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Grade 8 > Science 8 Review > Flashcards

Science 8 Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is static electricity?

A

non-flowing charges; imbalance between positive(+) and negative (-) charges.

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2
Q

What are the types of charging?

A

friction, conduction, induction

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3
Q

What is friction?

A

rubbing together of surfaces that result in electron transfer

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4
Q

What is conduction?

A

flowing of electrons from one surface to another through DIRECT CONTACT

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5
Q

What is Induction in static electricity?

A

Rearrangement of charges WITHOUT CONTACT

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6
Q

What is an atom and what are its parts?

A

atom- the smallest unit of matter

parts- electrons, protons and neutrons

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7
Q

What causes lightning?

A

caused by imbalances of charges between the clouds & other things (can be buildings, trees, etc.)

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8
Q

Why does lightning usually occur during storms?

A

because the heat convection in the clouds constantly change the temperature within the cloud, disturbing the placement of charges

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9
Q

Describe electric current.

A

electric current is the RATE OF FLOW OF CHARGES

P.S.- electric current & charge are directly proportional

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10
Q

What are the components/ PARTS of a circuit?

A

Energy source/ battery, switch, connecting wires & load/resistor

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11
Q

What are the QUANTITIES of a circuit?

A

Resistance, Voltage, Power & Current

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12
Q

What is a current?

A

rate of flow of charges

formula: charge/time
unit: Amperes

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13
Q

What is Voltage?

A

the force that generates current

formula: Current x Resistance
unit: Volts

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14
Q

What is Resistance?

A

resists the flow of charges, increases with the length of the connecting wires

formula: Voltage/Current
unit: Ohms

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15
Q

What is Power (in electric current)?

A

Heat generated by electricity

formula: voltage x current
units: Watts

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16
Q

Ohms’ Law

A

voltage & current are directly proportional, while voltage & resistance are indirectly proportional

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17
Q

types of circuits

A

Series circuit & parallel circuit

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18
Q

describe a series circuit (with advantages & disadvantages)

A
  • has only a single path for current flow (ex: Christmas tree lights)
  • A: simple design, long battery life & less likely to overheat, since it draws out less energy from the battery
  • DA: of one load breaks, the others will break as well
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19
Q

Describe a parallel circuit (with advantages & disadvantages)

A
  • each load has its own separate path of current flow (ex: room lights)
  • A: independent control over the bulbs & the bulbs are brighter compared to those in the series circuit
  • DA: likely to overheat; draws out more energy from battery
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20
Q

Concept Checking: will (-) and (-) attract or repel? Why?

A

Repel, because only opposite charged objects attract.

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21
Q

Concept Checking: In electricity, which part of an atom is the one being transferred?

A

Electrons.

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22
Q

Concept Checking: When an atom has 8 protons, 5 neutrons and 5 electrons, what is its charge?

A

Positively charged, since there are more protons.

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23
Q

Concept Checking: Why don’t Birds & Squirrels get electrocuted on power lines?

A

Electricity is always looking for a way to travel to the ground. However, the birds & squirrels aren’t in any contact with the ground since they’re on the power lines. Plus, the feet/ claws (?idk) of the birds have some sort of insulator on them.

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24
Q

describe a plate.

A

massive slab of rock(continental/ oceanic)

