Science book quizzes Flashcards
What occurs when the circulatory system carries bacteria and their toxins to other parts of the body?
General infection
Bacteria that are harmless and can even be beneficial are called:
Nonpathogenic
Bacteria that can cause infections and disease, produce toxins and spread easily via contaminated tools or dirty hands and fingernails are considered:
Pathogenic
An example of a preventative measure for certain viruses is:
Vaccinations
Organisms that live on or obtain their nutrients from another organism called a host are known as:
External parasites
A communicable disease refers to a disease that is:
Spread from one person to another
Common ways of spreading infection in the workplace include all of the following descriptions EXCEPT:
a. coughing
b. shared drinking cups
c. clean hands and tools
d. unclean hands and tools
c. clean hands and tools
Direct transmission of an infectious disease can occur from:
Skin-to-skin contact with an infected person
Which of the following actions would be considered a standard precaution for infection control?
a jdjdjd
B sjsjdj
c. disinfecting tools and equipment
d. oodoo
c. disinfecting tools and equipment
When exposure to a disease organism triggers the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease it is called:
Active immunity
The removal of surface or visible debris, organic materials and potential pathogens using soap, detergent or chemical cleaner is the infection control method of:
Cleaning
The infection control method that kills certain pathogens (bacteria, viruses and fungi) with the exception of spores on nonporous surfaces, tools and multi-use supplies is referred to as:
Disinfection
The regulating agency under the Department of Labor that enforces safety and health standards in the workplace is:
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
In addition to the efficacy claims on the label what information is assigned to a product to show its approval?
EPA registration number
An approved EPA-registered disinfectant is effective in what type of surface?
Nonporous
It is important to clean nail tools before:
Immersing them in disinfectant
All nail tools or supplies that come in contact with the client during a service must be discarded or:
Disinfected
All of the following statements are precautions regarding disinfectants EXCEPT:
a. store in a cool, dry area
b. tightly cover and label all containers
c. purchase chemicals in small quantities
d. use hands to remove objects from disinfectant
d. use hands to remove objects from disinfectant
A nail professional failed to wear safety glasses when mixing a disinfectant. Some disinfectant splashed into their eye. Where could they find information to refer to for appropriate procedures?
SDS (Safety Data Sheets)
The killing or destroying of all microbial life, including bacterial spores is the infection control procedures of:
Sterilization
What is an important safety guideline to keep in mind when using electrical equipment?
If electrical device falls into water, unplug it before removing from the water
Overexposure to chemicals in the nail salon/spa occurs when:
A safe level of chemical exposure is exceeded
Inhalation overexposure in the nail salon/spa can occur when:
There isn’t adequate ventilation
What law was enacted to encourage people to help others in an emergency situation?
Good Samaritan laws
What type of burn extends beneath the epidermis into the dermis, causing a blister to form?
Second degree
When dealing with a chemical burn, the nail professional should:
Neutralize as much chemical as possible
If the skin is not broken following a heat or electrical burn, which action is recommended to treat the burn area?
Immerse in cool water
When you believe a person may be choking, what step should be taken FIRST?
Determine if the victim can speak or cough
Which of the following actions should be taken if a person has fainted?
Apply a cold compress to the face
In the case of a chemical injury to the eye, which action is recommended?
Flush the eyeball with lukewarm water for 15-30 minutes
Which area of science involves the study of the structure of organs and systems of the body?
Anatomy
The control center of cell activities is called the:
Nucleus
Most cell activities take place in the:
Cytoplasm
The chemical process in which cells use nutrients for cell growth and reproduction is known as:
Metabolism
The release of energy within a cell necessary for the performance of specific body functions is caused by:
Catabolism
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
Cover and protect body surfaces and internal organs
The tissue that contracts, when stimulated, to produce motion is known as:
Muscular tissue
A separate body structure composed of tissues that perform specific functions as part of a system is an:
Organ
The organ that controls all body functions is the:
Brain
Cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs and organs make up:
Systems
Which system is the physical foundation of the body?
