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Science Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Microoragnisms

A

Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, and Algae

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2
Q

Diseases caused by viruses?

A

Cold, influenza, most coughs, polio, chickenpox, dengue, AIDS and warts

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3
Q

Diseases caused by protozoans?

A

Dysentery, malaria, kala-azar

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4
Q

Diseases by bacteria?

A

Typhoid, cholera, TB, anthrax, Gonorrhoea and Syphilis

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5
Q

Example of Algae?

A

Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra

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6
Q

Example of Protozoa?

A

Amoeba and Paramecium

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7
Q

Example of Fungi?

A

Bread mould, penicillium, and Aspergillus

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8
Q

Single celled m/o?

A

Bacteria, some algae and protozoa

Amoeba, paramecium, and chlamydomonas

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9
Q

Multicellular m/o?

A

Algae and Fungi

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10
Q

Carrier of malaria?

A

Female Anopheles mosquito

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11
Q

Carrier of dengue?

A

Female Aedes mosquito

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12
Q

Example Of natural Polymer?

A

Cotton- it is a polymer called Cellulose which is made up of a large no. of glucose units

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13
Q

Rayon

A

Also called artificial silk. Made by chemical treatment of wood pulp

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14
Q

Nylon

A

Prepared from coal, water and air.. 1st fully synthetic fibre

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15
Q

Polyester and Acrylic?

A

Terylene is a popular polyester.

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16
Q

Thermoplastics?

A

Which gets deformed easily on heating and can be bent easily. Examples- Polythene and PVC

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17
Q

Thermosetting plastics?

A

Plastics which when moulded once, cannot be softened by heating. Examples- Bakelite and Melamine

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18
Q

Wildlife sanctuaries?

A

Areas where animals are protected from any disturbance to them and their habitat

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19
Q

National Park?

A

Areas reserved for wildlife where they can freely use the habitats and natural resources

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20
Q

Biosphere Reserve?

A

Large areas of protected land for conservation of wildlife, plant and animal resources and traditional life of the tribals living in the area.

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21
Q

A biosphere reserve may contain other protected areas in it. T/F?

A

True. Example- Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve consists of 1 National Park named Satpura and 2 Wildlife Sanctuaries named Bori and Pachmarhi

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22
Q

Flora of Pachmarhi Biosphere reserve?

A

Sal, teak, mango, jamun, silver ferns, arjun etc

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23
Q

Fauna of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve

A

Chinkara, blue-bull, barking deer, cheetal, leopard, wild dog, wolf etc

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24
Q

Endemeic specie of Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve?

A

Bison, flying squirrel, Indian Giant squirrel, sal and wild mango

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25
Q

Kaziranga National Park?

A

Located in Assam. it is only natural habitat of the endangered one-horned rhinos in India as well as in the world.

It has also been declared as Tiger Reserve Forest in 2006

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26
Q

Wildlife of Corbett?

A

Bengal Tigers

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27
Q

Wildlife of Bandipur National Park, Karnataka?

A

Elephants

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28
Q

Wildlife of Bandhavgarh National Park, MP?

A

White Tigers

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29
Q

Wildlife of Kanha National Park, MP?

A

Swamp deers- Barasingha

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30
Q

Wildolfe of Gir National Park ana Sasan Gir Sanctuary?

A

Asiatic Lions

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31
Q

Wildlife of Keoladeo Ghana National Park, Rajasthan?

A

It is man-made wetlands that has been declared as a National Park. It was formerly called Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary. Here, exotic migratory birds are seen

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32
Q

Wildlife of Periyar National Park, Kerala?

A

It is only national park in india that has an artificial lake flowing through the forests. It is one of the Tiger Reserve forests

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33
Q

Wildlife of Pench National Park, MP?

A

Tigers

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34
Q

Wildlife of Ranthambore National Park, Rajasthan?

A

Ranked as top 10 wildlife sanctuaries in India. Tigers are found here. It is surrounded by Banas and Chambal River

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35
Q

Wildlife of Manas National Park, Assam?

