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MCQ Exam > Science > Flashcards

Science Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy =

A

normal structure

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2
Q

Pathology =

A

abnormal structure

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3
Q

Physiology

A

normal function

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4
Q

Pathophysiology

A

abnormal function

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5
Q

Epidemiology

A

study of patterns, distribution, prevalence, or morbidity of diseases in order to manage the health problems in a population

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6
Q

Pathogenesis

A

evolution of disease,
sequence of events from cause (aetiology)
to established disease (pathophysiology)

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7
Q

Pathophysiology

A

physiology of altered health, effects of altered cell/organ structure and function (locally or entire body)

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8
Q

Pathology

A

structural changes of cells and organs

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9
Q

What is the difference between acute and chronic inflammation?

A

Acute inflammation is a normal physiological process, sudden onset
Chronic inflammation is pathophysiological, long and enduring

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10
Q

Ecchymosis is what?

A

Escaped blood

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11
Q

Hematoma means?

A

Accumulation in the tissue

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12
Q

Hyperaemia means

A

is the increase of blood flow to different tissues in the body; Vasodilation

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13
Q

Describe a malignant tumor

A 
Fast growing
Invasive
Non-encapsulated – metastasis
Undifferentiated
Suffix – carcinoma or sarcoma 
   eg adenosarcoma
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14
Q

Describe a benign tumor

A 
Slow growing
Non-invasive
Encapsulated
Well differentiated
Suffix – oma  
    eg fibroma
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15
Q

What is the difference between transudate and exudate?

A

Transudate and exudate are both fluids extruded from various parts of the body, but transudate is usually clear and relatively free of cells and proteins while exudate has a high content of cells, cellular debris and proteins. (I.e. Exudate usually has a color to it, transudate is clear like water.)

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16
Q

Hypersensitivity is…

A

a state of altered reactivity in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to a foreign agent

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17
Q

Alloimmunity is…

A

is an immune response to foreign antigens (alloantigens) from members of the same species. The body attacks mainly transplanted tissue and even the fetus in some cases

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18
Q

Autoimmunity is…

A

is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues

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19
Q

Explain the difference between hypervolaemia and dehydration

A

Hypervolemia, or fluid overload, is the medical condition where there is too much fluid in the blood.
Dehydration is a condition caused by the excessive loss of water from the body, which causes a rise in blood sodium levels

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20
Q

What is Cerebral atrophy

A

Reduction in size of cells in the cerebrum

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21
Q

What does atropy mean?

A

cellular change

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22
Q

Explain the PATHOPHYSIOLOGY of Alzheimer’s disease

A

The loss of neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex and certain subcortical regions. This loss results in gross atrophy of the affected regions, including degeneration in the temporal lobe and parietal lobe, and parts of the frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus.

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23
Q

What are the changes in neural transmission in Alzhiemers?

A

the accumulation of amyloid plaques between nerve cells (neurons) in the brain form hard, insoluble plaques. Neurofibrillary tangles are insoluble twisted fibers found inside the brains nerves and primarily consist of a protein called tau, which forms part of a structure called a microtubule. The microtubule helps transport nutrients and other important substances from one part of the nerve cell to another. The tangles basically stop the nerve cell transmissions by collapsing the micro-tubule. The brain tissue eventually shrinks as it slowly dies for loss of nutrients and signals.

24
Q

Organic versus functional diseases

A

An organic disease is one caused by a physical or physiological change to some tissue or organ of the body.
A functional disorder is a medical condition that impairs the normal function of a bodily process, but where every part of the body looks completely normal under examination, dissection or even under a microscope

25
Q

Symptomatic versus asymptomatic diseases

A

A disease is considered asymptomatic if a patient is a carrier for a disease or infection but experiences no symptoms.
Symptomatic can mean showing symptoms of a disease or injury

26
Q

Acute versus chronic diseases

A

In medicine, an acute disease is a disease with a rapid onset and/or a short course. A chronic condition is a human health condition or disease that is persistent or otherwise long-lasting in its effects

27
Q

Signs versus symptoms

A

Symptom: Any subjective evidence of disease. In contrast, a sign is objective.

28
Q

Local v systemic

A

Systemic means affecting the whole body, or at least multiple organ systems. Local is localised to a certain area or organ.

29
Q

inflammation v congenital

A

Inflammation - a localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to injury or infection.
Congenital- a disease or physical abnormality present from birth

30
Q

apoptosis v infarction

A

Apoptosis- the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development.
Infarction- obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue, typically by a thrombus or embolus, causing local death of the tissue.