Skeletal system
The point at which two or more bones are joined together is called a:
Joint
Long bones are found in the:
Arms and legs
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
a. allowing body movement
b. sending and receiving body messages
c. surrounding and protecting internal organs
d. providing a frame that muscles can attach to
b. sending and receiving body messages
The small bone located on the little-finger side of the lower arm is the:
Ulna
The 8 carpals held together with ligaments form the:
Wrist
The 5 long, thin bones that form the palm of the hand are the:
Metacarpals
Which bone is the thigh bone and the longest bone in the body?
Femur
The outer and narrower of the 2 lower-leg bones, extending from the knee to the ankle, is known as the:
Fibula
What is the term for the 5 small bones at the base of the toes?
Proximal phalanges
Myology is the study of the structure, function and diseases of the:
Muscles
Which type of muscle responds automatically to control various body functions?
Involuntary
The three parts of a muscle are the:
Origin, belly, insertion
The nail professional is primarily concerned with which type of muscles found in the arms, hands, legs and feet?
Voluntary
Muscles affected by massage are generally massaged from the:
Insertion attachment to origin attachment
The muscle that turns the palm of the hand up is the:
Supinator
Which group of muscles straightens the fingers and wrist?
Extensor
What group of three muscles controls the motion of the little finger?
Hypothenar eminence
What is the function of the tibialis anterior muscle?
Bends the food upward and inward
What muscle moves the big toe away from the other toes?
Abductor hallucis
Two interrelated subsystems of the circulatory system are the cardiovascular system and the:
Lymph-vascular system
The body system responsible for blood circulation, including the heart, arteries, veins and capillaries, is called the:
Cardiovascular system
What is the sticky, salty fluid that circulates through the body, bringing nourishment and oxygen to all parts of the body?
Blood
Blood performs all of the following functions EXCEPT:
a. transports oxygen
b. controls breathing
c. regulated body temperature
d. protects the body from the threat of infection
b. controls breathing
What is another name for red blood cells?
Erythrocytes
Cells that fight bacteria and other foreign substances are called leukocytes or:
White blood cells
Thick-walled vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to various tissues of the body are:
Arteries
The process of blood traveling from the heart, throughout the body and back to the heart is called:
Systemic circulation
Which action is a function of the lymph-vascular system?
a. circulating blood
b. clotting the blood
c. maintaining fluid balance
d. carrying carbon dioxide to the tissues
c. maintaining fluid balance
How do lymph nodes indicate possible infection of the body?
They swell
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and the:
Autonomic nervous system
The brain, spinal cord and spinal and cranial nerves make up the:
Central nervous system
Which part of the central nervous system is composed of long nerve fibers, originates in the base of the brain and extends to the base of the spine?
Spinal cord
What system is composed of sensory and motor nerves that extend from the spinal cord and brain to other parts of the body?
Peripheral nervous system
Thread-like fibers that extend from the nerve cell and bring information to the cell body are called:
Dendrites
The digestive, respiratory and circulatory are examples of body systems operated by the:
Autonomic nervous system
What nerves carry messages from the brain to the muscles and glands?
Motor
The system that breaks food down to be easily absorbed by cells or become waste products is the:
Digestive system
Eliminating solid, liquid and gaseous waste products is the function of what system?
Excretory system
Nail and hair growth, skin conditions and energy levels are all directly affected by the:
Endocrine system
The six basic functions of the skin include sensation, heat regulation, absorption, protection, excretion and:
Secretion
What layer of the skin does NOT contain any blood vessels?
Epidermis
Which layer of the epidermis is located on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet?
Stratum lucidum
Where does mitosis or cell division of the skin take place?
Stratum basale
What gives colour to the skin?
Melanin
Which layer of the skin contains collagen protein and elastin fibers, which lend support to the epidermis and give the skin it’s elastic quality?
Dermis
Sweat is excreted by what gland?
Sudoriferous
A mixture of sweat and sebum on the surface of the skin is referred to as:
The acid mantle
Which layer of the skin is located below the dermis and composed of adipose (fatty) and loose connective tissue?
Subcutaneous
All of the following statements identify ways to protect the skin from the sun’s harmful effects EXCEPT:
a. apply sunscreen every 6 hours
b. wear protective clothing when in the sun
c. apply sunscreen every 2 hours or as necessary
d. stay out the sun during peak hours of 10am to 4pm
a. apply sunscreen every 6 hours
Subjective symptoms vs Objective symptoms:
Subjective is something you can feel and objective is something you can see
Chronic is the term used to identify conditions that are:
Constantly reoccuring
A papule is an example of a:
Primary skin lesion
Caitlyn is a client who has small elevations of skin similar to vesicles in size and shape but contain pus. Which primary lesion describes Caitlyn’s condition?
