Science Biology Flashcards
This dose not include the Bio plants and stuff since she is still teaching it. (159 cards)
1
Q
What is Cell Theory?
A
A theory that states:
- All Living things are made up of one or more cells is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes.
- The cell is the simplest unit that can carry out all life processes.
- All cells come from other cells; they do not come from non-living matter.
2
Q
What is a Eukaryote, and give me an example of one.
A
A cell that contains a nucleus and other organelles, each surrounded by a thin membrane.
An example of a Eukaryote in both are:
-Amoeba (single)
-Animals and plants (multicellular)
3
Q
What is a Prokaryote, and give me an example of one.
A
A cell that does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles. They can come in single-celled organisms or multicellular organisms
An example of a Prokaryote is:
-E.coli
4
Q
What is an Organelle?
A
A cell structure that preforms a specific function for the cell.
5
Q
What organelles are found in a Plant cell that is not found in an Animal cell?
A
Chloroplast, Large/Central Vacuole, and Cell wall.
6
Q
What organelles are found in an Animal cell that is not found in a Plant cell?
A
eh nutin’ riwy
7
Q
What is a Cytoplasm? What does it do?
A
Description:
-Mostly water
-Other substances
-Jelly-like OR liquid
Function:
-Storage
-Chemical reactions
-Move organelles
8
Q
What is a Cell membrane? What does it do?
A
Description:
-Flexible double-layered
-Semi-permeable
-surrounds the cell
Function:
-Protect the cell
-Semi-permeable/ allows certain things to enter and leave
9
Q
What is a Nucleus? What does it do?
A
Description:
-Roughly spherical
-Contains DNA
Function:
-Contents DNA
-Controls the cell activity
-Copies DNA for cell division
10
Q
What is a Mitochondria? What does it do?
A
Description:
-Called the “power plant”
-Contains enzimes
-Large reddish oval
Function:
-Produce energy for the cell through the use of CELLULAR RESPIRATION
11
Q
What is an Endoplasmic reticulum? What does it do?
A
Description:
-A 3D network of branching tubes and pockets
-Extends throughout the cytoplasm and is continuous from the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane
Function:
-Transport materials, such as proteins
-helps with the production of hormones
-also muscle contraction
12
Q
What is a Golgi body? What does it do?
A
Description:
-Series of networks
-Stack of pancakes
Function:
-Collect and process materials
-Remove things
-Secrete mucus
13
Q
What are Vacuoles? What does it do?
A
Description:
-single-layery membrane
-fluid sac
Function:
-Both(Containing some substances, removing unwanted substances from the cell, and maintaining internal fluid pressure)
-there are other functions for different cells but we don’t gotta know dat I tink…
probably…
ish…
14
Q
What are Risbosomes? What does it do?
A
Description:
-Tiny oval round structures
Function:
-Make proteins
15
Q
What are Cell walls? What does it do?
A
Description:
-Rigged structure
-made of cibrohidatl(wait no its “cellulose” my notes are very hard to read)
Function:
-Protect the cell and support
16
Q
What is Chloroplast? What does it do?
A
Description:
-Contains chlorophyll
-Green in colour
-All over the cell of a PLANT
Function:
-Absoprbes light energy
-Makes energy/food and stores is away(not the chloroplast)
17
Q
Study the diagrams!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
A
They are in your notes…
Study the entire notes package since it is not in the q cards.
18
Q
Asexual reproduction
A
A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.
18
Q
What is the difference in shape between plant cells and animal cells?
A
the plant is hard and rigid
animal is round and un shapable
19
Q
Sexual reproduction
A
A reproductive process that involves two parents who combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents
20
Q
Diffusion
A
A transport mechanism for moving chemicals into and out of the sell from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
21
Q
Concentration
A
The amount of a substance (solute) present in a given volume of solution
22
Q
Osmosis
A
The movement of a fluid, usually water, across a membrane towards an area of high solute concentration
23
Q
How does a single cell become a full-grown multicellular plant or animal?
A
Asexual reproduction/Mitosis/Cell disvision
24
When Mitosis occurs what is the offspring genetical form?
