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Science Yr 9 > Science exam > Flashcards

Science exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name all parts of a neuron

A

Dendrites, cell body, nucleus, Myelin sheath, axon, axon terminals and synapse

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2
Q

Dendrite function

A

Receives chemical messages from connecting neuron.

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3
Q

Cell Body Function

A

Maintains neurons structure and brings energy to the neuron.

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4
Q

Nucleus Function

A

The nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information.

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5
Q

Myelin Sheath function

A

A fatty layer that helps insulate the axon, and allows the electrical signal/impulse to travel much more quickly.

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6
Q

Axon Function

A

Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body (electrical impulses)

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7
Q

Axon terminals Function

A

Releases the message across the synapse to adjacent neurons. (Chemical messages)

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8
Q

Synapse Function

A

Small gap between two neurons, also referred to as synaptic gap

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9
Q

5 steps in an involuntary stimulus response

A

Stimulus

Receptor

Relay neuron/interneuron

effector

response

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10
Q

5 steps in a Voluntary Stimulus response

A

Stimulus

Receptor

Control center

effector

response

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11
Q

Explain why it is important for a reflex action to be faster.

A

It is important because a reflex reaction does not happen consciously and only happens when you are in danger of something. That is why it is important that it is fast.

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12
Q

Name three causes of Spinal cord injury.

A

Road traffic incident

Falls from a height

Sporting injuries

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13
Q

Name three consequences of a spinal cord injury.

A

Paralysis

Numbness

Difficulty with balance

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14
Q

Name all eight glands in the endocrine system.

A

Pineal gland, pituitary gland, parathyroid, thyroid gland, pancreas, ovaries and testes

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15
Q

Pineal gland function

A

The main function of the pineal gland is to receive information about the state of the light-dark cycle from the environment and convey this information to produce and secrete the hormone melatonin.

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16
Q

Pituitary gland function

A

The main function of your pituitary gland is to control the functions of other glands in the endocrine system.

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17
Q

Parathyroid function

A

Release of calcium by bones into the bloodstream. Absorption of calcium from food by the intestines. Conservation of calcium by the kidneys. Stimulates cells in the kidney to transforms weaker forms of vitamin D into the form that is strongest at absorbing calcium from the intestines.

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18
Q

Thyroid gland function

A

The thyroid gland secretes hormones to regulate many metabolic processes, including growth and energy expenditure. If the thyroid gland is overactive or sluggish, the metabolism will be affected, leading to a variety of symptoms that are easily misdiagnosed.

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19
Q

Adrenal gland function

A

Adrenal glands produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions.

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20
Q

Pancreas function

A

During digestion, your pancreas makes pancreatic juices called enzymes. These enzymes break down sugars, fats, and starches. Your pancreas also helps your digestive system by making hormones. These are chemical messengers that travel through your blood.

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21
Q

Ovaries function

A

They produce eggs for fertilization and they make the hormones estrogen and progesterone. An ovary releases an egg around the middle of your menstrual cycle (around day 14 of a 28-day cycle) in a process called ovulation.

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22
Q

Testes function

A

The testes are responsible for making sperm and are also involved in producing a hormone called testosterone. Testosterone is an important hormone during male development and maturation for developing muscles, deepening the voice, and growing body hair.

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23
Q

Define hormones.

A

Hormones are your body’s chemical messengers produced by the body to control and regulate certain

cells/organs.

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24
Q

Define gland

A

An organ that makes substances such as hormones.

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25
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment within your body

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26
Q

Define negative feedback

A

A response to a stimulus that counteracts the change to return to the set point.

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27
Q

Describe four key differences between the nervous and endocrine systems.

A

Nervous system uses electrochemical messages- endocrine uses chemical messages(hormones)

Uses nervous system-uses circulatory system

Activities are localized-Activities are widespread

Fast acting response-slow acting response

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28
Q

List two hormones that are released in the endocrine system

A

Insulin, produced by the pancreas regulates blood glucose levels by decreasing them. From increasing glucose uptake from cells. Glucagon, produced by the pancreas regulates blood glucose levels. By increasing glucose from body stores.

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29
Q

Name and describe the role of the master gland.

A

It is the pituitary gland and it’s role is to control the functions of many other glands in the endocrine system

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30
Q

Identify the real part of the brain that maintains homeostasis and list three functions.

A

Main connection between nervous and endocrine system

Maintaining homeostasis through releasing hormones

Monitors the body through circulatory and nervous system

31
Q

Write balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis.

A

6C02+6H20=C6+H12+602

32
Q

Identify the reactants in aerobic cellular respiration

A

Glucose, C6H1202

Oxygen, O2

33
Q

Identify the products in aerobic cellular respiration.

A

Carbon dioxide, CO2

Water, H20

34
Q

Differences and similarities between aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic cellular respiration.

A

requires oxygen-absence of oxygen

requires glucose-requires glucose

more energy produced-less energy produced

products H20, CO2-Animals, lactic acid. Plant’s, ethanol=CO2

35
Q

State the normal temperature of a human and why we need to maintain it.

A

36-37 degrees Celsius. We need a stable temperature for the enzymes in our body to function effectively and organs to continue functioning.

36
Q

Explain how body reacts if it goes above normal temperature.

A

Sweat glands release sweat, blood vessels dilate

37
Q

Explain how body reacts if it goes below normal temperature.

A

Blood vessels constrict, muscles shiver to generate heat, goosebumps occur to trap air layer near skin.

38
Q

Explain stimulus response when blood sugar levels increase.

A

S- increase in blood sugar levels
R- pancreas cells
cc- hypothalamus
E- insulin produced so that liver takes up more glucose
R- blood sugar levels drop to normal levels

39
Q

Define disease.

