Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

TEAS > SCIENCE - Anatomy > Flashcards

SCIENCE - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Types of glial cells in the peripheral nervous system

A

schwann cells - which secrete myelin

and satellite cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Temporal lobe function

A

involved in language comprehension and emotional associations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which lobe is responsible for processing visual information?

A

occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

white matter

A

myelinated regions - lies deep to the gray matter of the cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gaps in the myelin sheath

A

nodes of Ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

outermost portion of the cerebral cortex that forms ridges

A

gyri

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

outermost portion of the cerebral cortex that forms valleys

A

sulci - this along with gyri maximizes surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

two portions of the peripheral nervous system?

A

autonomic and somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

autonomic nervous system, and what does it control?

A

in control of involuntary functions like heart rate, digestion, respiration, and “fight or flight”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

fight or flight response controlled by what?

A

adrenal gland (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what portion of the brain controls the autonomic nervous system?

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does the somatic nervous system control?

A

controls sensory information and motor control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

two types of nerve of the somatic nervous system

A

afferent (sensory) - cells relay messages to the CNS

efferent (motor) - cells carry messages to the muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a reflex arc?

A

a signal sent from the peripheral nervous sys to the spinal cord, and then directly to a motor cell causing movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

salivary _____ breaks down primarily what?

A

amylase - and starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic contractions that move the partially-digested food towards the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is in the stomach to aid in digestion?

A

HCl - hydrochloric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

fat is broken down into what?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

digestion of fats requires what?

A

bile acids that are produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

most nutrients are reabsorbed into the bloodstream in the ________, and this occurs through what type of cells?

A

small intestines, and mucosal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

three major segments of the small intestines?

A

duodenum - combines digestive substances from the liver and pancreas

jejunum - primary site of nutrient absorption

ileum - absorbs remaining nutrients and moves the remaining matter into the large intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

major function of the large intestines

A

In the large intestine, active transport of sodium, coupled with osmotic absorption of water, are the primary activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

waste first travels through the ____ and then the ______?

A

large intestines (colon) to rectum and through the anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what initiates the breakdown of carbohydrates?

A

salivary amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

outer layer of bone is composed of what?

A

a matrix made of collagen and minerals that gives bones their strength and rigidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the bone matrix is formed from functional units called ______ that include layers of compact bone called ________

A

osteons, lamellae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

the lamellae surround a cavity called the _______. which contain the bone’s blood supply. These canals are in turn connected to the _______ by another series of channels called ________.

A

Haversian Canal (central canal)

  • periosteum
  • Volkmann’s canals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

circumferential lamellae connect to the ________ which is what?

A

-periosteum, the bone’s outermost membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

osteoblasts within osteons produce what?

A

produce bone by secreting osteoid which undergoes calcification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

when the bone tissue hardens around these osteoblasts, the bone hardens around cells called _______

A

osteocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

osteocytes are found where? and the space they occupy within the bone tissue is known as _______

A

found in small spaces between concentric lamellae.

lacunae.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

the lacunae are connected by a series of channels called _____

A

canaliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

osteoclasts

A

break down bone and help maintain blood calcium levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

lining cells

A

flattened osteoblasts that protect the bone and also help balance calcium levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

spongy bone inside the outer harder layer is called ______

A

trabeculae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

within the layer of trabeculae is the ______, which houses cells that produce _____. This process is called ________.

A

bone marrow that produces red blood cells

-hematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

bone marrow also produces many of the ________

A

lymphocytes aka white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

four main categories of bones?

A

long bones (femur, humerus)

short bones - wider than they are long (clavicle and carpals)

flat bones (skull, pelvis, and rib cage)

irregular bones (jaw, vertebrae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

bones are held together at ______ by _______

A

joints by connective tissue called ligaments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

three types of joints

A

fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

fibrous joints are connected by what?

