Human Body Test

Question 1

What are all living this made up of?

Answer 1

Atoms

Question 2

What base lifeform are humans?

Answer 2

Humans are carbon based life forms.

Question 3

What are hormones?

Answer 3

Hormones are signalling molecules produced by glands and aretransported through the circulatory system to target organs toregulate physiology and behaviour.

Question 4

How do body parts gain energy needed for maintenance, growth and movement?

Answer 4

Through the biological chemical reaction of cellar respiration.

Question 5

What is the worded equation for aerobic cellular respiration?

Answer 5

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Glucose Oxygen carbon dioxide Water energy

C=carbon
H=Hydrogen
O=Oxygen

Question 6

List the reactants of aerobic cellular respiration.

Answer 6

Oxygen and glucose

Question 7

What are the products of aerobic cellular respiration for both plants and animals?

Answer 7

carbon dioxide and water

Question 8

What are the reactants for anaerobic cellular respiration

Answer 8

glucose only

Question 9

The products of anaerobic cellular respiration for plants and animals?

Answer 9

ethanol and carbon dioxide for plants and lactic acid for humans

Question 10

Where and how is oxygen taken in the body?

Answer 10

Oxygen enters the body through the lungs during respiration (inhalation during breathing)

Question 11

Where and how does carbon dioxide exit the body?

Answer 11

Carbon Dioxide exits the body through the lungs during respiration (exhalation during breathing)

Question 12

Example of how diffusion works?

Answer 12

Substances will move from a high concentration to a low concentration when there is a thin barrier such as capillaries.

Question 13

How does blood become oxygenated?

Answer 13

The transfer of oxygen from the lungs to the blood occurs because oxygen is highly concentrated in the lungs (breathed in) and is a low concentration in the blood that has returned from the body

Question 14

Explain the process of transfer between, carbon dioxide and blood

Answer 14

The transfer of carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs occurs because carbon dioxide is highly concentrated in the blood that has returned from the body (produced by cellular respiration) and is a low concentration in the lungs that has returned from the body.
The oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported around the body in the blood

Question 15

How does carbon and hydrogen enter the body?

Answer 15

Carbon and hydrogen enter the body through digestion

Question 16

Define cellular respiration

Answer 16

Cellular respiration can occur both aerobically (using oxygen), or anaerobically (without oxygen).
During aerobic cellular respiration, glucose reacts with oxygen, forming ATP that can be used by the cell. Carbon dioxide and water are created as byproducts. Anaerobic respiration is a normal part of cellular respiration. Glycolysis, which is the first step in all types of cellular respiration is anaerobic and does not require oxygen.

Question 17

How does foods help with cellular respiration?

Answer 17

Food contains carbohydrates, proteins and fats which are digested in the digestive system providing the glucose for cellular respiration

Question 18

Where do digested nutrients move from a high concentration in the small intestine?

Answer 18

The digested nutrients move from a high concentration in the small intestine to a low concentration of nutrients in the blood

Question 19

How are nutrients transported around the body?

Answer 19

The nutrients are transported around the body in the blood

Question 20

Are all nutrients used to form glucose?

Answer 20

Some nutrients are stored and some are used in the form of glucose

Question 21

What happens to the water generated from cellular respiration?

Answer 21

he water generated by cellular respiration travels in the blood and can be used by the body or excreted in urine

Question 22

Define homeostasis

Answer 22

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment within narrow limits. For example temperature, glucose and blood pressure

Question 23

Why is homeostasis important?

Answer 23

Internal body homeostasis is important so enzymes and organs can continue functioning

Question 24

List and explain the extremes in core temperatures in the human body

Answer 24

The implications of extremes in core temperature to the human body are: hypothermia (low body temperature) – reactions in body are too slow and thus organs shut down, hyperthermia (high body temperature) – fever, enzymes denature and organs overheat and systems shut down.

Question 25

What are key things homestasis requires

Answer 25

Maintaining homeostasis requires detection of changes and responses to those changes

Question 26

List the two main systems for maintaining homeostasis

Answer 26

Two main systems for maintaining homeostasis are the nervous systems and hormonal systems

Question 27

What is the cell that is used to transmit information in the nervous system?

Answer 27

Nuerons

Question 28

What do nuerons consist of?

Answer 28

Neurons consist of dendrites (branches extensions from the cell body that receive information), cell body (contains nucleus) axon (carries information from the cell body to axon terminals) and axon terminals (neurotransmitters released)

Question 29

How small or big can an axon be?

Answer 29

Axon can be very short for example in the brain or can be very long like from your spinal cord to feet.

Question 30

How fast is the nervous system?

Answer 30

The nervous system is extremely fast because the signal that travels along the axon is electrical, it also has short lasting effects.
Between axons it is a chemical signal.

Question 31

Explain the two ways a decison is made

Answer 31

Some messages go to the brain and cause a response, others bypass the brain so a response can occur even faster which are reflexes.

Question 32

Explain the cause and effect of a spinal cord injury

Answer 32

Some causes of a spinal cord injury includes a violent attack such as a stabbing or gunshot, head or spinal issues. The effects of a spinal cord injury includes Extreme back pain or pressure in your neck, head or back. Weakness, incoordination or paralysis in any part of your body. Numbness, tingling or loss of sensation in your hands, fingers, feet or toes. Loss of bladder or bowel control.

Question 33

How fast is the hormonal systems response to changes?

Answer 33

The hormonal system response to changes is slower but longer lasting.

Question 34

List receptors in the hormonal system that detect change

Answer 34

Hypothalamus, Pancreas are receptors found in organs that detect change

Question 35

What gland in an organ produces a hormone (protein) that travels in the blood?

Answer 35

The endocrine gland in the organ then produces a hormone (protein) that travels in the blood.

