Science Flashcards
What are the 6 parts of a scientific argument?
1) Identify the problem. 2) Ask questions. 3) Formulate a hypothesis. 4) Data collection & experimentation. 5) Analysis. 6) Conclusion
What is involved in the data collection of a scientific argument?
Observation, measurement, samples, and organization
What is involved in the experimentation portion of a scientific argument?
Comparing a control group and an experimental group
What should the conclusion of a scientific argument support?
The hypothesis based on data collection
What is deductive reasoning?
A method whereby conclusions follow from general principles; leads to a specific conclusion
What is inductive reasoning?
A method of arriving at general principles from specific facts; Relies heavily on a preponderance of info that leads to a certain degree of confidence
Define “Anatomy”
The study of the structure of organs and body systems
Define “Physiology”
The study of the function of the organs and body systems
What is the Hierarchy of the structure of the human body (from bottom to top)?
Atoms, Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, & Organism
Define “Atoms”
The smallest parts of elements that still retain all the original properties of the element
What do atoms combine to form?
Molecules
Define “Cells”
The basic unit of all life
When cells combine what do they form?
When cells combine in terms of function and type they form tissues
Define “Organs”
Two or more tissue types working together to perform a specific function; Able to complete extremely complex functions
Define “Organ System”
Organs working together to perform a task
How many organ systems are in the human body
11
Name the 11 organ systems in the human body
Circulatory, Digestive, Endocrine, Integumentary, Lymphatic, Muscular, Nervous, Reproductive, Respiratory, Skeletal, & Urinary
Define “Organism”
Result of all organ systems working together within the body
What is the highest level of organization in the human body?
Organism
What are the 4 basic tissue types in humans?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, & Nervous
What are the 2 functions of epithelial tissue in the human body?
Provide covering (such as skin tissue) & produce secretions (such as glandular tissue)
What are the 2 ways epithelial tissues are classified?
Number of cell layers and cell shape
Describe simple epithelium tissue
Contains one layer of cells; Found in body structures where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur
Describe stratified epithelium tissue
Has more than one layer of cells; Serves as protection
What are the 3 shapes of epithelial cells?
Squamous, Cuboidal, & Columnar
Does epithelial tissue have its own blood supply?
No, its dependent on diffusion from the nearby capillaries for food and oxygen
Where is connective tissue found?
Throughout the body
What is the function of connective tissue?
Serves to connect different structures of the body
Does connective tissue have its own blood supply?
Commonly it has its own blood supply; however not in some types, such as ligaments
What are the 4 types of connective tissue?
Bone, Cartilage, Adipose (fat), & Blood vessel
What is muscle tissue dedicated to?
Producing movement
What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, Cardiac, & Smooth
What type of movement is supported by the skeletal muscle?
Voluntary movement since it is connected to bones in the skeletal system
Define “Voluntary Movement”
Movement that is consciously controlled by the brain
What type of control is smooth muscle under?
Involuntary control
Define “involuntary control” in terms of smooth muscle
Can’t be consciously controlled
Where is smooth muscle located in the body?
In the walls of hollow organs, such as intestines, blood vessels, bladder, and uterus
What type of movement does cardiac muscle tissue have?
Involuntary
Where is cardiac muscle tissue located?
Found only in the heart
What does nervous tissue provide structure for?
The brain, spinal cord, and nerves
What are nerves made up of and what is their function?
Made up of specialized cells called neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body
What is the function of support cells, such as myelin?
Help protect nervous tissue
Define “taxonomy”
Classification of organisms into universally accepted taxons; Names reflect the organism’s evolutionary heritage
Define “binomial nomenclature”
Two-word naming system that includes the universally accepted genus and species of each organism, developed by Carolus Linnaeus
List the hierarchy of the biological classification system from (bottom to top)
Species - Genus - Family - Order - Class - Phylum - Kingdom - Domain
Define “Natural Selection”
“Survival of the fittest” Process in which individuals of a species carrying certain mutations are better able to survive & reproduce in their natural environment than other members of the species
Define “Adaptation”
Increase from generation to generation of alleles of genes that allows a species to survive in their environment
True or False: The action of natural selection is due to the presence of mutations in DNA that are passed on from generation to generation.
True
Define a prokaryotic cell
Single-celled organism lacking defined cellular organelles or a nucleus
Define “Eukarya”
Organism that contains cellular organelles; Organism that has cells that contain nuclei
What type of organisms are protists, plants, fungi, & animals?