A

dense, collagen-rich fibers aka immovable joints (connect skull bones - sutures)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

joined by special tissue called hyaline cartilage (joint of all cartilage)

-Examples in humans are the “growth plates” between ossification centers in long bones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Synovial joint

A

joined by synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint and allows for movement (knee)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

osteoporosis

A

when minerals are leached from the bone, making bones more likely to break

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

brittle bone disease

A

results from a genetic defect that affects collagen production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

osteoarthritis

A

breakdown of cartilage in joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

an autoimmune disease that affects synovial membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

the three types of muscle

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

skeletal muscle…

A

voluntarily controlled and attach to the skeleton to allow movement in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

smooth muscles

A

involuntary muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

cardiac muscles

A

found only in the heart, are involuntary muscles that contract the heart to pump blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

muscle is composed of what two proteins?

A

actin (thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments) - these two things form a lattice structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

parts of muscle?

A

…see pic p. 98

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

two types of myofilaments are?

A

actin and myosin

55
Q

when muscle fibers are overstretched, the result is what? this can cause what?

A

muscle strain - can cause stiffness, pain and bruising

56
Q

what is muscular dystrophy?

A

a genetically inherited condition that results in progressive muscle wasting, which limits movement and can cause respiratory and cardiovascular difficulties

57
Q

overstretching a ligament is called what?

A

a sprain

58
Q

the two parts of the immune system?

A

innate and adaptive

59
Q

innate immunity

A

includes nonspecific defenses that work against a wide range of infectious agents. this system includes both physical barriers that keep out foreign particles and organisms along with specific cells that attack invaders that move past barriers.

60
Q

adaptive immunity

A

learns to respond to specific invaders

61
Q

first line of defense examples?

A

skin, mucus, vagina acidity, saliva enzymes, urethra mechanical, earwax

62
Q

the body’s initial nonspecific response?

A

inflammation - infected cells release signaling molecules indicating that an infection has occurred, which causes increased blood flow to the area. this increased blood flow includes the increased presence of white blood cells called leukocytes

63
Q

most common type of leukocyte found at sites of inflammation

A

neutrophils - engulf and destroy invaders

64
Q

what are antimicrobial peptides? RESPOND TO BACTERIA

A

part of the innate response, and these attack DNA or membrane of bacteria

65
Q

INNATE cells that respond by compromising membrane

A

natural killer lymphocytes - perforin (pore) and granzymes (cause apoptosis)

66
Q

infected cells may release what?

A

interferon - nearby cells increase defense in response

67
Q

adaptive immune system recognizes molecules called?

A

antigens on the surfaces of pathogens

68
Q

antigen-presenting cells have ______ to display “self” or antigens

A

MHC - major histocompatibility complex

69
Q

antigens presented by MHC complex on antigen-presenting cells are recognized by?

A

helper T lymphocytes

70
Q

helper T lymphocytes recognize antigens and begin releasing _______ which activate what?

A

cytokines, and activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes

71
Q

function of cytotoxic T cells

A

Cytotoxic chemicals induces apoptosis of abnormal cells

perforin & granzyme

72
Q

once B-cells are activated, the rapidly multiply to create ________ (B-cells must first be activated by cytokines from Helper T-cells)

A

plasma cells, which turn into antibodies

73
Q

where are T-cells produced?

A

start to develop in bone marrow, but travel to thymus and mature here

74
Q

where are B-cells produced?

A

stay in bone marrow until after maturation process

75
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

immune system eats away at the protective covering of nerves

76
Q

lupus

A

occurs when your immune system attacks its own tissues and organs causing inflammation, pain and damage

77
Q

males gametes or sperm are produced where?

A

testes (testicles)

78
Q

once mature, sperm is stored?

A

in the epididymis

79
Q

the testes are housed where? and what is the function of this part?

A

scrotum, and it contracts and relaxes to make sure the temperature is right for sperm production, which is usually slightly lower than normal body temperature.

80
Q

during sexual stimulation the sperm travel through a small thin tube called the ______, and along the way the sperm is joined by ______ from three glands to form _______.

A

vas deferens, fluids, semen

81
Q

what secretes the bulk of semen? and what is semen comprised of?