Question 36

What happens when the hormon in the blood reaches the target organ?

Answer 36

When the hormone in the blood reaches the target organ binds to a receptor and there will then be a response.

Question 37

List what diseases involve

Answer 37

Diseases involve microbes (living things who can only be seen using a microscope) detrimental to body functioning such as bacteria and virus.

Question 38

What does a microbe need to strive with

Answer 38

To thrive microbes require water, an energy source (glucose) and the right temperature – the body can provide all of these.

Question 39

List things to minimize the disease

Answer 39

To minimize disease the following can be used: personal hygiene (minimizes entry to body), antiseptics (kill microbes), (sterilization of foods (treating them by boiling, drying, preservatives, irradiation), vaccination, quarantine (prevents cross contamination).

Question 40

What does having a low temperature do for your body?

Answer 40

A low temperature slows reactions down, and thus also slows the growth of microbes.

Question 41

What would happen to microbes if placed in refrigeration

Answer 41

Refrigeration slows microbe growth but doesn’t kill them.

Question 42

What would happen to microbes if you heat them?

Answer 42

Heating microbes above a certain temperature can kill them.

Question 43

Define a bacteria cell

Answer 43

Bacteria are single-cellular organisms with no defined nucleus.

Question 44

How can bacteria be seen?

Answer 44

Bacteria colonies can be seen if they can multiply.

Question 45

How do bacteria grow?

Answer 45

Bacteria multiply by growing and splitting into two. This is called binary fission.

Question 46

Where are bacteria found and can bacteria grow?

Answer 46

Bacteria are all around us and agar plates can be used to grow bacteria as it provides all they need.

Question 47

Why shouldn’t bacteria grown from agar plates not come to areas like toilet/ human secretion?

Answer 47

Bacteria grown on agar plates by students must remain sealed and not come from areas like toilets/human secretions to minimize the growth of detrimental bacteria.

Question 48

How can bacteria be killed?

Answer 48

Certain antibiotics will kill certain bacteria.

Question 49

What could the overuse of antibiotics result in?

Answer 49

Bacteria reproduce rapidly so the overuse of antibiotics could result in ineffective antibiotics as bacterial strains become resistant.

Question 50

What other things do antibiotics kill?

Answer 50

Antibiotics only kill bacteria; they do not kill other microbes.

Question 51

How can you find symptomes of disease?

Answer 51

Symptoms of disease are descriptors of how you feel. The signs are the physiological responses to microbes (not immune response) - For example. fever, diarrhoea, vomiting, rash.

Question 52

Indentify sources and uses of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and hormones

Answer 52

Protein
Animal-based foods (meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy foods) tend to be good sources of complete protein. Protein has many roles in your body. It helps repair and build your body’s tissues, allows metabolic reactions to take place and coordinates bodily functions. In addition to providing your body with a structural framework, proteins also maintain proper pH and fluid balance
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are found in a wide array of both healthy and unhealthy foods—bread, beans, milk, popcorn, potatoes, cookies, spaghetti, soft drinks, corn, and much more. They also come in a variety of forms. The most common and abundant forms are sugars, fibres, and starches. Carbohydrates serve several key functions in your body. They provide you with energy for daily tasks and are the primary fuel source for your brain’s high energy demands. Fibre is a special type of carb that helps promote good digestive health and may lower your risk of heart disease and diabetes.
Lipids
Commonly consumed oils are canola, corn, olive, peanut, safflower, soy, and sunflower oil. Foods rich in oils include salad dressing, olives, avocados, peanut butter, nuts, seeds, and some fish. Lipids are an important part of a healthy diet. The body uses lipids as an energy store, as insulation and to make cell membranes.
Hormones
Endocrine glands, which are special groups of cells, make hormones. The major endocrine glands are the pituitary, pineal, thymus, thyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas. In addition, men produce hormones in their testes and women produce them in their ovaries.
Ultimately, hormones control the function of entire organs, affecting such diverse processes as growth and development, reproduction, and sexual characteristics. Hormones also influence the way the body uses and stores energy and control the volume of fluid and the levels of salts and sugar (glucose) in the blood.

Question 53

Link as many specialised cells to their function

Answer 53

Red blood cells- carry oxygen around the body, which is needed for respiration.
Sperm cells- Sperm are the male sex cell. They are made in the testes after puberty. They join with an egg cell during fertilisation to form an embryo which can then develop into a new life.
Egg cells-Eggs are the female sex cell. They are made in the ovaries before birth. Usually, one egg is released each month during the menstrual cycle, but sometimes this number may be higher. They join with a sperm cell during fertilisation to form an embryo which can then develop into a new life.
Nerve cells-Nerve cells transmit electrical signals in the nervous system.
Ciliated cells-Ciliated cells are found in the airways. They have tiny hairs on their tops called cilia which beat in a rhythm. These hairs move mucus containing dust and other particles upwards and out of the airways. Ciliated cells are also found in the oviducts. Here the tiny hairs beat to move the egg from the ovaries to the uterus.
Vili cells-Villi are structured about one millimetre long in the small and large intestines. Millions of them poke out to absorb digested food and water into the blood.

Question 54

List how diseases might spread through the cause and mode of infection.

Answer 54

Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. Many organisms live in and on our bodies. They’re normally harmless or even helpful. But under certain conditions, some organisms may cause disease. Infectious diseases commonly spread through the direct transfer of bacteria, viruses or other germs from one person to another. This can happen when an individual with the bacterium or virus touches, kisses, or coughs or sneezes on someone who isn’t infected.

Question 55

Identify how diseases can be prevented from spreading

Answer 55

Wash and dry your hands regularly and well. Stay at home if you are sick. Cover coughs and sneezes. Clean surfaces regularly.