Human Body Science Flashcards
Anatomical position
A standard position in which the body is facing forward, the feet are parallel to each other, and the arms are at the sides with the palms facing forward
Superior
Toward the upper end of the body or body structure
Inferior
Toward the lower end of the body or body structure (opposite superior)
Anterior
Toward the front of the body or body structure
Posterior
Toward the back of the body or body structure
Medial
Toward the middle of the body or body structure
Lateral
Toward the outer sides of the body or body structure (opposite of medial)
Intermediate
Between medial and lateral
Proximal
Close to the orgin of the body part or point of attachment
Distal
Away from the origin of the body part or point of attachment (opposite of proximal)
Superficial
Toward or at the body surface
Deep
Away from or below the body surface (opposite of superficial)
Sagittal section
Cut made along a longitudinal plane dividing the body into right and lefts parts
Midsagittal section
Sagittal section made down the median of the body
Transverse section (cross section)
Cut made along a horizontal plane to divide the body into upper and lower regions
Frontal section (coronal section)
Cut made along a longitudinal plane that divides the body into front and back regions
Dorsal body cavity
Contains the cranial cavity and spinal column
Ventral body cavity
Contains all the structures within the chest and abdomen; diaphragm divides the ventral cavity into the thoracic cavity (superior to the diaphragm); below the diaphragm are the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Adaptation
receive, interpret, and respond to internal and external stimuli via the nervous system
Circulation
Transport oxygen and other nutrients to tissues via the cardiovascular system
Elimination
Remove metabolic wastes from the body via the renal system
Locomotion
Allow voluntary and involuntary movement of body via the musculoskeletal and neurological systems
Nutrition
Take in and break down nutrients to be used for metabolism via the digestive system
Oxygenation
Take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide via the respiratory system
Regulation
Hormonal control of body functions via the endocrine system
Self-duplication
Production of offspring via the reproductive system
Ways in which the organ systems interact: Maintaining boundaries
Cells in the human body are eukaryotic cells, which means they are surrounded by a semipermeable membrane; Integumentary system that surrounds the entire body protects it from environmental stimuli and pathogens
Ways in which the organ systems interact: Responding to environmental changes
Human body can sense and respond to environmental stimuli, both voluntary & involuntary
Example of a voluntary response
An individual’s ability to physically move away from danger
Example of involuntary reflex response
The hand’s ability to withdraw from painful stimuli before the brain perceives the pain
Ways in which the organ systems interact: Moving
Primary purpose of muscular tissue is to support mvmt of the body
Which part of the muscular system is responsible for voluntary movement?
The muscular system moves the bones in the skeletal system
Which part of the muscular system is responsible for involuntary movement?
The muscular tissues in the cardiovascular, digestive, reproductive, urinary, and respiratory systems also support movement
Ways in which the organ systems interact: Ingesting and digesting
Organs in the digestive system work to remove nutrients from food and transport those nutrients to other parts of the body using the cardiovascular system
Ways in which the organ systems interact: Reproducing
Reproductive system plays a key role in reproduction, and hormones regulate this process
Ways in which the organ systems interact: Growing
Growth occurs due to changes in several body systems; Skeletal and muscular systems change shape; Digestive system removes needed nutrients from food; CV system transports these nutrients to the cells; Endocrine system releases hormones that signal when & how much growth should occur
Ways in which the organ systems interact: Excreting
Once nutrients have been removed from food in the digestive system, the waste that remains is excreted from the body using organs in both the digestive and the urinary system
Ways in which the organ systems interact: Metabolizing
The digestive and respiratory systems supply the nutrients and oxygen that the body needs to support metabolism; Blood distributes these materials throughout the body and hormones secreted by the glands of the endocrine system regulate the body’s metabolism
Metabolism
The use of energy by cells as a result of chemical reactions within the cells
Describe the Circulatory System
Also called the Cardiovascular system; Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood; Supports the circulation and distribution of various substances in the body; O2, hormones, & nutrients from food are some of these substances
What other organ system influences blood pressure besides the circulatory system?
Hormones released from the endocrine system
What organ system helps regulate blood volume and pressure other than the circulatory system and how?
Urinary system by adjusting urine volume
What organ system other than circulatory controls the blood pressure, heart rate, and distribution of blood to various parts of the body?
Nervous system
In women, what helps preserve vascular health?
Estrogen
What organ system, other than circulatory, allows heat to escape by dilating superficial blood vessels?
Integumentary system
Where are blood cells formed?
In the marrow of the bones in the skeletal system
