Science Flashcards
Anatomy =
normal structure
Pathology =
abnormal structure
Physiology
normal function
Pathophysiology
abnormal function
Epidemiology
study of patterns, distribution, prevalence, or morbidity of diseases in order to manage the health problems in a population
Pathogenesis
evolution of disease,
sequence of events from cause (aetiology)
to established disease (pathophysiology)
Pathophysiology
physiology of altered health, effects of altered cell/organ structure and function (locally or entire body)
Pathology
structural changes of cells and organs
What is the difference between acute and chronic inflammation?
Acute inflammation is a normal physiological process, sudden onset
Chronic inflammation is pathophysiological, long and enduring
Ecchymosis is what?
Escaped blood
Hematoma means?
Accumulation in the tissue
Hyperaemia means
is the increase of blood flow to different tissues in the body; Vasodilation
Describe a malignant tumor
Fast growing Invasive Non-encapsulated – metastasis Undifferentiated Suffix – carcinoma or sarcoma eg adenosarcoma
Describe a benign tumor
Slow growing
Non-invasive
Encapsulated
Well differentiated
Suffix – oma
eg fibromaWhat is the difference between transudate and exudate?
Transudate and exudate are both fluids extruded from various parts of the body, but transudate is usually clear and relatively free of cells and proteins while exudate has a high content of cells, cellular debris and proteins. (I.e. Exudate usually has a color to it, transudate is clear like water.)
Hypersensitivity is…
a state of altered reactivity in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to a foreign agent
Alloimmunity is…
is an immune response to foreign antigens (alloantigens) from members of the same species. The body attacks mainly transplanted tissue and even the fetus in some cases
Autoimmunity is…
is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues
Explain the difference between hypervolaemia and dehydration
Hypervolemia, or fluid overload, is the medical condition where there is too much fluid in the blood.
Dehydration is a condition caused by the excessive loss of water from the body, which causes a rise in blood sodium levels
What is Cerebral atrophy
Reduction in size of cells in the cerebrum
What does atropy mean?
cellular change
Explain the PATHOPHYSIOLOGY of Alzheimer’s disease
The loss of neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex and certain subcortical regions. This loss results in gross atrophy of the affected regions, including degeneration in the temporal lobe and parietal lobe, and parts of the frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus.
What are the changes in neural transmission in Alzhiemers?
the accumulation of amyloid plaques between nerve cells (neurons) in the brain form hard, insoluble plaques. Neurofibrillary tangles are insoluble twisted fibers found inside the brains nerves and primarily consist of a protein called tau, which forms part of a structure called a microtubule. The microtubule helps transport nutrients and other important substances from one part of the nerve cell to another. The tangles basically stop the nerve cell transmissions by collapsing the micro-tubule. The brain tissue eventually shrinks as it slowly dies for loss of nutrients and signals.
Organic versus functional diseases
An organic disease is one caused by a physical or physiological change to some tissue or organ of the body.
A functional disorder is a medical condition that impairs the normal function of a bodily process, but where every part of the body looks completely normal under examination, dissection or even under a microscope
Symptomatic versus asymptomatic diseases
A disease is considered asymptomatic if a patient is a carrier for a disease or infection but experiences no symptoms.
Symptomatic can mean showing symptoms of a disease or injury
Acute versus chronic diseases
In medicine, an acute disease is a disease with a rapid onset and/or a short course. A chronic condition is a human health condition or disease that is persistent or otherwise long-lasting in its effects
Signs versus symptoms
Symptom: Any subjective evidence of disease. In contrast, a sign is objective.
Local v systemic
Systemic means affecting the whole body, or at least multiple organ systems. Local is localised to a certain area or organ.
inflammation v congenital
Inflammation - a localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to injury or infection.
Congenital- a disease or physical abnormality present from birth
apoptosis v infarction
Apoptosis- the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development.