A

seminal vesicle, and it’s comprised mostly of proteins, sugar and enzymes

82
Q

which three glands add to the fluid and sperm to create semen?

A

seminal vesicle, the prostate, and the cowper gland

83
Q

function of the prostate gland

A

secrete fluids that add to semen in order to provide the alkaline fluid to counteract the acidity of the vaginal tract to aid sperm in survival

84
Q

function of the Cowper gland (bulbourethral gland)

A

secretes a protein-rich fluid that acts as a lubricant

85
Q

semen travels through the _______, and exits the body through the ________

A

urethra, and penis

86
Q

the main hormone associated with the male reproductive system and where it is released from?

A

testosterone - released by the testes, and in the adrenal glands in much smaller amounts

87
Q

gestate meaning

A

carry a fetus in the womb from conception to birth

88
Q

review female reproduction p. 102, but already know most of this

A

…

89
Q

what is the myometrium?

A

muscular layer next to the endometrium where muscle contractions occur during labor

90
Q

Estrogen is produced where in females? Estrogen stimulates _______, which contain immature eggs cells.

A

ovaries, Graafian follicles

91
Q

The pituitary gland releases ______, which causes the egg to be released into the fallopian tube (ovulation)

A

LH - luteinizing hormone

92
Q

During pregnancy which two hormones are released in large amounts to help with fetal growth and to prevent further ovulation?

A

estrogen and progesterone

93
Q

The endocrine system is composed of a network of organs called ______ that produce signaling chemicals called _______

A

glands, hormones

94
Q

much of the action of the endocrine system runs through the ______, which receives signals from the brain and in turn will release hormones

A

hypothalamus

95
Q

hormone released from pineal, and function

A

melatonin - regulates circadian rhythms (the sleep/wake cycle)

96
Q

hormones released by pituitary gland

A

human growth hormone (HGH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and ACTH

97
Q

hormones released by the hypothalamus

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), dopamine, growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), oxytocin, vasopressin

98
Q

hormones released by thyroid gland, and functions

A

thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), calcitonin. energy use and protein synthesis

99
Q

hormones released by parathyroid, and functions

A

(PTH) parathyroid hormone, calcitonin. Maintain calcium and phosphate levels. PTH acts on osteocytes to break down bone matrix to release calcium

100
Q

hormones released by adrenal glands, and functions

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, androgens, aldosterone. “fight or flight” response, regulation of salt and blood volume

101
Q

hormones released by pancreas, and functions

A

insulin, glucagon, somatostatin. blood sugar levels and metabolism.

102
Q

hormones released by testes, and function

A

androgens (testosterone). maturation of sex organs, secondary sex characteristics

103
Q

hormones released by ovaries, and function

A

progesterone, estrogen. maturation of sex organs, secondary sex characteristics, pregnancy, childbirth, and lactation

104
Q

hormones released by placenta, and function

A

progesterone, estrogens, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG - which targets corpus luteum and says don’t die, suppresses immunological rejection of the blastocyst, and shunts sodium away from mom to prevent damage to blastocyst), human placental lactogen (promotes mammary gland growth in preparation for lactation).

Main function: gestation and childbirth

105
Q

hyperparathyroidism can lead to what?

A

osteoporosis

106
Q

which system refers to the skin and related structures

A

integumentary system (skin is the largest organ in the body and includes the hair and nails)

107
Q

Skin is composed of how many layers, and what are they?

A

3 layers:

  • epidermis - the outermost layer. waterproof layer that contains no blood vessels and acts mainly to protect the body
  • dermis - directly underneath the epidermis, which consists of dense connective tissue that allows the skin to stretch and flex. the dermis is home to blood vessels, glands, and hair follicles
  • Hypodermis - a layer of fat below the dermis that stores energy (in the form of fat) and acts as a cushion for the body. It is sometimes called the subcutaneous layer
108
Q

skin is important for thermoregulation, which is what?

A

blood vessels near the surface of the skin can dilate, allowing for higher blood flow and the release of heat. they can also constrict to reduct the amount of blood that travels near the surface of the skin, which helps conserve heat

109
Q

the skin also produces what?

