science! Flashcards
Give an example of a stimulus and response of an organism
Stimulus: weather gets colder, killing all the insects/berries
Response: Birds find seeds/bird feeders and find nests
A pond contains all characteristics of life explain
it reproduces, grows and devlops, have cells, respond, Contain DNA, requires energy to live, and evolve over time
Give a example of a unicellular organism
Bacteria
Multicellular example
humans and dogs
what is spontaneus generation
they though that non living things could come from living things ex: frogs came from ponds, mice came from hay, or flies came from meat
Give 2 examples of autotrophs and
Autotrophs convert the suns energy to make food for its self Ex: roses, red wood, trees
Give 2 examples of heterotrophs
eating other animals for energy Ex: wolfs, lions, human
Name 4 things that all living things need
*Food
*air
*shelter
*water
How is it possible for living things to be found in the desert?
*food can be found
*living space
*water can be found
*homeostasis: lizards will crawl underground during the day and out during the night to keep the correct body temperature
Why do you wear coats in the winter and shorts in the summer? (how does it help you maintain homeostasis?)
it keeps you comfortable and haveing a good internal balance
*winter: keeps heat in body so wear warm clothes
*summer: let heat out so wear less clothes
what are the rules for naming organisms? (5)
*2 names
*capitailized genus
* lower case species
*in latin
* in italics
what are the shapes and levels of the taxonomic groups? how do you remember the order?
a upside down triangle
*Domain
*kingdom
*phylum
*class
*order
*family
*genus
*species
~did king philip come over for good soup~
as you move down the triangle what happens to the number of organisms in each category?
it gets smaller and the bottom of the triangle only has one organism
what is the animal you researched in this unit? write it in bionomial nomencluature
common name: pig
scientific name: sus domesticuc
how do you prepare a tiny leaf to be viewed on a microscope?
- clean glass slate
- place organism on it
- put drop of water on it
- place plastic cover slip at a angle of spiecmen
5 drop to push bubble out (called wet mount)
record the objectives and how much the magnify objects
*low power= 4x total magnification is 40x
*medium power= 10x total magnification is 100x
*high power= 40x total magnification is 400x
~the reason the total is higher is because the eyepiece is 10x so multiply them together to get the total~
What to do if you cant see anything (4)
*rotate nose piece to click into place
* start on low power and use coarse adjustment to focus
* move slide around and use your eye to place spiecmen in center of the light
* turn on up light (turn up dimmer switch)
what should you do to put away the microscope? ( 3 steps)
- rotate nosepiece to low power and take of slide
2.turn on light, unplug, and rewrap cord
3.pickup and carry by the arm of the microscope with one hand under the base
What do only plant cells have? what do only animal cells have? what do they both have?
Plant: chloroplast, cell wall, large vacuole
Animal: lysosomes
Both: cell membrane, nucelus, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, cytoplasm, Rough and Smooth ER, Ribbosomes
How are solar pannels and chloroplast similar?
They both collect sunlight and turn it into energy
(chloroplast for the cell)
(solar panel for electricity)
If you see a droopy plant what organism is not working?
the vacuole does not have enough water in it so the plat is drooping If you water it then it will add water back into it so it will stand back up
If a animal cell is missing energy then whats not working?
it has a damaged or missing mitochondria
If wastes build up then whats not working in a animal cell?
Lyososomes because it breaks down wastes, old cell parts, and other chemicals
what if its missing protiens?
its missing ribosomes that are either free in the cytoplasm or in the rough ER
What is going on if there are to many chemicals in the cell?
the cell membrane must be damaged allowing in chemicals that should not be there
Why is water vital in the cells?
All chemicals must be dissolved in water to move into and out of cell membrane
Water also fills large vacuole so plant will stand up
What are cell membranes made up of?
lipids, more specifically phosolipids in two layers (bi layers)
protiens have tunnels that allow large moleclues to move through the membrane
How are cells identified?
they are identified by carbohydrates that stick out of the cell membrane
What does selectivily premeable mean?
cell membrane only allows certain things to come in and out of the cell
Selectivly: picky
premable: holes to move through
who contributed to discovering the shape of DNA?
rosalind franklin: used crystalohgraphy to find the shape of DNA is a double helix
Watson and crick: used all the information and conbined it
Chargaff: Found that A and T and C and G go together and are in equal amounts
Wilkins: collaberator
What person and process finally found the shape of DNA
person: rosalind franklin
Process: crstalography
~but she did not get creditied for her work~
How does DNA direct cell processes?
DNA contains special sequences of DNA
those sequences are genes
genes give codes/instructions to build certain protiens
those protiens make are the messages and traits needed for cells to contintue living
Diaphram of DNA?
twisted ladder: chains of deoxyribose (sugar) and phosphate groups
Inside stairs: nitrogen bases
Nitrogen bases
The sequences of ATGC within the helix gives instructions to cells the sequnces are codes for protiens that help the cells function and give us our traits
Order from SMALLEST to LARGEST
nucleotide, gene, chromosome,DNA, nucleus, cell
DNA replication occurs with what 2 protiens (enzymes)
*DNA helicase: unzips the helix
*DNA polymerase: slides along separated strands matches and attaches free nucleotides to strands to make copies of DNA strands
When does replication occur?
within the nucleus (stays protected) occurs before cell division so that each new cell will have instructions
How does replication occur?
- DNA helicase separates strand
- DNA polymerase matches and attaches loose nucleotides
- result: 2 identical strands
interphase
making new copies of DNA and keeping the cell organized
whats the longest stage?
interphase
before cell division
cells have to replicate DNA and make extra organelles to prepare for cell division.
Mitosis
*PROPHASE: nucleus disappers, chromosomes pair up, spindle fibers and centrioles appear
*METAPHASE: chromosome pairs line up in the middle of the cell, spindle fibers attach to centromeres (what attach the pairs together
*ANAPHASE: chromosome pairs split and go to oppisite sides of the cell, spindle fibers pull them apart
*TELOPHASE: spindle fibers disapper and it becomes 2 nuclei
cytokinesis
dividing up the organelles pinching in cell membranes to make two identical daughter cells
outcome of cell division
two identical daughter cells
order of states in cell division (how we remember them)
I-PMAT-C
what are mutations and how do they relate to DNA replication?
mutations are changes in DNA. it occurs when there is an error in DNA replication. example: a incorrect nucleotide is attched or missed (a mistake).
What is cancer and how does it relate to what we are studying?
cancer happens when the cell cycle goes at a uncontrolled fast pace the cell cycle is not controlled correctly
therapies for cancer?
- surgery: cut out tumor (collectetion of damged cells)
- chemotherapy: medicine designed to slow the cell cycle
but it slows down good cells and bad cells - radation: high energy rays directed to kill cells