Eukarya
What parts and organelles make up a prokaryotic cell?
Bacterial flagellum, cell wall, capsule, nucleoid (circular DNA), ribosomes, plasmid, pili, cytoplasm, & plasma membrane
Define “cell wall”
Outside, rigid layer that helps separate the inside and outside of both prokaryotic and plant cells
Define “flagella”
Long, whip-like structures that project outward from the cell used for cellular movement in certain prokaryotic cells
Define “nucleoid”
Condensed DNA of a cell
Define “ribosomes”
Organelle responsible for synthesizing protein within the cell from amino acids
Define “ plasmids”
Small circular portions of DNA not associated with the nucleoid; Contain a small number of genes compared to the DNA in the nucleoid
Define “Cytoplasm”
Rich protein fluid with gel-like consistency that houses organelles; Inner layer of prokaryotic cell
Define “plasma membrane”
Located inside the cell wall in a prokaryotic cell; It is semipermeable, allowing certain substances in and out of the cell as needed
Which type of cell is Bacteria (both Eubacteria & Archaebacteria)?
Prokaryotic
What has the most basic type of cells that can exist independently of other cells?
Bacteria (both Eubacteria & Archaebacteria)
Define “organelles”
“tiny organs”
What is the function of the nucleoid within a prokaryotic cell?
It contains genes & the genetic blueprints for the formation of proteins that make up the machinery of the cell
Describe RNA
Copied from the DNA to take the instructions from the nucleoid to the rest of the cell; Chemically similar to DNA
Where are the ribosomes located within a prokaryotic cell?
They are very small bodies that are free-floating within the cytoplasm
What is the function of ribosomes within a cell?
Manufacture proteins for the cell from the RNA messages
What does most of the work within cells?
Proteins, which are manufactured by ribosomes
Define “Pili”
Allow communication and transfer of info between 2 cells
What has eukaryotic cells?
Eukarya
Which cells are more complex, prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Which cells are larger, prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
Do eukaryotic cells live as single cells?
Yes but many exist as part of a larger complex of cells comprising a multicellular organism
Describe the plasma membrane in a eukaryotic cell
A semipermeable membrane that envelops the cell and allows certain substances and water in and out
Describe the cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell
Inside the cell, contains the cell contents and the organelles and is gel-like
Do ribosomes function the same in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Yes
Define “Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)”
A tubular transport network within the eukaryotic cell; Appears as a stack of flattened membranous sacs
What are the 2 types of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
Smooth & Rough
What is the function of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?
Moving proteins from one part of a cell to another and for moving proteins to the outside of a cell
Define “Secretion”
Process of moving proteins outside of the eukaryotic cell
Describe Rough ER
Studded with ribosomes causing it to have a rough, gritty appearance
Describe Smooth ER
Not studded with ribosomes and is important for numerous metabolic processes in the cell
Define “Golgi Apparatus”
Composed of layers of membranes and is involved in the packaging and transport of proteins in the cell, including protein secretion
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
It refines proteins that have been manufactured by the ribosomes; It sorts the proteins & prepares them for transport to other parts of the cell or to the cell membrane for secretion; It works hand in hand with the ER in protein mvmt & processing
Define “vesicles” in terms of a cell
Small membrane-bounded sacs within the cytoplasm that are used to transport proteins or other substances in or out of the cell
What are the 3 common types of vesicles within a cell?
Vacuole, Lysosome, & Peroxisome
Define “Vacuole”
A basic storage unit of the cell that can hold various compounds
Define “Lysosome”
Contains digestive enzymes that are capable of disposing of cellular debris and worn cellular parts
Define “Peroxisome”
Functions to rid the body of toxic components, such as hydrogen peroxide and are also major sites of oxygen use and energy production
Why does the liver contain so many peroxisomes?
Toxic substances build up in the liver
Describe the Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell; Where ATP is produced; Large, kidney-bean shaped organelle surrounded by membranes; Cristae located inside that have enzymes on them that help convert sugar into ATP to power the cell
Define “Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)”
Cellular fuel
Define “Cristae (singular: crista)”
Series of folds formed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
Define “Microtubules”
Cellular tracks that, during mitosis, form the mitotic spindle which help organiz and segregate the chromosomes during cell division
Define “Centrosomes”
Microtubule-organizing centers that help to form and organize the mitotic spindle during mitosis
Define “Nucleus”
Control center of the entire cell b/c it contains the cell’s genetic material and directs all of the activities of the cell. It’s a very large organelle in the central portion of the cell that is enclosed by a double membrane w/ pores in it
Define “Nucleolus”
A small body within the nucleus that functions to produce ribosomes that get moved to the cytoplasm to make cell proteins
How do eukaryotic cells move?