Infarction- obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue, typically by a thrombus or embolus, causing local death of the tissue.
define Efficacy and affinity
Efficacy- the ability to produce a desired or intended result.
Affinity- the degree to which a substance tends to combine with another
Define Isotonic and osmolality
Isotonic- denoting or relating to a solution having the same osmotic pressure as some other solution, especially one in a cell or a body fluid.
Osmolality- the concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per kilogram.
Biological age refers to:
Age in terms of physical health
GERONTOLOGY is the study of what?
The aging process
Endocrine Theory is a part of the Biomedicine framework. How does it describe the ageing process?
Biological clock acts through hormones to control pace of ageing.
Describe the wear and tear theory to ageing:
– Abuse or neglect of an
organ or body system can stimulate premature
ageing and disease.
What is necrosis?
cell death due to pathophysiology
What is presbycusis?
Inevitable hearing loss
What is presbyopia?
Decreased elasticity of lens in the eyes
Describe malnutrition:
a state of nutrition in which a deficiency, excess or
imbalance of energy, protein or other nutrients, including minerals and vitamins, causes measurable adverse effects on a person’s body function and clinical outcome
Name some ways that ageing affects nutrition:
• Change in hormones tells body to slow eating down
so food can be digested completely.
• Stomach wall stretch is changed so the “full” feeling
comes before the person is really full = stop eating
sooner than they should.
• Digestion slows so takes longer for food to move from
stomach to intestines. Instead of feeling hungry in 3-4
hours, to an elderly person it can seem as if one meal
can keep them full all day.
Name some medications that can cause constipation
The opoids – codeine, morphine, oxycodone,
tramadol, pethidine
• Cardiac / blood pressure medications – verapamil,
nifedipine
• Anticonvulsants – phenytoin (dilantin) &
carbamazepine (tegretol)
• Iron supplements
• NSAIDS – including ibuprofen
What is the purpose of a nutritional assessment?
The purpose of a nutritional assessment is to identify clients at risk of malnutrition and those with poor nutritional status
Name two goals to help with nutrition:
-Retain/regain appropriate BMI (what is
appropriate?)
• Maintain fluid & electrolyte balance
What is an assessment you can do to assess malnutrition?
The MUST screening tool- (Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool).
Describe intellectual disability:
Consistently below average intellectual function that is accompanied by defects in adaptive, conceptual, or social skills with onset before 18 years of age.
An IQ of less than __ is the minimum criterion for mild
ID
70
What is GGD (Global Developmental Delay)?
Defined as performance that is 2 standard
deviations below age-appropriate norms in 2 or
more areas of development and is a more useful
definition in children who are aged younger than
6 years for whom IQ testing cannot be performed.
What is often a precursor to ID?
GGD (Global Developmental Delay)
Describe Diagnostic overshadowing
where clinicians may ascribe
physical or behavioural symptoms to the
intellectual disability, and not look for
associated physical or mental health disorders.
Describe a seizure
A clinical presentation of the central nervous system characterized by abnormal cerebral electrical discharges
What are four reasons for seizures?
Idiopathic or arising from an unknown cause
Cryptogenic or arising from a presumed cause that is unknown or ill-defined
Symptomatic or arising from a known cerebral abnormality (Long & McAuley, 1996)
Cerebral trauma with loss of consciousness
What does PET mean
Positron emissions tomography
What does an EEG mean
Electroencephalogram
Name the six types of seizures:
- Generalized tonic-clonic- Unconsciousness, convulsions, muscle rigidity
- Absence- Brief loss of consciousness
- Myoclonic- Sporadic (isolated), jerking movements
- Clonic -Repetitive, jerking movements
- Tonic -Muscle stiffness, rigidity
- Atonic- Loss of muscle tone
What is an idiosyncratic drug reaction?
Idiosyncratic drug reactions (IDRs) are unpredictable adverse drug reactions that do not occur in most patients but when they do occur they can be life-threatening.