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25
describe a fault.
crack in earth's crust; where rocks move across each other
26
describe stress (in earthquakes)
force that causes the faults to move
27
What are the 3 general plate movements?
Convergence (Continental-Continental, Continental-Oceanic, Oceanic-Oceanic), Divergent, Transform
28
C-C Convergence plate movement
forms mountain ranges & earthquakes
29
C-O Convergence plate movement forms what?
forms mountain ranges, volcanoes (thru subduction) & earthquakes
30
What is subduction?
when the oceanic plate goes under the continental plate (because it's denser), melts and would look for a way to release the heat= volcanoes
31
O-O convergence plate movement
forms underwater volcanoes & trenches
32
Divergent plate movement result in...?
drifting apart of plates, forms volcanoes, rivers, underwater volcanoes & earthquakes, rift valleys & ridges
33
Transform plate movement causes what?
earthquakes & abandoned rivers
34
What causes plate movements?
mantle convection current
35
Earthquakes are usually @ plate boundaries. But why is it that not all boundaries have volcanoes?
Because not all boundaries have oceanic-continental convergence. Some might be continental-continental convergence
36
Why are plate boundaries called faults but not all faults are plate boundaries?
Because not all cracks in the earth's crust are the boundaries of a plate.
37
describe a fault.
fracture/zone of fractures between 2 rocks
38
types of faults
normal, reverse/ thrust & transform/ strike-slip
39
Normal Fault
caused by tensional stress (divergent plate movement) | hanging wall slides down
40
Reverse/ Thrust Fault
caused by compressional stress (convergence plate movement) | hanging wall moves upward
41
describe a Transform/ Strike-Slip Fault
plates slide past each other | most damaging since 2 plates are moving
42
What is the Western Philippine Fault often referred to as? (Hint: it's in the Metro Manila region)
"The Big One" | This is because it is a very active fault and this is the reason we have an annual earthquake drill.
43
Where do earthquakes usually occur in?
the Circum-Pacific belt, Mid-Atlantic Ridge & the Alpide belt
44
Why do we usually experience earthquakes here in the Philippines?
b/c we're in the Ring of Fire, where there are a ton of active volcanoes
45
What are the 3 causes of earthquakes?
volcanic activity, tectonic plate movement & man-made activity
46
what are some effects of earthquakes?
landslide, avalanche, tsunamis, new landforms, underground water reservoirs, spring, minerals& oil
47
what are the 3 types of earthquakes?
volcanic, tectonic, collapse & explosion
48
How do earthquakes occur?
plates slowly move, compression increases, rocks break apart @ fault lines, energy is released as seismic waves & earth's surface vibrates
49
Which part of an earthquake refers to a fracture in the crust?
fault
50
which part of an earthquakes refers to where the most energy is released& is the origin of the earthquake
focus
51
which part of the earthquake is directly above the focus?
epicenter
52
describe a fault scrap
slope caused by the displacement of rock/crust
53
describe seismic waves/ wave front (as a part of an earthquake)
transmit energy released by the earthquake
54
types of Seismic waves
``` Body waves (interior of earth, travels faster) Surface waves- 2-3 km, damages stuff ```
55
P--waves (primary)
- a body wave - fastest (4-7 km) - compression type
56
describe S-waves (secondary)
- a body wave - 2-5 km - transverse shear wave
57
L-waves (love waves)
- a surface wave (slowest kind of wave& most damage) - 2-3 km - moves side 2 side
58
R-waves (Rayleigh)
- a surface wave (slowest kind of wave& most damage) | - rolling wave movement
59
Intensity V.S. Magnitude
Intensity- strength perceived by humans, measured thru its effect Magnitude- energy released by earthquake @ its focus, measured by seismograph
60
Concept Checking: can earthquakes be predicted?
no.
61
Concept Checking: Is tectonic plate movement the only cause of an earthquake?
no, there is also volcanic activity & man-made activities
62
Concept Checking: earthquakes only happen on hot season
no, they can happen any time.q
63
REVIEW: Describe how air convection works.
cold air goes down= High Pressure Area (HPA) | hot air goes up= Low Pressure Area (LPA)
64
Describe Land Breeze and Sea Breeze
Land breeze- nighttime, cold air from land to sea | Sea Breeze- day time, cold air from sea to land
65
What is the difference of Typhoon, Hurricane and Cyclone?
Typhoon-@NW Pacific, counterclockwise movement Hurricane-NE Pacific & Atlantic, counterclockwise movement Cyclone- @South Pacific Ocean& Indian Ocean, clockwise movement
66
How are Typhoons formed?
1. Warm moist air moves over the ocean 2. Water vapor rises into the atmosphere 3. water vapor cools & condenses into liquid as it rises 4. Condensation releases heat into the atmosphere making the air lighter 5. warmed air continues to rise w/ moist air from the ocean taking its place & making more wind
67
Tropical Cyclogenesis
1. water evaporates, comes into contact w/ cold air=clouds 2. column of low pressure develops @ the center & winds form around the column 3. pressure in the center weakens, speed around the wind increases
68
Stage 1 of the Development of a typhoon
- tropical disturbance - LPA - thunderstorm, clouds & showers
69
Stage 2 of the Development of a typhoon
- tropical depression (signal 1) - more organized thunderstorms& circulation of air - wind speeds of 38 mph
70
Stage 3 of the Development of a typhoon
- tropical storm (signal 2&3) - receives an official name (when it's 39 mph+) - has recognizable pattern of rotation
71
Stage 4 of the Development of a typhoon
- typhoon/hurricane/cyclone (signal 4&5) - has more energy (at least 74 mph) - has a visible eye in satellite images - super typhoon: greater than 115 mph
72
Factors that strengthen typhoons
- sea surface temp of 26.5 degrees Celsius - warm moist air - ocean area
73
Factors that weaken typhoons
- temp less than 26.5 degrees Celsius - dry air - land masses (mountain ranges...)
74
What is a landfall?
when a typhoon weakens due to encounters with land masses
75
Why do typhoons move in a curved path?
Because of wind patterns on earth
76
Why are we prone to typhoons here in the Philippines?
Because we are in the Southeast Asian Sea, bordered by the Pacific Ocean (warm,humid temp. & big bodies of water around us)
77
Parts of the typhoon
Eye-area w/ the lowest pressure; the center Eye wall- innermost ring of convection; has the strongest winds& rain Rain Bands-clouds that spin outside the wall (not so rainy)

Grade 8 (6 decks)

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