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A33 > SCIENCE > Flashcards

SCIENCE Flashcards

1
Q

nature provided the variation among different organism and humans selected those variations that they found useful

A

Artificial Selection

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2
Q

is the slow gradual change in a population of organisms over time

A

Evolution

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3
Q

are populations or groups of populations, within and among which
individuals actually or potentially
interbreed (biological species concept
by Ernst Mayr)

A

Species

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4
Q

New species evolve

A

Speciation

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5
Q

Evolution By Natural

Selection Concepts

A

The Struggle for Existence
• Survival of the fittest
• Descent with Modification

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6
Q

(compete for food, mates,

space, water, etc

A

The Struggle for Existence

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7
Q

strongest

able to survive and reproduce)

A

• Survival of the fittest (

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8
Q

new species arise from common ancestor replacing less fit

species

A

• Descent with Modification

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9
Q

ability of an individual to

survive & reproduce

A

• Fitness

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10
Q

• inherited characteristic that increases an organisms

chance for survival

A

Adaptation

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11
Q

is central to the process of evolution

A

• Fitness

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12
Q

• Structures that have different mature forms
but develop from the same embryonic tissues
• Strong evidence that all four-limbed animals
with backbones descended, with modification,
from a common ancestor
• Help scientist group animals

A

Homologous Body Structures

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13
Q

early stages of

vertebrate development

A

embryo

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14
Q

are the processes
which enables evolution to take
place

A

Mechanisms

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15
Q 
Short time scale events
(generation-to-generation) that
change the genotypes and
phenotypes of populations
–Changes in a population’s gene
pool over time.
–Not possible without genetic
variability in a population
A

Microevolution

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16
Q

random changes in DNA

ultimate source of new alleles

A

Mutation

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17
Q

(movement of genes between

pop’s)

A

. Gene flow

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18
Q

change in gene pool due to
random/chance events
)

A

Genetic drift (

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19
Q

Changes in the structure of the DNA
▪ Adds genetic diversity to the population
▪ May or may not be adaptive

A

Mutation

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20
Q

▪Two major types of mutations:

A

1.Gene mutations (nucleotide)
2. Chromosome mutations
(structural)

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21
Q

movement

of alleles into a population

A
  1. Immigration
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22
Q

movement of

alleles out of population

A

Emigration

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23
Q

in allele frequencies over generations brought about by

chance

A

Random change

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24
Q

change the gene frequency could include fire, typhoon or

human-made such as building dams and clearing forests

A

Random events

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25
Q

Occurs when a population’s size is reduced for at least

one generation and reduces genetic variation

A

Bottleneck Effect

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26
Q

New population
established by very small
number of individuals

A

Founder Effect

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27
Q

rudimentary and
sometimes useless
body part

A

Vestigial structure:

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28
Q

Long term, large scale evolutionary changes
through which new species are formed and
others are lost through extinction
▪ Obvious changes that happen over time.

A

Macroevolution

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29
Q

Two Processes of Macroevolution

A
  1. speciation

2. extinction

30
Q

▪ Two species arise from one

A

Speciation

31
Q

offspring of a

male donkey and a female horse

A

Mules

32
Q

A large scale evolution of a group of species into many
different species.
–Leads to two outcomes:
1) Reduces competition between different species
2) New species evolve and exploit different niches as
competition within species increase because of
limited resources.

A

Divergent Evolution/Adaptive radiation

33
Q

How an organism lives
and interacts with its
environment.

A

Niche

34
Q

The evolution of similar traits in
distantly related species.
▪ Two different species living in similar
environments under similar selective
pressures will evolve similar traits that
allow them to occupy similar niches

A

Convergent Evolution

35
Q

▪ Two groups of plants

A
  1. Cacti – deserts of South America

2. Euphorbia – deserts of South Africa

36
Q

▪ One species evolves in response to
evolution of another species.
▪ Interactions between species can cause
microevolution

A

Coevolution/Cospeciation

37
Q

Species A evolves
to become species
B in a long gradual
process.

A

GRADUALISM

38
Q

Evolution is SLOW with brief
periods of rapid
development of new
species

A

PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM

39
Q

Periods of time where change in species’
structure or genetic composition are not
apparent.

A

STASIS

40
Q

Species that exhibit unchanged
characteristics and genetic composition
throughout long periods of time

A

living fossils.

41
Q 
• often be reduced
to a
mathematical
statement
• Specific
statement based
on empirical data
A

Scientific Law

42
Q 
Often seeks to
synthesize a
body of evidence
or observation of
a particular
phenomena
A

Scientific Theory

43
Q

is a branch of astronomy that involves the
origin and evolution of the universe, from
the Big Bang to today and on into the
future.

A

COSMOLOGY

44
Q 
– The
universe formed
approximately 13.7 billion
years ago from a
cataclysmic expansion
which hurled all matter
and created space.
• Widely accepted theory for
the origin and evolution of
the universe
A

Big Bang Theory

45
Q 
The universe has
always been
expanding outwards
and continuously
creates matter
A

Steady State Theory

46
Q

megadense point

A

Singularity.

47
Q

States that after the Big Bang, the formation of the universe never
stopped and is continuously making other different universes
(multiverses) which could be different or similar to our own in
terms of physical laws

A

Eternal Inflation of the Universe

48
Q

States that a similar contraction and return to that singularity should be possible.

A

Big Crunch and the Oscillating Universe Theory

49
Q

is a situation that scientists predicts

how the universe will end.

A

Big Crunch

50
Q

The modern accepted theory of the origin of the Solar
System.

The first stars are formed from this contraction of gases and
nuclear fusion

A

Solar Nebula Theory/Modern

Laplacian Theory

51
Q

What are the Earth’s four subsystems?

A
  1. Atmosphere
  2. Biosphere
  3. Lithosphere
  4. Hydrosphere
52
Q

energy and/or
matter move in
and out

A

Open system

53
Q

: no exchange of
energy and matter with
surroundings

A

Closed system

54
Q 
Largest of the four
spheres
• Comprises the solid
portion of the Earth
• Extends 6,400 km
from the surface
down to the core
A

Geosphere

55
Q

Layers of the Geosphere

A
  1. Crust
  2. Mantle
  3. Core
  4. Lithosphere
  5. Asthenosphere
56
Q

hot, ultramafic rock; it represents

about 68% of Earth’s mass

A

Mantle

57
Q 
dense metallic (mostly composed
of iron); makes about 31% of the Earth
A

Core

58
Q

is composed of both the
crust and the portion of the upper mantle
that behave as a brittle and rigid solid

A

Lithosphere

59
Q

is partially molten upper
mantle material that behaves plastically
and can flow

A

Asthenosphere

60
Q

Layer of gaseous
envelope that surrounds the planet on the
surface and extends thinly
into space

A

Atmosphere

61
Q

Layers of the Atmosphere

A

• Troposphere – lowest part and the part we
live in
• Stratosphere – contains much of the ozone
• Mesosphere – temperature decreases with
height
• Thermosphere – temperature increases with
height
• Exosphere – contains mainly oxygen and
hydrogen

62
Q 
Includes all
forms of life on
Earth
• Includes organisms
found in the deepest parts of the oceans and
highest parts of
the atmosphere
A

Biosphere

63
Q

proposed that the planets
revolved around the sun
(Heliocentric Model)

A

Nicolaus Copernicus

1473-1543

64
Q 
Devised the most
precise instruments
available before the
invention of the
telescope for
observing the
heavens
A

Tycho Brahe

1546-1601

65
Q 
• derived the 3 basic
laws of planetary
motion
• Elliptical path of a
planet around the
sun
A

Johannes Kepler

1571-1630

66
Q

Laws of Planetary Motion

A
  • Law of orbits
  • Law of areas
  • Law of periods
67
Q

– planets orbit the sun

elliptically

A

Law of orbits

68
Q

– a line connecting a planet to
the sun covers an equal area over equal
periods of time

A

Law of areas

69
Q

allows us to establish a clear relationship between a planet’s orbital period
and its distance from the sun

A

• Law of periods

70
Q 
• Played a major role in the
scientific revolution of the
17th century
• Telescopic confirmation of
the phases of Venus
• Discovery of Jupiter’s
moons
• Observation and analysis of
sunspots
• Invented an improved
military compass
A

Galileo Galilei

1564-1642

71
Q

• Law of Universal
Gravitation
• Laws of Motion

A

Sir Isaac Newton

1642-1727

A33 (4 decks)

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