A

vitamin D when exposed to the sunlight

110
Q

what are the glands responsible for maintaining homeostasis? where are they located?

A

eccrine glands - which are located primarily in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet (and to a lesser degree in other areas of the body). these glands release the water and salt (NaCl) mixture called sweat. These glands help maintain the appropriate salt/water balance

111
Q

glands that are primarily found in the armpit and groin that release pheromones? what are they sensitive too?

A

apocrine glands - sensitive to adrenaline, and are responsible for most of the sweating that occurs due to stress, fear, anxiety, or pain. they are largely inactive until puberty

112
Q

the urinary system is also called what?

A

the genitourinary system - because many organs function as part of both the reproductive and urinary systems, the two are sometimes referred to as this

113
Q

urinary system is crucial for maintaining?

A

salt/water balance (electrolyte balance)

114
Q

functions of the kidneys

A

filter waste from the blood; maintain the electrolyte balance in the blood; and regulate blood volume, pressure, and pH

115
Q

hormones released by the kidneys, and their function?

A

renin - regulates blood pressure

calcitriol - the active form of vitamin D

116
Q

the kidney is divided into what two regions?

A

renal cortex - outermost layer

renal medulla - inner layer

117
Q

functional unit of the kidney is the? and what is this?

A

nephron - series of looping tubes that filter electrolytes, metabolic wastes, and other water-soluble waste molecules from the blood. a normal human kidney contains around one million nephrons

118
Q

wastes filtered by the nephron include what two things?

A

urea - which is a nitrogenous byproduct of protein catabolism

uric acid - a byproduct of nucleic acid metabolism

-together these waste products are excreted from the body in urine

119
Q

filtration begins in a network of capillaries called a ________ which is located in the renal cortex, and this waste is then funneled into _______ in the renal medulla.

A

glomerulus, and collecting ducts

120
Q

from the collecting ducts, urine passes through the _______ and then through the two long tubes called ________

A

renal pelvis, ureters

121
Q

the two ureters drain into the ________, which holds up to _______ of liquid

A

urinary bladder, 1000 mL of liquid

122
Q

bladder exit is controlled by what?

A

two sphincters - internal (smooth m. and involuntary) and external (voluntary)

123
Q

urine exits the bladder through?

A

urethra

124
Q

what is the primary cell found in the tract of the small intestine?

A

surface absorptive cells (SAC) line the intestinal microvilli to absorb food material as it passes through the intestine

125
Q

________ is the general term referring to the formation or conversion of bone by osteoblasts

A

ossification

126
Q

function of progesterone in the female reproductive system

A
  1. stimulation of milk production in the breasts
  2. regulation and preparation of the endometrial lining of the uterus for potential pregnancy
  3. inhibition of contractions of the uterus as the ovum is released
127
Q

layer of skin that acts as an energy reserve by storing adipocytes and releasing them into circulation when energy is needed

A

hypodermis

128
Q

The ________ is the deepest layer of the five layers of the epidermis

A

The stratum basale is the deepest layer of the five layers of the epidermis, the outer covering of skin in mammals. … The stratum basale is primarily made up of basal keratinocyte stem cells, which can be considered the stem cells of the epidermis.

129
Q

functions of the liver

A

nutrient processing, blood filtration and detoxification, cholesterol and lipoprotein production

130
Q

two major zones of the respiratory system

A

the conducting zone - consists of the upper respiratory tract from the nose and mouth through the trachea

the respiratory zone - consists of the lower respiratory tract from the bronchioles to the alveoli and serves as a site of gas exchange

131
Q

what is the alimentary canal

A

the whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus. It includes the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

132
Q

major tissue layers of the alimentary canal

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. serosa
133
Q

outermost connective tissue covering of an organ, vessel or other structure

A

Adventitia is the outermost connective tissue covering of an organ, vessel, or other structure.

134
Q

spongy bone is also known as what?

A

cancellous bone

TEAS (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions