Diabetes Flashcards
What are the four functions of insulin?
Facilitates glucose uptake and usage by cells (all types??)
Increases glycogen synthesis and decreases gluconeogenesis
Increases accumulation of fatty acids into adipose cells
Increases protein synthesis and decreases protein breakdown
What is type 1 Diabetes?
Insulin deficiency - Loss of beta cell function (impaired insulin production).
What is type 2 Diabetes?
Insulin resistance – Receptor decrease or insensitivity or breakdown in cellular communication that results in fewer facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) reaching the cell membranes in tissues that require insulin to facilitate glucose uptake (skeletal muscle, adipose, liver).
What is gestational diabetes?
Hyperglycaemia during pregnancy- due to inability of insulin to stimulate receptors on cell membranes.
Describe neuropathy:
Neuropathy results when nerve cells, or neurons, are damaged or destroyed, in diabetes case high levels of sorbitol and fructose cause damage to nerve conduction and dymyleination. This distorts the way the neurons communicate with each other and with the brain.
Describe retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy also known as diabetic eye disease, is when damage occurs to the retina due to diabetes.
Describe nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy is a progressive kidney disease caused by damage to the capillaries in the kidneys’ glomeruli.
Describe ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening problem that affects people with diabetes. It occurs when the body cannot use sugar (glucose) as a fuel source because there is no insulin or not enough insulin. Fat is used for fuel instead.
As fat is broken down, acids called ketones build up in the blood and urine. In high levels, ketones are poisonous. This condition is known as ketoacidosis. The body tries to rid itself of ketones, causing ketouria, which actually causes electrolytes to be excreted as ketones are anionic, therefore canions have to be excreted as well. Eventually the body loses too much electrolytes and fluids and the person dies.
What is Glycated Hemoglobin test?
Glycated hemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin that is measured primarily to identify the three month average plasma glucose concentration. The test is limited to a three-month average because the lifespan of a red blood cell is three months
Describe Sulphonylureas and give three exampls
These enhance the release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells and reduce insulin resistance. It is known as an insulin secretagogue- increases the insulin signal. (GOGUE = INCREASE). It inhibits gluconeogenesis and increases the receptors on cells.
Examples: Glibenclamide, Gliclazide, Glimepipde, Glicazide
Describe Biguanides and give three examples
These decrease the production of glucose by the liver, promotes glucose uptake by cells, reduces insulins resistance, stops glucagon secretion, increases insulin sensitivity. It needs some endogeneous insulin to work.
Examplea are Riomet, Metformin, Buformin, Phenformin
Describe Thiazolindinediones and give three examples
These enhance the sensitivity of peripheral tissues and the liver to insulin and reduce insulin resistance. It enhances the uptake of fatty acids and glucose, decreases the insulin resistance.
Examples are Glitazones, Pioglitazone, Pioglitazone,
Rosiglitazone
What does low insulin cause?
Low insulin will promote gluconeogenesis (breakdown of various substrates to release glucose), glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen to release gluose), lipolysis (breakdown of lipids to release glucose), and proteolysis (breakdown of proteins to release glucose).
In what three ways do oral medications work?
1) Makes more insulin
2) Enhances the signal insulin sends glucose
3) Decreases the amount of glucose made by the liver
What is the function of insulin?
Glycogeneis, and inhibition of gluconeogenesis.