A

It has largest number of rare and endangered species. Examples- assam roofed turtle, hispid hare, golden langur, and pygmy hog

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36
Q

Nagarhole national Park, Karnataka?

A

Popular destination for Tiger Spotting. It is also known as Rajiv Gandhi National Park. It also has endangered Mugger Crocodile

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37
Q

Sunderbans National Park?

A

One of the largest and oldest in India. Original abode of Royal Bengal Tigers. Salt water Crocodile can be found in this park.

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38
Q

Sariska National Park, Rajasthan?

A

Declared as tiger reserve forest in 1978

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39
Q

Dudhwa National Park, UP?

A

It was declared wildlife samctuary in 1958 for Swamp Deer. Later it was declared Tiger Reserve in 1978 because of large number of tigers.

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40
Q

Viviparous animals?

A

Animals which give birth to young ones

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41
Q

Oviparous animals

A

Animals which lay eggs

42
Q

The transformation of larva into an adult through drastic changes is called?

A

Metamorphosis

43
Q

Glands which release their secretions through ducts?

A

Salivary gland, sweat gland and Oil glands

44
Q

Ductless gland?

A

Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream. So, they are termed ductless glands.

45
Q

Testosterone is released by?

A

Testes at the onset of puberty and causes changes in boys.

The production of this hormone is under the control of pituitary gland.

46
Q

Estrogen is released by?

A

Ovaries when puberty is reached. It develops breasts.

The production of this hormone is under the control of pituitary gland.

47
Q

Hormone released by Pituitary?

A

Growth Hormone and it instructs other glands too

48
Q

Hormone released by Pancreas?

A

Insulin

49
Q

Hormone released by Thyroid?

A

Thyroxine

50
Q

Hormone released by Adrenal gland?

A

It secretes hormone which maintain the correct salt balance in the blood. Adrenals also produce the hormone Adrenalin. It helps the body to adjust to stress when one is very angry, embarrassed or worried.

51
Q

Cell wall is found in?

A

Plant cells and bacterial cells

52
Q

Cell membrane is made up of?

A

Lipids and proteins

53
Q

Cell wall is made up of?

A

Cellulose

54
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

When a living plant cell loses water through osmosis, there is shrinkage or contraction of the contents of the cell away from the cell wall. It is called plasmolysis

55
Q

Chromosomes are composed of?

A

DNA ad Protein

56
Q

Functional segments of DNA are called?

A

Genes

57
Q

What is unique about chlorophyll in photosynthetic prokaryotic bacteria?

A

Chlorophyll in them are associated with membranous vesicles (bag like structures) but not with plastids as in eukaryotic cells

58
Q

How many chromosomes are present in prokaryotic cells?

A

1

59
Q

Function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Ribosomes on RER are sites of manufacturing proteins. Then the proteins are sent to various locations in the cell where they are needed.

60
Q

Function of Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Helps in the manufacture of fat molecules, or lipids.

61
Q

Membrane biogenesis?

A

Some of the proteins (from RER) and lipids (from SER) help in building the cell membrane. This process is known as membrane biogenesis

62
Q

Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A
  1. Serve as the channels for the transport of materials between various regions of the cytoplasm or between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
  2. Functions as cytoplasmic framework providing a surface for some of the biochemical activities of the cell.
63
Q

Functiona of Golgi apparatus?

A

Storage, modification and packaging of products in vesicles. In some cases, complex sugars may be made from simple sugars in the Golgi apparatus. It is also involved in the formation of lysosomes.

64
Q

Describe structure of Lysosomes?

A

Membrane bound sacs filled with digestive enzymes. These enzymes are made by RER

65
Q

Describe structure of Mitochondria?

A

They have 2 membranes instead of one. The outer membrane is very porous while the inner membrane is deeply folded to create a large surface area for ATP generation. They have their own DNA and Ribosomes so they can make some of their own proteins

66
Q

Types of Plastids?