They have either flagella/flagellum (whip-like projections) or cilia (more than a few projections). These structures can beat w/ movements that allow the cells to move
Plant cells contain many of the same features as what other cell type?
Eukaryotic cells
Define “Chloroplasts”
Organelles that contain chlorophyll; Have many structural similarities to mitochondria, but plant cells need both mitochondria and chloroplasts
Define “Chorophyll”
Allows the capture of sunlight to be used for production of glucose during photosynthesis
How do vacuoles differ in plant cells vs. eukaryotic cells?
The vacuoles are much larger (that contain water); The cells use the water in the vacuoles to maintain proper cell pressure
Describe the cell wall in a plant cell
Solid cell wall that acts as a barrier to the outside and gives structure to the cell
Describe the structure of the most basic of cell types, the prokaryotic cell
The nucleoid contains the DNA, the cytoplasm contains the ribosomes and plasmid, and the surface is layered first by the plasma membrane, then the cell wall, and finally the capsule
Describe the structure of the more complex cell, eukaryotic cell
The nuclear membrane encases the nucleus (which contains the DNA); The cytoplasm surrounds the ER, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, vacuoles, and lysosomes; and the surface is a cell membrane
Describe the structure of a plant cell
Structurally similar to the eukaryotic cell; The 2 main differences btwn these 2 types of cells are that a plant cell has chloroplasts and a cell wall and a eukaryotic cell does not
Explain the process of cell differentiation
Differentiation produces a more-specialized cell from a less-specialized cell. The genes of each cell regulate the process of differentiation during all stages of development. Determines what cell type each cell will become. Genes that control it direct each cell when to form the particular proteins and structures that make it a specific cell type. Occurs with cells in the developing embryo but can also occur in adults.
Can cells divide and remain undifferentiated?
Yes
How is an embryo formed?
A fertilized egg begins dividing and becomes a mass of cells called a zygote
What is the most critical stage of development during cell differentiation?
Gastrulation, in which individual tissue layers begin to form
Define “Embryo”
Early development of an animal or a plant after fertilization
Define “Zygote”
Mass of cells formed after an egg is fertilized and begins dividing
Define “Stem Cells”
Can divide and remain undifferentiated; Gives rise to a variety of more-specialized cells
What are the 3 types of stem cells?
Totipotent, Pluripotent, & Multipotent
Define “Matter”
Anything that takes up space and has mass
Define “Mass”
Quantity of matter within an object
Define “Element”
Substance that cannot be decomposed by ordinary chemical means; each chemical element is characterized by the # of protons in the nucleus
Define “Proton”
Positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom
Define “Atomic Number”
Number of protons in the nucleus of the chemical element; the number of protons that defines a specific atom
Define “Neutrons”
Neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom
Define “Electrons”
Negatively charged subatomic particles found in various orbits around the nucleus
Define “Chemical Reaction”
Dynamic event that alters the chemical makeup of a molecule; a process that chemically transforms a set of substances into another set
Define “Ion”
Positively or negatively charged atom
Define “Mass Number”
Total number of protons and neutrons found within the nucleus of an atom matter anything that takes up space and has mass
Define “Atomic Mass”
Number of protons and neutrons within the nucleus of an atom; the average mass of all of the known isotopes of an element
When is an atom said to be electrically neutral?
As long as the positive contribution (+1) from each proton in an atom is balanced by the negative contribution (-1) from each electron
How are the elements arranged on the periodic table from left to right?
By an increasing number of electrons
Define “Orbital Shell”
Arrangement of electrons within a specific region around the nucleus
Define “Valence Electrons”
Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom
Define “ionization energy or ionization potential” & how is it shown on the periodic table?
The energy required to completely remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion; ionization energies increase moving from left to right across a period (decreasing atomic radii); ionization energy decreases moving down a group (increasing atomic radii)
Define “electronegativity”
A measure of an atom’s attraction on electrons in a chemical bond; the greater the electronegativity of an atom, the greater its attraction for bonding electrons
Do elements that have low ionization energies have a low or high electronegativity?
Low electronegativity b/c their nuclei do not exert strong attractive forces on electrons
Do elements that have high ionization energies have high or low electronegativity?