Pustules
A solid formation above the skin, often caused by insect bites or allergic reaction, is called a:
Wheal
Which secondary lesion is a dried mass that is the remains of an oozing sore?
Crust
Which skin lesion usually appears as cracks or lines and often occur when skin loses its flexibility due to exposure to wind, cold and water?
Fissure
Which term is another name for a keratoma
Callus
What is the technical term for a lack of pigmentation of the skin caused by a decrease in melanocyte activity?
Leukoderma
What is the term for a skin inflammation caused by direct contact with an irritant or allergen?
Contact dermatitis
The study of the structure and growth of the nails is called:
Onychology
What skin structure extends from the first joint of the finger to the visible nail plate, back under the skin?
Proximal nail fold (PNF)
The nail plate rests on which area of the nail?
Nail bed
The part of the nail that extends from the matrix to the free edge is the:
Nail plate
What is the glassy, grayish band at point where the nail plate meets the hyponychium?
Onychodermal band
The living tissue under the free edge that prevents bacteria from entering the nail bed is known as the:
Hyponychium
Nails are made of a hardened protein known as:
Keratin
What part of the nail contains lymph, blood vessels and nerves that create new nail cells?
Nail matrix
As new nail cells are produced, they push the old cells foward toward the free edge and:
Keratinize
Under normal circumstances it takes how long for a fingernail to replace itself?
4-6 months
Any disease, disorder or condition of the nail is called:
Onychosis
A contagious fungal infection of the nails is known as tinea unguium or:
Onychomycosis
Onychia is an inflammation of the proximal nail folds or:
Lateral nail folds
Onychatrophia is the nail disease identified as:
Atrophy of the nail
What nail disease, commonly referred to as “greenies,” is caused by the bacteria known as pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Chloronychia
The disorder in which the nail grows into the edge of the lateral nail fold or nail bed, causing ingrown nails, is called:
Onychocryptosis
Another term for bitten nails is:
Onychophagy
What is a common cause of brittle nails?
Overuse of nail solvents
Improper filing, injury to the matrix or contact with harsh solvents could be causes of:
Onychorrhexis
Living skin that becomes attached to the nail plate at the proximal nail fold or hyponychium is referred to as:
Pterygium
Matter with definite weight and volume but no definite shape is called:
Liquid
Is “oxygen and hydrogen combine to form water” a chemical change or physical change?
Chemical change
Pure substances that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance is called:
Elements
A substance formed by two or more different types of elements united chemically is a:
Compound
Monomer molecules that undergo a chemical reaction that links them end-to-end, forming long chains, create simple:
Polymers
What compound starts the chemical reaction necessary to begin the curing process of a nail product?
Initiator
A substance that controls the speed at which a chemical reaction occurs is a:
Catalyst
What nail product ingredient ensures all ingredients blend to create a uniform, compatible mixture?
Solvent
A nail product additive that prevents a product from polymerizing, or curing, too soon is referred to as an:
Inhibitor
Which nail enhancement system is primarily composed of oligomers?
Light-cured gel system
Light, heat, chemical and magnetic changes are all produced by:
Electricity
The movement of electricity along a path called a conductor is an:
Electric current
Materials that best transport electricity are called:
Conductors
A problem that can occur when more current flows than the line is designed to carry is called an:
Overload
The light energy used to cure gel products is known as:
Ultraviolet light
Factors needed for a proper cure include wavelengths, intensity, time and:
Distance
What feature of an electric file is measured in RPM?
Speed
Which term describes the amount of resistance on an e-file while the bit is in motion and in contact with the nail or nail enhancement product?
Torque
All of the following descriptions apply to a dual-action airbrush EXCEPT:
a. allows for faster paint application
b. releases the air and paint at the same time
c. airflow is varied by pressing down on lever
d. paint flow is varied by pulling back on lever
b. releases the air and paint at the same time
A compressor, moisture trap and hose are all parts of what type of nail equipment:
Airbrush