A

An illness that prevents a part of the human body to function normally.

40
Q

Name four pathogens or microbes that cause disease.

A

Viruses- herpes, flu
Bacteria- plague
Fungi- ringworm, athletes foot
Parasites- lice,

41
Q

Explain what a vector is

A

A vector is a living organism that transmits an infectious agent from an infected animal to a human or another animal.

42
Q

Describe how granite is formed?

A

Formed from magma solidifying underground

43
Q

Describe how basalt is formed?

A

Lava solidifying on the Earth’s surface.

44
Q

Sandstone is a sedimentary rock, describe how it is formed.

A

Weathering of igneous or metamorphic rock

Erosion breaks down rocks into sediment

Deposition of layers

Compaction of rocks pressed together

Cementation forms the sedimentary rock

45
Q

Marble is a metamorphic rock formed from limestone, describe how it is formed.

A

Marble is formed when limestone is subjected to intense heat and pressure over time.

46
Q

Describe continental drift. Give three pieces of evidence for it.

A

It is the theory that the Earth’s crust is divided up into moving plates.

Continents fit into together like a jigsaw puzzle.

Same plant and animal fossils found across different continents

Rock layers of similar material across different continents

47
Q

Explain how convection currents cause tectonic plates to move.

A

Crust moves the same direction as current.

Hot magma rises to the crust, as it rises it cools and sits back down creating convection currents.

48
Q

Source of heat for convection currents.

A

The source of heat comes from the core in the form of radioactive decay.

49
Q

Explain Transform boundaries.

A

Plates slide past one another causing earthquakes.

50
Q

Explain divergent boundaries.

A

Plates move away from each other causing mid ocean sea ridges, rift valleys and volcanoes.

51
Q

Explain convergent boundaries.

A

Plates move into one another cause one to go above another plate. Which forms subduction zones. This causes ocean trenches, volcanoes and earthquakes.

52
Q

Describe each layer of the earth

A

inner core, outer core, mantle, crust

53
Q

Describe the focus point in a earthquake.

A

This is the point below the earth’s surface where the earthquake originates.

54
Q

Describe the epicentre in an earthquake.

A

It is the point directly above where the focus is but on the earth’s surface.

55
Q

Describe the fault in an earthquake.

A

A fracture in the rocks along with the movement that causes an earthquake.

56
Q

How many times more powerful is an 8 on the richter scale compared to a 9.

A

Every digit means it is ten times more powerful.

57
Q

Describe a real life example of a transform boundary.

A

The San Andreas fault along the coast of California.

58
Q

Describe a real life example of a convergent boundary

A

Indo-Australian plate into the Eurasian plate near Indonesia and Sumatra.

59
Q

What are the three waves recorded by a seismograph.

A

Primary waves, secondary waves and surface waves.

60
Q

Describe all the waves meaning.

A

Primary waves are the first waves.

Secondary waves are body waves that travel through the the Earth’s inner layers.

Surface waves travel on the surface and cause the most damage.

61
Q

Describe how a tsunami is created.

A

Meteor hitting the ocean

Undersea volcano

Erosion or avalanche

Converging plates

62
Q

Describe the mantle plume in a hotspot.

A

A mantle plume is the upwelling of abnormally hot magma. This causes the crust to weaken and create a hotspot where lava is released in the form of volcanoes.

63
Q

Suggest two examples of real life hotspots

A

Hawaii, Galapagos islands

64
Q

State properties of all subatomic particle.

A

Protons- positive charge, located in nucleus, relative mass is 1 AMU

Neutrons- neutral charge, located in nucleus, relative mass is 1 AMU

Electrons- Negative charge, Orbiting around nucleus, relative mass is negligible

65
Q

Maximum number of electrons each shell can hold.

A

first shell- 2

second shell- 8

third shell- 18

last shell- 32

65
Q

Maximum number of electrons each shell can hold.

A

first shell- 2

second shell- 8

third shell- 18

last shell- 32

66
Q

List three types of radiation and their properties.

A

Alpha, atomic number is 2, mass number is 4, charge is plus 2, Ionizing power is high, penetrating power is low

Beta, no atomic number, no mass number, plus or negative charge, medium ionizing power, medium penetrating power

Gamma, no atomic number, no mass number, negative charge, low Ionizing power, high penetrating power.

67
Q

Describe what a half life is?

A

A half life is a measure of the decay of a radioisotope.

68
Q

What happens to atoms during radioactive decay.

A

They release ionizing radiation energy.

69
Q

What is the aim of a scientific report.

A

An aim is a single statement that describe the purpose or reason for why we are conducting an experiment. An aim should be brief and concise. It should state the purpose of the experiment without providing a prediction.

70
Q

What is the hypothesis of a scientific report.

A

The hypothesis is often written using the words “IF” and “THEN.” For example, “If I do not study, then I will fail the test.” The “if’ and “then” statements reflect your independent and dependent variables. The hypothesis should relate back to your original question and must be testable.

71
Q

What is the independent variable in a scientific report.

A

The independent variable is the one that is changed by the scientist. To insure a fair test, a good experiment has only ONE independent variable.

72
Q

What is the dependent variable in a scientific report

A

The dependent variable is the variable that is being measured or tested in an experiment. 1 For example, in a study looking at how tutoring impacts test scores, the dependent variable would be the participants’ test scores, since that is what is being measured.

73
Q

What is the controlled variable in a scientific report?

A

A control variable is anything that is held constant or limited in a research study. It’s a variable that is not of interest to the study’s aims, but is controlled because it could influence the outcomes.

Science Yr 9 (15 decks)

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