High electronegativity due to the strong pull exerted on electrons by the nuclei
How is electronegativity shown on the periodic table?
Within a group it decreases as atomic number increases; this is a result of increased distance btwn the valence electron and the nuclei (greater atomic radius)
How are the rules of chemical bonding determined?
By an element’s location within a given row
Define “chemical bonding”
The chemical merging of atoms due to their electron arrangements
How are the chemical bonding rules shown on the periodic table?
A transition btwn metals and nonmetals exist from left to right within each row
Define “metals”
Elements that donate highly conductive electrons to their environment
What happens when each shell becomes filled (or row on the periodic table becomes completed)?
A new shell (or new row) becomes necessary to accommodate elements of higher periods
What are the elements called that have properties btwn metals and nonmetals?
Metalloids, which are found next to the stairstep line on the periodic table, are considered to have transitional properties btwn metals and nonmetals
How are elements displayed on the periodic table that have similar chemical properties due to having a similar arrangement of outer shell electrons?
In columns (or families)
Which elements on the periodic table are electronically stable (resistant to bonding)?
The noble gases (eighth column); due to their full outer shells
Regarding physical patterns at standard temperature and pressure, the elements are in the periodic table are dominated by what state?
The solid state as their natural forms
How many elements on the right-hand side of the periodic table are identified as gases?
10 elements
How many elements on the right-hand side of the periodic table are identified as liquids?
2 (mercury and bromine)
What is recognized as the standard of neutrality btwn acids and bases b/c it has a pH value of 7.0?
Pure H2) at 25 deg Celcius
What is the pH of battery acid?
pH below 1
What is the pH of gastric juice?
pH about 2
What is the pH of orange juice?
pH between 3 and 4
What is the pH of milk?
pH about 6.5
What is the pH of blood?
pH between 7.34 and 7.45
What is the pH of hand soap?
pH between 9 and 10
What is the pH of bleach?
pH about 12.5
What is the calculation of pH based on?
The activity (aH) of hydrogen ions (H+) dissolved in solution
What is the pH range of numbers based on?
Logarithmic scale: pH = -log (aH); the negative sign in the formula means that aH must be less than 1
Define “pH indicator”
Chemical detector of hydrogen ions to visually determine acidity (color change)
What is an example of a pH indicator?
Litmus paper
What color does litmus paper, a pH indicator, change to for acidic solutions?
Red
What color does litmus paper, a pH indicator, change to for basic solutions?
Blue
If the pH of a solution is 9.0, what is the H+ and OH- values?
H+ is 10-9 & OH- is 10-5 (-# is an exponent)
What is the pH value when the OH- value is 10-1?
pH is 13.0
What is the pH value if the H+ value is 10-9?
pH is 9.0
Define “ionic bonds”
The electrical attraction between ions of opposite charges
Define “covalent bonds”
Sharing of electrons between atoms
What are molecules called when they use both ionic and covalent bonding methods?
Hydrocarbons
Name 3 hydrocarbon molecules
Methane, Propane, and Butane; they all bond to hydrogen and carbon atoms
What 2 categories are hydrocarbons generally subdivided into?
Saturated and unsaturated
Describe saturated hydrocarbons
Also known as alkanes; are the most basic structure of the hydrocarbons; composed entirely of single bonds and are saturated (carbon is completely connected) with hydrogen; formula is CnH2n+2, where n is a whole # greater than or equal to 1; the basis of petroleum fuels
How many bonds does saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) have?
Single
How many bonds does unsaturated hydrocarbons have?
One or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms
Define “alkane”
Hydrocarbon with only single bonds (CnH2n+2)
Define “alkene”
Hydrocarbon with one double bond (CnH2n)
Define “alkyne”
Hydrocarbon with one triple bond (CnH2n-2)
What do unsaturated hydrocarbons permit the attachment of?
Other atoms to the unbonded carbon atoms within the molecule
A given formula may possess two or more molecular structures known as what?
Isomers
The basis of organic chemistry is connected with the study of what?
Hydrocarbon structure
What is the name of the simple hydrocarbon with 1 carbon atom?
Alkane = Methane
What is the name of the simple hydrocarbon with 2 carbon atoms?
Alkane = Ethane; Alkene = Ethene; Alkyne = Ethyne
What is the name of the simple hydrocarbon with 3 carbon atoms?
Alkane = Propane; Alkene = Propene; Alkyne = Propyne
What is the name of the simple hydrocarbon with 4 carbon atoms?
