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science exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

explain fully the TWO main methods we can use to measure the rate of a reaction.

A
  • how quickly the reactants are used up or rate of disappearance of the product
  • how quickly the product are formed or the rate of appearance of the products
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2
Q

Rate of reaction = - - - - - - - - - - - - OR - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

A

amount of reactants used OR amount of product produced over time

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3
Q

What are some of the common ways we can measure the rate of reaction experimentally?

A
  • precipitation
  • change in mass
  • volume of gas given off
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4
Q

definition of the collision theory

A
  • in a chemical reaction there is a collision involve between the reactant particles.
  • theory states that the molecules must collide with sufficient energy (AE) and with suitable orientation to disrupt the bonds.
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5
Q

concentration applied to collision theory

A
  • if solution is more concentrated, there is greater density of reactant particles meaning there more collisions
  • bc at the same proportion there is greater rate of collision
  • greater rate of successful collisions
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6
Q

subdivision applied to collision theory

A
  • by increasing surface area, we are exposing more of the reactant
  • more reactant particles are available for collision
  • higher successful collision rate
  • faster reaction time
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7
Q

temperature applied to collision theory

A

1- reactant particles are moving faster meaning rate of collision increases
- increase of successful collision and faster reaction time
2- increasing temp effect molecular energies of reactants
- reactant have sufficient kinetic energy to supply AE needed for reaction
- successful collision and faster rate of reaction

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8
Q

catalyst

A

substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not used up in the reaction

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9
Q

catalysts applied to the collision theory

A
  • provides alternative pathway for the reaction than the one available with the reactant alone
  • lower AE meaning less collision energy is required
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10
Q

Outline the difference between a scalar measurement and a vector measurement.

A

scalar - quantities measured with numbers and units

vector - quantities with magnitude and direction

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11
Q

Give two examples of a scalar quantity and two examples of a vector quantity.

A

scalar - speed, distance, time

vector - velocity, acceleration, displacement

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12
Q

distance defintion

A

is the total amount length of a path travelled

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13
Q

displacement definition

A

is the length of a straight lined path from the beginning to end with a direction

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14
Q

velocity definition, classify them as scalar or vector quantities

A
  • is the rate of change of displacement
  • vector
  • V = s/t
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15
Q

acceleration definition, classify them as scalar or vector quantities

A
  • is the rate of change of velocity
  • vector
  • A = change in V/t
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16
Q

speed definition, classify them as scalar or vector quantities

A
  • is the rate of change of distance
  • scalar
  • V = s/t
17
Q

Describe DNA

A
  • 2 stands of repeating units call nucleotides
  • responsible for passing genetic information from cell to cell
  • codes for protein production
18
Q

describe chromosomes

A
  • longs strands of genetic information located at the nuclei of the cell
  • 46 stands of DNA > 46 chromosomes
19
Q

describe genes

A
  • sequence of nucleotides found in DNA that is codes for the production of protein
20
Q

DNA structure

A
  • nucleotides twisted into a double helix

- phosphate > sugar > base

21
Q

what is a codon and what does it do

A

group of 3 bases on mRNA that codes for amino acid

22
Q

what are proteins made up of

A

information contained in the mRNA molecule is translated into the amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.

23
Q

Describe THREE differences between DNA and RNA

A
  • no thymine, has uracil instead
  • RNA is single stranded
  • ribose sugars instead of deoxyribose sugars
24
Q

Name the TWO processes involved in protein synthesis and where in the cell each occurs

A
  • transcription happens in the nucleus of a cell

- translation happens on a ribosome in the cytoplasm

25
Q

How many chromosomes does a normal human body cell contain?

A

humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, so in total 46 chromosomes

26
Q

What does it mean when cells are haploid or diploid?

A

diploid: is a cell with 2 sets of chromosomes from each parent
haploid: is a cell that has a single copy of each chromosomes

27
Q

What is fertilization and what is the name of the cell formed?

A
  • stage of sexual reproduction when gametes fuse

- when egg is fertilised, a zygote is formed

28
Q

What is a human karyotype?

A
  • in each pair, one chromosomes is inherited from the father and other inherited from the mother
29
Q

Describe the difference between a genotype and phenotype.

A

genotype: refers to the genetic characteristics of an organism
phenotype: refers to the physical characteristics of an organism

30
Q

Describe the difference between a homozygous and heterozygous genotype.

A

homozygous: when the alleles for a characteristic in a homozygous pair are same
heterozygous: when the alleles for a characteristic in a heterozygous pair are different

31
Q

Describe co-dominant inheritance

A

is when in heterozygous individuals, a phenotype is created where both alleles show

32
Q

when do we use punnet squares

A

used to cross 2 traits, determine genotype

33
Q

describe incomplete inheritance

A
  • when 2 different alleles are neither dominant or recessive
  • heterozygous individuals creates a phenotype of a mix of the two
34
Q

define allele

A

a version of a gene that each person inherits from each parent

35
Q

3 similarities between DNA and RNA

A
  • phosphate backbone
  • nitrogenous bases
  • both carry genetic information

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