A

Present only in plant cells. 2 types of plastids are- chromoplasts (coloured) and leucoplasts (white or colourless)

67
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Plastids containing the pigment chlorophyll are called chloroplasts

68
Q

Pigments in chloroplast?

A

Yellow, orange and chlorophyll

69
Q

Function of Leucoplasts?

A

Stores starch, oil and protein granules

70
Q

Uniqueness of plastids?

A

They have their own DNA and Ribosomes

71
Q

Scheme of classification of organisms?

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
72
Q

Describe Monera?

A
  1. Do not have defined nucleus or organelles, nor do any of them show multi-cellular body designs.
  2. They show diversity
  3. Some of them have cell walls while some do not
  4. Mode of nutrition- either autotrophic or heterotrophic
  5. Examples- bacteria, blue-green algae, cyanobacteria, and mycoplasma
73
Q

Describe Protista?

A
  1. Includes many kinds of unicellular eukaryotic organisms.
  2. Some use cilia for movement
  3. Mode of nutrition- autotrophic or heterotrophic
  4. Examples- Algae, Diatoms and Protozoa
74
Q

Describe Fungi?

A
  1. These are heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms.
  2. Use decaying organic material as food and are therefore called saprophytes.
  3. Many of them can become multicellular organisms
  4. Have cell walls made of tough complex sugar called chitin.
  5. Examples- yeast and mushroom
  6. Lichens are fungi living in symbiotic relationship with blue-green algae
75
Q

Describe Plantae?

A
  1. Multicellular eukaryotes with cell walls

2. Autotrophs

76
Q

Describe Animalia?

A
  1. Multicellular eukaryotes without cell walls.

2. Heterotrophs

77
Q

Describe Thallophyta?

A

Plants that do not have well differentiated body design.
Commonly called Algae.
These are predominantly aquatic.
Examples- Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Cladophora, Chara, and Ulva

78
Q

Describe Bryophyta?

A

These are amphibians of plant kingdom.
The plant body is differentiated to form stem and leaf-like structures.
No specialized tissue for conduction of water and other substances.
Examples- Moss (Funaria), Riccia and Marchantia

79
Q

Describe Pteridophyta?

A

The plant body is differentiated into roots, stems and leaves and has specialized tissue for the conduction of water and other substances from one part of the plant body to another.
Do not produce seeds
Examples- Marsilea, ferns, and horse-tails

80
Q

Cryptogamae?

A

Those with hidden reproductive organs. E.g. Thallophytes, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes

81
Q

The Thallophytes, bryophytes, and Pteridophytes have naked embryos?

A

Yes called spores

82
Q

Phanerogams?

A

Plants with differentiated reproductive tissues that ultimately make seeds. They consist of embryo along with stored food, which serves for the initial growth of the embryo during germination. These are classified further as Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

83
Q

Gymnosperms?

A

The plants bear naked seeds and are usually perennial, evergreen and woody.
Examples- pines and Deodar

84
Q

Angiosperms?

A

Means Covered Seeds. The seeds develop inside and organ which is modified to become a fruit. These are also called flowering plants. Plant embryos in seeds have structures called cotyledons (seed leaves).
Classified as Monocotyledons or Monocots and Dicots

85
Q

Describe Porifera?

A

Porifera means ‘Organisms with Holes’.
These are non-motile animals attached to some solid support.
Holes/pores over the body lead to canal system that helps in circulating water throughout the body to bring in food and oxygen.
These are covered by hard outside layer or skeleton.
The body design involves very minimal differentiation and division into tissues.
These are commonly called sponges, and are mainly found in marine habitats
Examples- Euplectelea, Sycon, and Spongilla

86
Q

Describe Coelenterata (Cnidaria)?

A

These animals live in water.
They show more body design differentiation.
There is a cavity in the body.
The body is made up of two layers of cells.
Some live in colonies whereas others solitarily (like Hydra).
Examples- Jellyfish and Sea anemones

87
Q

Describe Platyhelminthes?