The same if performed without complication
25
How often do cells divide?
every 20 minutes after they are large enough
26
When a table is 99.9% bacteria-free, will it stay like that? explain?
No, The table will, every 20 minutes, divide to make 0.1% to 0.2%, etc...
27
How often do skin cells get replaced?
Skin cells die and are replaced every day
28
How often do red blood cells get replaced?
Red blood cells die and are replaced every 120 days
29
A minor wound heals over time, Explain how this happens.
MITOSIS...................
30
Why do cells Divide instead of just getting bigger, as organisms grow?
As cells get bigger nutrients take a longer time to reach their destination starving the cell which kills it, and Waste product must diffuse out of the cell quickly so they do not poison the cell
31
Why are concentration, diffusion, and osmosis important for a cell?
These movements take in and out nutrients and waste to grow the cell
32
Cell cycle
(flip the Q card, not an answer)
Notes package since I cant show pictures
33
What are the stages of the cell cycle?
Interphase (G1), Interphase (S phase), Interphase (G2), Mitosis (Prophase), Mitosis (Metaphase), Mitosis (Anaphase), Mitosis (Telophase), Cytokinesis
34
What happens in G1
Growth
New Proteins & Organelles Made
35
What happens in the S phase of interphase?
DNA replication
36
What happens in G2 phase of interphase?
Continued protein synthesis and cell growth in preparation for cell division
37
What happens in the Prophase?
Chromosomes condense and are now visible
38
What happens in meta
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
39
What happens in Anaphase
Sister chromatids split and move to either pole (Disjunction)
40
Why is mitosis an important life process?
GRRR:
Growth
Reproduction
Repair
Replacement
41
What happens in telophase?
Nuclear membrane reforms
Chromosomes decondense
Spindle fibres disappear
42
What happens in cy
division of the cell
43
How many stages are there in Interphase?
3, G1, S, G2
44
How many stages are there in Mitosis?
4, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
45
What is Cancer?
a broad group of diseases that result in uncontrolled cell division
46
What is a Tumour?
A mass of cells that continue to grow and divide without any obvious function in the body
47
What is a Benign Tumour?
A tumour that dose not affect surrounding tissues other than by physically crowding them
48
What is a Malignant Tumour?
A tumour that interferes with the functioning of surrounding cells; a cancerous tumour
49
Mutation
change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
50
Carcinogen
substance or environment that causes cancer
51
Heredity
the transmission of traits from one generation to the next, in context; cancer can be heredity
52
Metastasis
The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site to other organs
53
What is Cancer screening and why is it important?
It is finding a indication of Cancer. It is important because you can treat it easily the earlier you find it
54
4 Methods of cancer screening
enetic screening
Self-examination
Pap test
PSA test
Not so important
blood test
skin cheek with doctors
checking for moles ABCD's
55
What are the ABCDs?
asymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter
56
What is Genetic screening?
Testing DNA for the presence or absence of a particular gene or an altered gene that was heredity from family
57
What is Self-examination?
Felling for lumps or irregularity's in the body
58
What is a Pap test?
A test that involves taking a sample of cervical cells to determine if they are growing abnormally
59
What is a PSA test?
Blood test to screen for prostate cancer
60
What are the 5 methods that can be used to diagnose cancer?
MRI
Endoscopy
X-ray
Ultrasound
CT scanning
61
What are 3 conventional methods of treating cancer?
Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation treatment
62
Are all cells in a complex organism the same/ identical?
No
63
Explain what is meant by saying "Cells become specialized"
The large city analogy
64
What is a specialized cell?
A cell that can perform a specific function
65
In what two ways are cells specialized?
Physical and chemical
By Removing adding and changing organelles also changing shape
Chemically by Producing different chemicals
66
What does a specialized cell do?
One job very well.
67
Red blood cells
Function and how they do that function.
Function:
-To transport oxygen around the body to cells and tissues
How?
-Have large SA;V ratio (surface area to volume) for maximum oxygen absorption.
-Have special protein called hemoglobin to carry oxygen
-Have no nucleus, so have a lot of space to carry as much hemoglobin as possible.
