earth and space

Question 1

recall the Big Bang theory

Answer 1

• theory states that act 13.7b yrs ago all of space was filled with a hot, dense form of unstable energy
• this began to enlarge rapidly and form into particles of matter

Question 2

evidence supporting Big Bang theory

Answer 2

expanding universe

cosmic microwave background

Question 3

describe red shift

Answer 3

• light emitted by stars observed have dark lines in the spectrum
• Edwin hobble observed that the pattern of dark lines in the light form distant galaxies shifted towards the red end of the spectrum
• this red shift suggests that distant galaxies are moving away from earth & supports the idea of an expanding universe

Question 4

how is a star formed

Answer 4

1) Big Bang creates hydrogen & helium
2) clouds of H&He slowly begin to accumulate (forming nebula)
3) cloud collapses due to stronger gravitational forces
4) gravity continues to pull the gas inwards
5) gas cloud will get hotter & denser for millions of yrs whilst still pulling inwards
6) outward pressure from the gas is balanced by the inward force of gravity (core of nebula because stable = protostar)
7) gas continues to collect and add mass to the protostar
8) temperature inside the core are millions of degrees until it is hot enough for nuclear fusion
9) a star is born

Question 5

lithosphere

Answer 5

outer most rocky layer consisting the upper mantle and crust

Question 6

atmosphere

Answer 6

thin layer of gas known as air between earth and space

Question 7

hydrosphere

Answer 7

made up of all the earth’s waters (solid, liquid, gas)

Question 8

biosphere

Answer 8

made up of all the living things on earth (plants, animals, bacteria)

Question 9

infiltration

Answer 9

downward movement of water through land

- river/lake > ground

Question 10

percolation

Answer 10

water that seeps through the ground, ground into aquifer

Question 11

plant uptake

Answer 11

nutrients taken from the ground into a plant

Question 12

sublimation

Answer 12

process of snow and ice changing into water vapour in the air

Question 13

ozone layer

Answer 13

• located in stratosphere
• prevents harmful UV rays from the sun reaching us on Earth
• skin cancer, sun burn, eye damage, immune system damage

Question 14

reduce carbon footprint

Answer 14

• consume less red meats

- switch to renewable energy like solar

Question 15

4 global warming effects on the world

Answer 15

• more extreme heat waves
• fewer frosts
• melting of glacier and ice sheets
• shifts in rainfall

Question 16

3 ways we are contributing to global warming

Answer 16

• burning fossil fuels
• deforestation
• livestock and rice cultivation

Question 17

a-b

Answer 17

Photosynthesis

Question 18

b-a

Answer 18

respiration

Question 19

b-l

Answer 19

decomposition

Question 20

h-b

Answer 20

calcification

Question 21

l-a

Answer 21

burning fossil fuels

Question 22

small star cycle

Answer 22

neb, protostar, main sequence star, red giant, planetary nebula, white dwarf, black dwarf

Question 23

large star cycle

Answer 23

neb, protostar, main sequence star, super red giant, supernova, neutron star or blackhole

Question 24

2nd gen star

Answer 24

when a main sequence star is formed with the leftover matter from a supernova