Alkane = Butane Isobutane; Alkene = Butene; Alkyne = Butyne
What is the name of the simple hydrocarbon with 5 carbon atoms?
Alkane = Pentane Isopentane; Alkene = Pentene; Alkyne = Pentyne
What is the name of the simple hydrocarbon with 6 carbon atoms?
Alkane = Hexane; Alkene = Hexene; Alkyne = Hexyne
What is the name of the simple hydrocarbon with 7 carbon atoms?
Alkane = Heptane; Alkene = Heptene; Alkyne = Heptyne
What is the name of the simple hydrocarbon with 8 carbon atoms?
Alkane = Octane; Alkene = Octene; Alkyne = Octyne
What is the name of the simple hydrocarbon with 9 carbon atoms?
Alkane = Nonane; Alkene = Nonene; Alkyne = Nonyne
What is the name of the simple hydrocarbon with 10 carbon atoms?
Alkane = Decane; Alkene = Decene; Alkyne = Decyne
Define “metalloids”
Elements that may accept or donate electrons readily, and possess a mixture of metallic and nonmetallic properties
A metallic ion tends to be what type of ion, cation or anion?
Cation, or positive ion
A nonmetallic ion tends to be what, cation or anion?
Anion, or negative ion
How do ionic bonds complete one another?
By the donation and acceptance of electrons to form stable outer electron shells
Covalent bonding is greatest between atoms of similar what?
Electronegativities, or similar attractions for electrons; often results btwn atoms on the same side of the periodic table
Define “Lewis structures”
Symbolic representation of covalent bonding btwn atoms; Atoms are symbolically shown and surrounded by dots that represent each of the valence shell electrons; Dots are arranged such that the molecule is shown to have the atoms in the most completely filled shell configuration of paired electrons
Define “products” in chemical reactions
Substances formed as the result of chemical reactions; located on the right side of the reaction sign
Define “reactants” in chemical reactions
Substances consumed or altered in a chemical reaction; on the left side of the reaction sign (->) are substances consumed or altered in the chemical reaction
What is the goal of balancing a chemical equation?
To make certain that there are equal numbers of each atom on the reactant side and the product side
Define “oxidation”
Electron donation by a chemical group that leaves that group with one less electron and a more positive charge
Define “reduction”
Electron acceptance by a chemical that produces a more negative charge on the group
Define “metabolism” in terms of a chemical reaction
Chemical reactions in living organisms used to maintain life
List some examples of oxidation-reduction reactions
Combustion, photosynthesis, and metabolism
Acids and bases don’t generally undergo oxidation and reduction, what does their reaction produce?
Water and salts, which act to neutralize the pH; acid+ + base- –> salt + water
True or False: pH neutralization is an important oxidation-reduction reaction.
False; pH neutralization is an important acid-base reaction
True or False: Metabolism is an important oxidation-reduction reaction.
True
True or False: Combustion is an important acid-base reaction.
False. Combustion is an important oxidation-reduction reaction
True or False: Photosynthesis is an important acid-base reaction.
False. Photosynthesis is an important oxidation-reduction reaction
Water is considered what type of molecule?
A polar molecule of hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O), with oxygen possessing the high electronegativity
Define “polar molecule”
A molecule that possesses both positive and negative atomic structure
Define “electrolysis”
Use of electric current to drive the breakdown of a molecule
When does water reach its maximum density?
4 degrees Celcius
Define “density”
The ratio of mass per volume for a substance
Define “Celsius”
A metric temperature scale that is defined (at standard pressure) by the melting point of ice (0 deg C) and the boiling point of liquid water (100 deg C)
At 4 deg C water is considered a standard value of 1 g/mL, what does this unique property mean?
Ice is less dense than liquid water; therefore, it floats
What does the boiling point of water depend on?
Pressure
Define “Kelvin”
A metric temperature scale defined by an absolute zero reference point (0 K = -273 deg C)
Define “triple-point of water”
The temperature and pressure at which water will coexist as a solid, liquid, and gas (273.16 = 0.01 deg C)
Define “heat of vaporization”
The amount of heat necessary to cause a phase transition btwn a liquid and a gas
True or False: Water serves as the standard for pH and has a value of 6.
False. Water serves as the standard for pH and has a value of 7
True or False: Water is used as the standard density at 4 deg. C
True
True or False: Water has the standard electronegative value on the periodic table.
