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exam Review > science exam review! > Flashcards

science exam review! Flashcards

1
Q

what are 3 things Mendel discovered?

A
  1. 2 copies of each gene are in each cell. organisms inherit one gene from mother and one from father.
  2. there are dominant and recessive traits, sometimes the dominant masks the recessive
    3.disproved that traits blend (purple and white do not make light purple)
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2
Q

how did he know he had purebred plants in his garden?

A

many plants were self pollinated and produced plants with the same traits

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3
Q

explain an experiment he conducted with the white and purple flowers

A

-he had cross pollinated a purple flower with a white one (parental generation)
-the F1 of offspring had purple flowers (no white)
-then the F2 self pollinated and had mostly purple flowers but a little bit of white

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4
Q

why is one trait lost/hidden in the F1 generation when crossing 2 different purebred plants?

A

the dominant trait masked the hidden trait in the F1 generation. all offspring were hybrid (1 dominant trait and 1 recessive trait)

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5
Q

how does the hidden trait reappear in F2?

A

when the hybrid plants self pollinate, a few offspring will have 2 recessive alleles and show the recessive trait. (it can skip a generation)

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6
Q

what is a allele?

A

forms of genes, each cell has 2 alleles. each gene controls which traits are expressed/can be observed

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7
Q

purebred Dominant:
Purebred recessive:
Hybrid:

A

TT tall
tt short
Tt tall

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8
Q

what is the ratio/percentage for traits in the F2 generation of Mendals plant exprements?

A

3 tall and 1 short (75% and 25%)
purebred dominant 1(25%)
hybrid 2: (50%)
purebred recessive: 1 (25%)

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9
Q

can short pea plants be hybrid?

A

no tall alleles will mask the recessive traits. to have a short pea plants you have to have purebred recessive.

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10
Q

How is this related to our study of DNA?

A

DNA is made up of genes that code for different traits (alleles)

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11
Q

how is there a probability of inheritance

A

genes can be in patterns these allow us to predict which traits will be inherited.

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12
Q

punnet squares

A

It allows us to know which genes will combine and which traits will be expressed and which will be masked.

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13
Q

purple and white plant

A

genotypes possible: all Pp
phenotypes possible: all purple

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14
Q

homozygous

A

all the same ex: TT or tt

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15
Q

heterozygous

A

2 alleles of different types ex: Tt

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16
Q

explain how to organisms can have the same phenotype but different genotypes?

A

ex: black puppies can look the same (phenotype) but one has Bb trait and the other has BB

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17
Q

Incomplete dominance:

A

both traits are blended together ex: white and red flowers make a pink

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18
Q

polygenic inheritance:

A

multiple genes

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19
Q

codominance

A

both show up at the same time ex: a black and white cow make a spotted cow

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20
Q

multiple alleles:

A

controlled by 3 or more genes

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21
Q

What’s unusual about the sex cell?

A

they have 1/2 of the number of body cells since during reproduction they join together

22
Q

who was darwin?

A

he published a book (the origins of species)

23
Q

who was wallace?

A

he came up with the same idea after darwin had and published a book (drawinism)

24
Q

who got credit?

A

darwin because he thought of it first

25
Q

darwins theory?

A

the galapagos island had finches and tortises that looked like fossils just changed over time

26
Q

Dna and evolution?

A

we could see similar organsims had similar dna

27
Q

evolutionary tree diversity:

A

each branch represents a new species and the longer the branch the longer it took before the new species appeared

28
Q

homologous structures:

A

they are closely related on the tree

29
Q

bones are held together by what?

A

ligaments

30
Q

bones to muscles?

A

tendons

31
Q

smooth and cardiac muscles tire and involuntary?

A

smooth tires slowly cardiac never tires both are involuntary

32
Q

types of joints how do they move?

A

-pivot: rotate (neck)
-hinge: move back and forth (elbow and knee)
-ball and socket: move in a complete circle (hip and shoulder)
-gliding: one bone moves over the other (wrist and ankle)
-immoveable: joints that fused together during infancy

33
Q

the number of bones:

A

babies have 300 adults have 206 since they fuse

34
Q

functions of the skeletal system:

A

-give body shape and support
-protects organs
-stores minerals
-makes blood cells (marrow)

35
Q

functions of the skin system:

A

-forms a protective barrier keeping good things in and bad out
-produces vitamin D
-gathers info about environment
-maintains body temp
-eliminates wastes through sweating

36
Q

top layer of skin:

A

layer of dead cells where new ones get pushes up to replace them once they fall

37
Q

how does skin keep you hot/cold

A

blood vessels close a little to keep heat in and open a little to let heat out

38
Q

difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?

A

chemical: uses saliva in the mouth
Mechanical: breaks it into smaller pieces
~both break down food~

39
Q

4 chemicals of digestion:

A

-saliva: mouth
-acid: Stomach
-bile: produced by the liver/gallbladder
-enzymes: produced by pancreas

40
Q

small and large intestine differences:

A

small: nutrients are broken down and absorbed
large: absorbs extra water

41
Q

functions of the circulatory system:

A

-move blood around the body and deliver nutrients
-move wastes and carbon dioxide to remove body

42
Q

how does breathing work?

A

with the diaphragm moving down to the lungs to allow lungs to inflate and moves up to push air out

43
Q

purpose of the nervous system:

A

gather info about the environment and react to it

44
Q

female sex cell:

A

-largest cell
-contains x chromosome (female)

45
Q

male sex cell:

A

-smallest cell
-contains either a X or Y chromosome

46
Q

where does fertilization occur?

A

through the fallopian tube during fertilization the sex cells join and becomes a zygote the gets implanted in the uterus

47
Q

eggs in ovaries:

A

females are born with all the eggs they will have in their life and they get released during a period.

48
Q

the outcome of fertilization/period

A

period-eggs release last day if fertilization doesn’t occur
fertilization- zygote floats down to the fallopian tube

49
Q

how long is the average period?

A

28 days although everyone is different

50
Q

4 main parts of the reproductive system:

A

ovary,fallopian tube,uterus, vagina

51
Q

how does the nervous system and the muscular system work together?

A

neurons sense environment, tell brain how to react, then muscles react to it

exam Review (16 decks)

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