68
White blood cells
Function and how they do that function.
Function:
-To engulf bacteria and fight infections
How?
-Able to move in and out of cells (like an amoeba)
-Has chemicals that can kill germs
69
Muscle cells
Function and how they do that function.
Function:
-To help our bodies or parts of our bodies to move.
How?
-Long, Arranged in bundles
-Able to contract and shorten to move bones
70
Sperm cells
Function and how they do that function.
Function:
-To fertilize egg during sexual reproduction
How?
-Has a "arrow-shaped" head to move easily
-Has a spiral shape so it can move independently
71
Nerve cells
Function and how they do that function.
Function:
-To transmit messages around the body in the form of electrical inpulses
How?
-Cells are elongated to carry the messages
-Have finger-like projections which extend into cells and tissues to get the message into and out of them
72
Epidermal cells in the trachea
Function and how they do that function.
Function:
-Help keep bacteria out of the lungs
How?
-Have goblet cells that produce mucous
-Have hairs called cilia what move the dirt out of the lungs through the mucous
73
Bone cells
Function and how they do that function.
Function:
-To create the body's skeleton
How?
-Able to collect calcium from food to grow bones
-Have holes in them through which blood vessels can run
74
Skin cells
Function and how they do that function.
Function:
-To protest the surface of the body to cover the cells inside and reduce water loss
How?
-Flat and fit tightly together
75
Xylem cells
Function and how they do that function.
Function:
-To transport water up and throughout the plant
How?
-Hollow of the inside to carry water without obstructions
-No cytoplasm or organelles
- Cells join together to form long tubes
76
Phloem cells
Function and how they do that function.
Function:
-To transport food (sugars) around the plant from the leaves
How?
-Cells join together to form long tubes
-Have special cells to help transport food
77
Root cells
Function and how they do that function.
Function:
-To suck water and minerals from the soil
How?
-Has long, hair-like extensions which increase surface area for water and minerals to be absorbed into the roots
78
Guard cells
Function and how they do that function.
Function:
-To decrease water loss from the leaves
How?
-Has the ability to open creating space through which water and air can pass and close to prevent water from leaving
79
Palisade (photosynthetic) cells
Function and how they do that function.
Function:
-To make food (sugar) for the plant in the process called photosynthesis
How?
-Contain many chloroplasts with chlorophyll
80
Why are complex organisms made up of specialized cells?
Because they have many important individual functions, it also maximize an organism's productivity.
81
What is the difference in DNA in all the cells in your body?
All the same.
82
What is Tissue?
83
What is an Organ?
A structure composed of different tissues working together to perform a complex function
84
What is an Organ system?
Asysmen of one or more organs and structures that work together to perform a major vital body function such as digestion and reproduction.
85
What is the Hierarchy of Structure in Animals? Give an example.
Cells.
Group to form.
Tissue.
Group to form.
Organs.Grouped together with tissue to form.
Organ systems.
Grouped together to form.
Organisms.
Heart muscle Cell
Heart muscle Cell
Heart
Circulatory system
Deer
Alveolus Cell
Lung tissue
Lung
Respiratory system
Human
86
What is epithelial tissue? Give an example, description and function.
Example:
Skin.
Lining of the digestive system.
Description:
Thin sheet of tightly packed cells covered surfaces and lining internal organs.
Function:
Protection from dehydration.
Low friction surfaces.
87
What is connective tissue? Give an example, description and function.
Example:
Bone.
Tendons.
Blood.
Description:
Various types of cells and fibres held together by a liquid, or solid, or a gel, known as a matrix.
Function:
Support.
Installation.
88
What is muscle tissue? Give an example, description and function.
Example:
Muscles that make bones move.
Muscles surrounding the digestive track.
Heart.
Description:
Bundles of long cells called muscle fibres that contain specialized proteins capable of shortening and contracting.
Function:
Movement.
89
What is nerve tissue? Give an example, description and function.
Example:
Brain.
Nerves in sensory organs.
Description:
Long, thin cells with fine branches at the ends capable of conducting electrical impulses.