False. No standard for water exists with respect to electronegativity values
True or False: The Kelvin temperature scale is based on water’s triple-point.
True
The liquid to gas transition, through evaporation or vaporization, requires what?
An addition of heat
The gas to liquid transition, through condensation, requires what?
A subtraction of heat
How is evaporation of a liquid achieved?
Due to the high heat, low humidity, and fast movement of the surrounding air mass
How does evaporation occur?
By physical collisions at the surface layer of a liquid, and it acts to remove the faster-moving liquid molecules, thereby removing the more energetic atoms from the liquid; this results in a cooler system
Define “phase transition”
An alteration of the physical state btwn a solid, liquid, and gas
How does vaporization occur?
Through a phase transition from a liquid to a gas by breaking the physical bonds within the liquid
The amount of heat of vaporization (H) necessary for this phase transition depends on what?
The mass (M) and the latent heat (L), or heat per mass needed for a phase change at a constant temp, of the atom; as long as this amount of heat (H) is continually added to the liquid at the boiling point, a hybrid state of liquid and gas will exist until only the gas state remains
How does condensation occur?
Through a phase transition from a gas to a liquid by creating physical bonds within the gas
The amount of heat of vaporization (H) necessary for this phase transition requires what?
A removal of heat; as long as this amount of heat (H) is continually removed from the gas at the boiling point, a hybrid state of liquid and gas will exist until only the liquid state remains
What is the formula for vaporization?
H = M x L
What is the formula for condensation?
H = -M x L
Defense of Scientific Arguments
Largely dependent on the strength of the data & its analysis; Gains merit after it has been reviewed by experts in the field of science; Over time an argument may lose merit; During the review process any subjective bias (intentional or not) found within the argument must be removed; Is subject to repeatability & if results can’t be duplicated, then it loses it credibility; Highest confidence comes with the test of time
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
A molecule that exists as a double-stranded helix made from sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Single-stranded molecule made from sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases; required for the transfer and translation of the DNA code within a cell
Nucleic acids
Chain of nucleotides; job is to store and transmit hereditary info
Nucleotide
Molecule that consists of a pentose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
Nitrogenous base
Molecule found in DNA and RNA that encodes the genetic information in cells
Pentose
Type of sugar
Phosphate group
Molecule in the backbone of DNA and RNA that links adjoining bases together
Purine
Nitrogenous base with two rings (adenine and guanine)
Pyrimidines
Nitrogenous base with one ring (thymine, cytosine, uracil)
What are the 5 types of nitrogenous bases?
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, and uracil
Which nitrogenous bases are in both DNA and RNA?
Adenine, cytosine, and guanine
Which nitrogenous base is unique to DNA?
Thymine
Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA?
Uracil
How is the DNA double helix formed?
Weak bonds are able to form btwn the hydrogen atoms and oxygen or nitrogen atoms btwn bases in the complementary strands of DNA; This kind of weak bond is called a hydrogen bond b/c one partner in the bond is always a hydrogen atom
In DNA, what does adenine (A) always pair with?
thymine (T)
In DNA, guanine (G) always pairs with?
cytosine (C)
Which nitrogenous bases are classified as purines?
adenine and guanine b/c they have two rings
Which nitrogenous bases are classified as pyrimidines?
thymine and cytosine b/c the only have one ring
What is used as the pyrimidine base for RNA?
uracil
What is used as the pyrimidine base for DNA?
thymine
Explain the differences between DNA and RNA
Pyrimidine bases; Fundamental diff btwn the two nucleic acids of DNA and RNA is their pentose component, which is deoxyribose in DNA & ribose in RNA
What do both of the nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) include?
The elements of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
Describe how DNA, RNA, and ribosomes work hand in hand to produce the proteins necessary for life in cells
The message stored in the bases of DNA must be transferred to the ribsosomes to make proteins; Cells copy the instructions in the DNA into RNA (transcription) & send the messenger RNA to the ribosomes; Proteins are made by ribosomes from the info & sent out to the entire cell
Translation
The process of protein production from messenger RNA
Chromosomes
Condensed, single, very long strands of DNA double helix located in the nucleus of a cell and containing hundreds of genes
Protein
Compound composed of a large number of amino acids joined in a particular type of chemical bond called a peptide bond; Consists of info derived from DNA and RNA; Plays a vital part in the body’s functioning
What presides over protein production?
Chromosomes, genes, DNA, and RNA
How does information flow within the cell?
From DNA to RNA to proteins