A

The body is bilaterally symmetrical.
There are three layers of cells, therefore these animals are also called triploblastic.
These is some degree of tissue formation. However, there is no true internal body cavity or coelom, in which well developed organs can be accommodated.
The body is flattened from top to bottom, therefore called flatworms
They are either free living (planarians) or parasitic (liverflukes)

88
Q

Describe Nematoda?

A

It is also bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.
However, the body is cylindrical rather than flattened.
There are tissues but no real organs, although a sort of body cavity or a pseudo-coelom is present.
These are familiar as parasitic worms causing elephantiasis (filarial worms) and worms in intestines (roundworm or pinworm)

89
Q

Describe Annelida?

A

These are also bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic but they have true body cavity. This allows true organs to be packed in body structure. There is thus extensive organ differentiation in segmental fashion.
These are found in fresh water, marine water as well as land.
Examples- earthworm and leeches

90
Q

Describe Arthropoda?

A 
Bilaterally symmetrical and segmented.
There is open circulatory system
The coelomic cavity is blood filled
Arthropod means 'Jointed Legs'
Examples- prawns, butterflies, houseflies, spiders, scorpions and crabs
91
Q

Describe Mollusca?

A

Bilateral symmetry.
Coelomic cavity is reduced
Little segmentation
Open circulatory system and kidney like organs for excretion.
There is a foot that is used for moving around.
Examples- snails and mussels

92
Q

Describe echinodermata?

A

These are spiny skinned organisms.
These are exclusively free living marine animals.
They are triploblastic and have a coelomic cavity.
They have a peculiar water driven tube system that they use for moving around.
They have hard calcium carbonate structures that they use as skeleton.
Examples- star fish and sea urchins

93
Q

Describe Protochordata?

A

Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and have a coelom.
They have notochord i.e. a long rod-like support structure that runs along the back of the animal separating the nervous tissue from the gut. It provides a place for muscles to attach for ease of movement.
They may not have notochords for entire life or entire length of animal.
These are marine animals.
Examples- Bakanglossus, Herdmania, and Amphioxus

94
Q

Describe Vertebrata?

A
  1. Have a true vertebral column and internal skeleton, allowing a completely different distribution of muscle attachment points to be used for movement.
  2. Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomic and segmented with complex differentiation of body tissues and organs.
  3. All chordates have- notochord, dorsal nerve chord, are triploblastic, have paired gill pouches and are coelomate
95
Q

Describe Pisces?

A

These are vertebrates. These are fish. Skin is covered with scales/plates. Obtain oxygen by gills. Body is streamlined and muscular tail is used for movement. Cold-blooded and their heart have only 2 chambers. They lag eggs.

96
Q

Describe Amphibia?

A

These are vertebrates. They do not have scales, have mucus glands in the skin and a three chambered heart.
Respiration is through either gills or lungs.
They lay eggs
Example- frogs, toads and salamanders

97
Q

Describe Reptilia?

A

These are vertebrates. These are cold-blooded, have scales and breath through lungs. Most have three chambered heart but crocodile have four chambered heart.
They lay eggs with tough coverings and do not need to lag eggs in water unlike amphibians.
Eg- snakes, turtles, lizards and crocodiles

98
Q

Describe Aves?

A

These are vertebrates. These are warm blooded animals and have four chambered heart. They lay eggs. There is an outer covering of feathers and two forelimbs are modified for flight. They breathe through lungs. Eg- All birds

99
Q

Describe Mammalia?

A

These are warm blooded with four chambered hearts vertebrates. They have mammary glands. Skin has hair as well as swear and oil glands. Produce live young ones mostly except platypus and echidna which lay eggs.

100
Q

Sleeping sickness is caused by?

A

Trypanosoma

101
Q

Kala-azar is caused by?

A

Leishmania

Notes (11 decks)

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