produces oxygen and therefore can support combustion (oxygen tank, nitric acid)
corrosive
can cause serious skin and eye damage
corrosive to metals (oven cleaners, bleach)
aquatic toxin
can cause damage to the aquatic environment (paint, zinc)
biohazard
can cause disease in animal and people
often has come in contact with other living things or come from them (used syringes, blood samples)
dangerously reactive materials
unstable and can undergo extremely hazardous and uncontrolled reactions (Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide)
poisonous
can be fatal or toxic, oral, skin or inhalation hazard
toxic with short exposure to small amounts usually has immediate effects (pesticides, cyanide)
beaker
used as a container
may be heated
Erlenmeyer flask
to hold and heat chemicals mainly used for stirring
spot plate
to conduct small reactions
funnel
used for pouring liquids into a small container
may be used with filter paper
rubber stoppers
to cover test tubes and flasks
wire gauze
to spread the heat of a flame
a crucible
to heat substances at a very high temperature
clay triangle
to support a crucible or evaporating dish while being heated
test tube brush
to scrub test tubed, flask and beakers
bunsen burner
to heat a substance using a flame
test tube
to hold and mix chemicals
may be heated
graduated cylinder
to measure the volume of a liquid