Function:
Sensory.
Communication within the body.
Coordination of body functions.
90
What is the respiratory system?
The organ system that is made-up of the nose, mouth, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The system provides oxygen for the body and allows carbon dioxide to leave the body.
91
Parts of the Respiratory system. 10 in total.
Nasal cavity.
Mouth.
Pharynx.
Larynx.
Trachea.
Lung.
Broncos (spelt differently)
Bronchial (spelt differently)
Alveoli.
Diaphragm.
92
What is the mouth?
Opening in the face. Can take in air, but is secondary to the nasal cavity.
93
What is the nose?
A hole in the face. Hairs in the nose. The primary entry point of air which cleans the air.
94
What is the pharynx?
A connection from your mouth or your nose into the trachea. It directs air into the trachea and moistens and warms air.
95
What is the epiglottis?
Small leaf-shaped thin sheet of tissue that covers the trachea. It separates the food and water from the air.
96
What is the trachea?
Also called the windpipe into your lungs. Cartilage surrounds it. Tiny cilia hairs on the inside. Connects pharynx to lungs. Carries air in and out of the lungs. Helps to clean the air.
97
What is the bronchi?
Cartilage surrounds it. Tiny cilia hairs on the inside. Carries air in and out of the lungs. Helps to clean the air.
98
What are the Bronchioles?
Tiny branches extending from the bronchi. Connects to the alveoli. Directs air into the alveoli.
99
What are the alveoli?
Tiny sacs that are filled with air. Can be described as a bundle of grapes. This is where gas exchange happens and diffusion.
100
What is the main purpose/role of the respiratory system?
Gaseous exchange.
101
What is gaseous exchange?
Gaseous exchange is when oxygen enters the bloodstream in the lungs and carbon dioxide leaves the body. This occurs due to diffusion. The concentration of oxygen is always higher in the air that we inhale into our lungs than in the blood flowing through our lungs that is coming out of our lungs. This causes oxygen to diffuse from an area of higher concentration. Into the area of lower concentration.
102
What happens to the oxygen that is diffused into our blood?
It traverses through the circulatory system handed off by Red blood cells to other cells for cellular respiration.
103
What are some diseases in the respiratory system?
Tuberculosis.
SARS.
Cancers.
104
Tuberculosis is what?
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease. Which means that it is easily passed between people. It is caused by bacteria that enter your blood when you breathe. This bacteria grows in your lungs.
105
What is SARS?
It is a deadly disease known as severe acute respiratory syndrome. It became a global epidemic. This is one of the many diseases you can have from the respiratory system.
106
What is cancer in the lungs...
Cancer in the lungs...
107
What is the musculoskeletal system?
The organ system that is made-up of bones and skeletal muscle. The system that supports the body protects delicate organs and makes movements possible.
108
How many bones is a human body supposed to have?
206
109
Name the 3 types of connective tissue that make up the skeleton.
Bone.
Ligaments.
Cartilage.
110
Describe the bone tissue.
Tissue is hard and dense. It consists of bone cells within a matrix of minerals and collagen fibres. Canals inside the bone contain nerve and blood vessels.
111
Bone Diagram!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Bone Diagram!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
What, you thing there is something else I would say...
waidaminit!
112
Describe the ligaments.
Ligaments are tough, elastic connective tissue that holds bones together at the joints. They are made-up of mostly long fibres and collagens.
113
What is cartilage?
Cartilage is a dense connective tissue found in the ear, nose, esophagus, and the disks between our vertebrae and joints. Cartilage is made-up of special cells in a matrix of collagen fibres. It provides a strong flexible flow friction support for bones and other tissues.
114
Are bones considered to be living or dead tissue?
Only a small percentage of bone tissue is actually considered a living. Also, there is a living tissue within the bone called bone marrow. This has stem cells within it that produce red blood cells.
115
What are the functions of the skeleton?
The main rule of the skeleton is to provide structure and support for our bodies and anchoring ports for our muscles. Some bones also protect the soft internal organs, such as the brain. Bones contain bone marrow which creates red blood cells.
116
What is a muscle?