31
Q

define Efficacy and affinity

A

Efficacy- the ability to produce a desired or intended result.
Affinity- the degree to which a substance tends to combine with another

32
Q

Define Isotonic and osmolality

A

Isotonic- denoting or relating to a solution having the same osmotic pressure as some other solution, especially one in a cell or a body fluid.
Osmolality- the concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per kilogram.

33
Q

Biological age refers to:

A

Age in terms of physical health

34
Q

GERONTOLOGY is the study of what?

A

The aging process

35
Q

Endocrine Theory is a part of the Biomedicine framework. How does it describe the ageing process?

A

Biological clock acts through hormones to control pace of ageing.

36
Q

Describe the wear and tear theory to ageing:

A

– Abuse or neglect of an
organ or body system can stimulate premature
ageing and disease.

37
Q

What is necrosis?

A

cell death due to pathophysiology

38
Q

What is presbycusis?

A

Inevitable hearing loss

39
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Decreased elasticity of lens in the eyes

40
Q

Describe malnutrition:

A

a state of nutrition in which a deficiency, excess or
imbalance of energy, protein or other nutrients, including minerals and vitamins, causes measurable adverse effects on a person’s body function and clinical outcome

41
Q

Name some ways that ageing affects nutrition:

A

• Change in hormones tells body to slow eating down
so food can be digested completely.
• Stomach wall stretch is changed so the “full” feeling
comes before the person is really full = stop eating
sooner than they should.
• Digestion slows so takes longer for food to move from
stomach to intestines. Instead of feeling hungry in 3-4
hours, to an elderly person it can seem as if one meal
can keep them full all day.

42
Q

Name some medications that can cause constipation

A

The opoids – codeine, morphine, oxycodone,
tramadol, pethidine
• Cardiac / blood pressure medications – verapamil,
nifedipine
• Anticonvulsants – phenytoin (dilantin) &
carbamazepine (tegretol)
• Iron supplements
• NSAIDS – including ibuprofen

43
Q

What is the purpose of a nutritional assessment?

A

The purpose of a nutritional assessment is to identify clients at risk of malnutrition and those with poor nutritional status

44
Q

Name two goals to help with nutrition:

A

-Retain/regain appropriate BMI (what is
appropriate?)
• Maintain fluid & electrolyte balance

45
Q

What is an assessment you can do to assess malnutrition?

A

The MUST screening tool- (Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool).

46
Q

Describe intellectual disability:

A

Consistently below average intellectual function that is accompanied by defects in adaptive, conceptual, or social skills with onset before 18 years of age.

47
Q

An IQ of less than __ is the minimum criterion for mild

ID

A

70

48
Q

What is GGD (Global Developmental Delay)?

A

Defined as performance that is 2 standard
deviations below age-appropriate norms in 2 or
more areas of development and is a more useful
definition in children who are aged younger than
6 years for whom IQ testing cannot be performed.

49
Q

What is often a precursor to ID?

A

GGD (Global Developmental Delay)

50
Q

Describe Diagnostic overshadowing

A

where clinicians may ascribe
physical or behavioural symptoms to the
intellectual disability, and not look for
associated physical or mental health disorders.

51
Q

Describe a seizure

A

A clinical presentation of the central nervous system characterized by abnormal cerebral electrical discharges

52
Q

What are four reasons for seizures?

A

Idiopathic or arising from an unknown cause
Cryptogenic or arising from a presumed cause that is unknown or ill-defined
Symptomatic or arising from a known cerebral abnormality (Long & McAuley, 1996)
Cerebral trauma with loss of consciousness

53
Q

What does PET mean

A

Positron emissions tomography

54
Q

What does an EEG mean

A

Electroencephalogram

55
Q

Name the six types of seizures:

A
  1. Generalized tonic-clonic- Unconsciousness, convulsions, muscle rigidity
  2. Absence- Brief loss of consciousness
  3. Myoclonic- Sporadic (isolated), jerking movements
  4. Clonic -Repetitive, jerking movements
  5. Tonic -Muscle stiffness, rigidity
  6. Atonic- Loss of muscle tone
56
Q

What is an idiosyncratic drug reaction?

A

Idiosyncratic drug reactions (IDRs) are unpredictable adverse drug reactions that do not occur in most patients but when they do occur they can be life-threatening.

MCQ Exam (8 decks)

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