Life Science

Question 1

the four basic macromolecules

Answer 1

carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins

Question 2

macromolecules are _______ which are larger molecules comprised of smaller molecules called _________

Answer 2

polymers, monomers

Question 3

monomers are joined together by a dehydration reaction, which is an _______ (energy requiring) rxn so-called bc it releases a molecule of water

Answer 3

endothermic

Question 4

the bonds in a polymer can be broken by a _____ rxn

Answer 4

exothermic (energy releasing) reaction, and H20 is broken down to join monomers H+ and OH

Question 5

carbohydrates (sugars) are made up of what?

Answer 5

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

Question 6

monomers of carbohydrates are called what? and have these elements in the ratio _______

Answer 6

monosaccharids, CnH2nOn

Question 7

Common monosaccharides include?

Answer 7

glucose and fructose

Question 8

monosaccharides join together to form?

Answer 8

disaccharides (sucrose, lactase), and polysaccharides

Question 9

monosaccharides and polysaccharides can join together to form complex branching molecules called _______

Answer 9

oligosaccharides

Question 10

bodily uses for carbohydrates?

Answer 10

fuel sources (glycogen, amylose)

means of communication b/w cells (glycoproteins)

cell structure and support (cellulose, chitin)

Question 11

lipids (fats) are composed of what?

Answer 11

mainly of hydrogen and carbon

Question 12

functions of lipids?

Answer 12

make up the outer structure of cells (phospholipids), and can act as fuel, as steroids, and as hormones. Lipids are hydrophobic (repel water)

Question 13

two types of cholesterol? which is good, and which is bad?

Answer 13

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) and Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

HDL is good, LDL is bad

Question 14

functions of proteins?

Answer 14

enzymes: DNA replication, cellular division, cellular metabolism

structural proteins: rigidity to cartilage, hair, nails, and the cytoskeletons

communication b/w cells, and transportation of molecules

Question 15

proteins are made up of individual ______. each of which has what?

Answer 15

amino acids - each of which has an amino group, and carboxylic acid group, along with other side groups

Question 16

amino acids are joined together by what type of bonds? when they join they become?

Answer 16

peptide bonds and when they join in this way they become polypeptides

Question 17

how many amino acids are there?

Answer 17

20

Question 18

each nucleotide includes what?

Answer 18

a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

Question 19

what is a codon?

Answer 19

a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule. Each codon codes for a specific amino acid.

Question 20

what are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA?

Answer 20

thymine, cytosine (pyrimidines)

adenine, guanine (purines)

Question 21

what is the one different nitrogenous base for RNA?

Answer 21

thymine is replaced by uracil

Question 22

DNA is made from the sugar _______, and RNA is made from the sugar ______

Answer 22

deoxyribose (DNA), ribose (RNA)

Question 23

together, all the codons needed to make a specific protein are called a _______

Answer 23

gene

Question 24

When a protein is produced the two sides of the DNA helix unwind, and a complementary strand of __________ is manufactured using the DNA as a template (a process called _______). This mRNA then travels outside the nucleus where it is “read” by ________ (a process called ______)

Answer 24

messenger RNA (mRNA)

transcription

read by a ribosome, a process called translation

Question 25

each codon is matched to a _______, which carries a specific _________. The sequence of ______ is then joined together to form a _________

Answer 25

anti-codon, amino acid

amino acids is then joined together to form a polypeptide

Question 26

when it is not being transcribed, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called __________ into packages called _________. Chromatin is further packaged into packages of DNA called _________. During cell division, DNA is replicated to create two identical copies of each ________ called ________.

Answer 26

Histones, Chromatin

Chromosomes

Chromosomes, called chromatids

Question 27

What are the first four phases of the cell cycle? And what is this stage called collectively? This stage comes before what? In other words these phases are not a part of mitosis (when the cell is actively dividing)

Answer 27

Interphase

Go (Growth phase 0)
G1 (organelles are duplicated)
S phase (DNA synthesis) - genetic material is duplicated
G2 phase (additional growth and protein production)