Muscle tissue consists of bundles of lung cells called muscle fibers that contain specialized proteins. These proteins cause the muscle to contract when signaled by nerve cells.When they contract, the muscle gets shorter and thicker. Skeletal muscle tissue is one of the three types of muscle tissue. The other are smooth muscle, mostly located in the intestines, and cardiac muscle in the heart.
117
What is skeletal muscle?
Skeletal muscle is attached to bones by tendons, allowing the movement of body parts. This is a voluntary movement which can be controlled by us. Skeletal muscle is the only muscle that can be controlled by us voluntarily.
118
What are tendons?
Tendons are the tissue that connects the muscles to the bones. Are like ropes being pulled by people to move a rock.
Thank you. Thank you. Yes, yes, I know that was a beautiful analogy.
119
What is osteoporosis?
It is a disease that can affect people of all ages but is most common among older women. This disease involves the loss of bone tissue, making the bones brittle and weak. Osteoporosis does not cause any pain, so only a bone density test can indicate the presence of this disease. This can lead to broken bones. This is due to the lack of calcium and vitamin D. Physical activity can also lessen the risk of osteoporosis. Drink your milk, kids.
120
What is the nervous system?
The organ system that is made-up of the brain, the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves. The system senses the environment and coordinates appropriate responses.
121
What is the central nervous system?
The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and the spinal cord.
122
What is the peripheral nervous system?
The part of the nervous system consisting of the nerves and connecting the body to the central nervous system.
123
What is the sensory neuron?
The neurons that sense your environment and send it to the brain and spinal cord.
124
What is an interneuron?
Connects the sensory to the motor neurons.
125
What is a motor neuron?
Nerves that control voluntary muscle.
126
What is the overall function of the nervous? Ohh this is so obvious bro.
Transffo info and stuffo.
127
Give 3 examples of the nervous system coordinating activities in your body.
Digestion. By triggering peristalsis.
Breathing. By moving the diaphragm up and down.
Heartbeat. By making it beat.
128
What does our brain help us do?
Smell, feel, taste, hear, see and perceive.
Perceive as in like very quick reactions.
129
Give two functions of the spinal cord.
Acts as a shortcut for reflexes, sends info around and stuff.
130
What is the cerebral spinal fluid?
Surround your spinal cord and brain to protect and transport chemicals and remove waste products from the brain.
131
NERVE CELL
like the diagram and stuff ya know. go review it...
But there is a eazy way of remembering the diagram (Logical method)
So the Axon terminal is the end of the nerves soooooooooo
Terminal means end... ez to remember
So the cell body is like THE BODY.
pretty straight forward
The Melenen sheath is like a sheath
like a sword sheath
it surrounds something to protect it
132
What are sensory receptors?
The receptors are special cells or tissue that receive input from our internal environment and send signals along the peripheral nerves to our central nervous system. For example, our eyes have receptors that are sensitive to light.The ears, mouth, nose, muscles and skins have other receptors as well.
133
Define the word stimulus.
Something that causes a reaction in the body. For example, if someone shoots me with a gun I will react with… I don’t know really.
134
What is the circulatory system?
The organ system that is made-up of the heart, the blood and the bully vessels. The system that transports oxygen an nutrients around the body and carries away waste. Does not excrete waste.
135
What three main parts is the circulatory system made of?
Blood.
Hearts.
Blood vessels.
136
What is the blood and what is its purpose?
Blood is a type of connective tissue that circulates through all parts of your body. The blood consists of four components, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. blood picks up oxygen and then flows through the body to deliver it to the active cells
137
What is the heart?
The heart is made-up of three different types of tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and connective tissue. Cardiac muscle tissue is a special type of tissue only found in the heart. The cardiac muscle contracts at the same time to pump blood around the body.Boo.
138
What are blood vessels?
Blood vessels form a network of tubes throughout the body to transfer blood. There are three types of blood vessels.
139
What are red blood cells?
Red blood cells contain proteins called hemoglobins, which give blood its red colour. It makes up almost half of the blood's volume. It transports oxygen around the body by storing it in a donut shape. The hemoglobin sends oxygen to cells that need cellular respiration.
