Science Flashcards
Relief
Difference between high and low elevations
Elevation
The height something rises/ is elevated to
Slope
Steep slope, contour lines are close together
Contour interval
Difference in elevation between contours, space between lines must be equal
Prime meridian
Vertical line separating eastern and western parts of earth
Equator
Horizontal line separating, northern/southern hemispheres
Lithosphere
Earths solid surface, oceanic/continental crusts, layers of earths interior
biosphere
all life on earth
life zone on our planet- distinguishes from other planets
living things create ecological communities with surroundings- biomes
hydrosphere
all water on earth
liquid, gaseous water
3% fresh water
97% salt water
atmosphere
gaseous sphere
envelopes earth
upper portion absorbs and emits heat- protecting biosphere from uv rays
lower portion when air temp. changes weather occurs
cryosphere
earths surface where water is solid
snow, ice, glaciers, ice bergs
polar regions
anthrosphere
everything made by man
latitude
flat, horizontal
360 degrees
longitude
vertical, up and down
highest point- 90 degrees
properties of minerals
color luster hardness streak fracture/cleavage crystal shape effervescence fluorescence
mineral (definition)
occurs in nature inorganic compound solid Chemical composition, fixed structure (always the same) non living
explosive
felsic high viscosity strato, caldera, dome, cinder cone high silica trapped gases light colored low density pyroclastic flow, ash cloud
effusive
mafic lower viscosity shield, cinder cone low silica a'a, pahoehoe, pillow escaped gases high density ocean crust dark color liquidy
earths layers (center to outside)
inner core- solid outercore- liquid mesosphere- solid asthenophere- solid, ductile upper mantle- brittle ocean crust continental crust
upper mantle, ocean, continental crust- lithosphere
texture (igneous rocks)
intrusive-
large
phaneritic
formed underground
extrusive-
small
aphanitic
formed above ground
mineral composition (igneous rocks)
felsic-
high silica
light color
low density
mafic-
low silica
dark color
high density
ways magma forms
spreading ridges
subduction zones
hot spots- magma plume from mantle (hawaii)
convection current
hot goes up, cold goes down
reason for plate movement
sedimentary rock formation
weathering- breaking down into sediments erosion- transportation of sediments deposition- layering of sediments compaction- squeezed together cementation- gluing together of sediments by silica and calcite
stalactite vs stalagmite
from water on the ceiling
stalactites water drips down, stays on ceiling
stalagmites water falls to ground, grows up
density, mass, volume
mass over volume= density
mass over density= volume
density times volume= mass
sedimentary rock types
organic- made from living things
chemical- made from precipitates
clastic- made from sediments
sed rocks features
crossbedding ripple marks mudcracks fossils stratification
weathering
physical- breaks down into smaller pieces
eg. exfoliation, freeze thaw, ice wedging, pressure release, abrasion
biological- plant roots, animals
chemical- dissolving, rusting
eg. acid rain, oxidizing
factors that affect weathering
surface area
composition
climate
erosion and deposition
4 agents: water, wind, ice, gravity
loads: dissolved- composed of ions, precipitates
suspended- sediments carried as solids
bed- particles too large are pushed along stream bed
settling fast- big size, very round, very dense
bowens reaction series
mafic rocks need hotter temp. to stay melted so they stay down and felsic goes up bc they don’t need hot temps.