140
What are white blood cells?
Makes up less than 1% of the body's volume. Has a nucleus. And are several types of it. Its main function is to protect the body from bacteria and others.
141
What are platelets?
Tiny fragments, pieces of cells. Makes up less than 1% of the blood. This helps in blood clotting. Without this you would bleed forever. you would be a paper cut away from death
142
What is plasma? like the one in our blood.
The liquid portion of blood, protein rich, makes up over half of the blood's volume. Sends proteins and nutrients to all cells.
143
What are the three types of blood vessels?
Arteries, veins and capillaries.
144
What are arteries?
Very thick walls, and have a small lumen. Carries blood away from the heart at very high pressure.
Wait what?
oh no...
145
What are veins?
Veins have walls not as thick as arteries and have larger lumens. It carries blood towards the heart at lower pressure.
wait lower? uhhhhhhhhhh...
um... Thats not good
146
What are capillaries?
Tiny blood vessels, very thin walls. Enables the exchange of gases, nutrients and wastes between the blood and the body's tissue.
WaIT? exchange gas?
I'm flipping done for my test!
147
What is coronary artery disease?
It is when blood clots form in the arteries. This cuts off the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the heart. The heart has muscles that work all the time and need oxygen and nutrients all the time.
148
What is the digestive system?
The organ system that is made-up of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas and gallbladder. The system that takes in, breaks up and digest food and then excretes the waste.
149
Parts of the Digestive system. 10 in total.
Mouth.
Salivary gland.
Gallbladder.
Liver.
Pancreas.
Small intestine.
Esophagus.
Stomach.
Big intestine.
****** slash ****. What?
it's supposed to say Rectum/Anus
150
What is the mouth?
Is an opening in the face. Consists of teeth, saliva gland and tongue. It is meant for chewing food…
Nothing else.
NOTHING ELSE!
151
What is the esophagus?
A muscular tube connecting your mouth to your stomach, made of smooth muscle. Brings food to the stomach by contracting. This is called paralysis. No peristalsis.
152
What is the stomach?
The stomach is one of the major organs in an animal's digestive system. Very muscular J-shaped organ. Is lined with smooth muscle. Also is lined with cells that make digestive enzymes an acids. Richly supplied with nerves. The main function is the hold food and churn it. Protein digestions begin here. Tick.Next.Nerves in the stomach signal when we're hungry an when we have enough to eat.
153
What is the intestine?
The small one is 6 meters long and very narrow. The large one is 1.5 meters long, very big or larger in diameter. Found between the stomach and the anus. Made up of smooth muscle. Richly supplied with nerves and blood vessels. Also, some cells make mucus. The function of the intestine is to digest food and absorb water.
154
What are accessory organs?
The small one is 6 meters long and very narrow. The large one is 1.5 meters long, very big or larger in diameter. Found between the stomach and the anus. Made up of smooth muscle. Richly supplied with nerves and blood vessels. Also, some cells make mucus. The function of the intestine is to digest food and absorb water.
155
Why are accessory organs called accessory organs? (what google says)
Accessory organs are organs that secrete substances needed for the chemical digestion of food but do not move food as it is digested.
156
How many openings does the digestive track have?
Two. There's one at the face. And one in the anus.
157
Describe 3 diseases/disorders of the digestive system.
Constipation: You are dehydrated, so the large intestine sucks out all the water of your poo to make it very hard. Also, mucus is gone because it is made of water. No soft I guess. Very, very pain. I have first-hand evidence.
Diarrhea: This is a disorder when there is a lot of water but not a lot of sucking. This is usually when there is bacteria in the water digestive system just flush it all out in a liquidy substance.
Cancer...
158
Compare the two digestive systems of an earthworm and a human.
One is useless, one is a type of worm
Worm
-One intestine
-Gizzard and crop
-2 Stomacks
Human
-2 intestines
-One Stomach
-Pancreas, liver, salivary gland, and others
BOTH
-Anus
-Esophagus
-Mouth
-Pharynx
-Epiglottis(Don't do this one cuz she gonna kill you)
