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Exams 7 > History > Flashcards

History Flashcards

1
Q

republic

A

system of government in which (some) officials are chosen by the people
“thing of the people”
would prevent any individual from gaining too much power

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2
Q

republic structure

A

senate-
300 members (patricians)
senators made the law, chose 2 consuls from patrician class to serve 1 term
dictator (in event of crisis) 6 month limit, absolute power

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3
Q

12 tables

A

laws of Rome

available to everyone in Rome (posted in forum)

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4
Q

patrician

A

wealthy, landholding member of the upperclass

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5
Q

consul

A

job was to supervise business of gov., command armies, 1 term, consult with senate

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6
Q

dictator

A

ruler who has complete control of government

only 6 months

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7
Q

plebeian

A 
member of the lower class
eg. farmers, merchants, artisans, traders
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8
Q

tribune

A

official who was elected by the plebeians to protect their interests

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9
Q

veto

A

power to block a government action

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10
Q

role of roman man

A

head of house hold
absolute power in family
army

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11
Q

role of roman woman

A

housework, own businesses, under control of man

more freedom than Greek woman

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12
Q

legion

A

basic unit of roman army, made up of about 5000 citizen-soldiers- fought without pay, supplied their own weapons
commanders mixed rewards with punishment- showed courage, got praise/rewards, unit fled battle 1/10 men got killed

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13
Q

treatment of conquered lands

A

conquered people had to; acknowledge roman leadership, pay taxes, supply soldiers - if they did this got to keep own customs, money, local government
PREVENTS REBELLION

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14
Q

Carthage

A

northern coast of Africa

Rome wanted to defeat them; standing in the way of expansion to the west

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15
Q

Hannibal’s tactics

A

went to the North of Rome instead of south,with war elephants (a lot) was a sneak attack

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16
Q

outcome of Punic Wars

A

after Rome destroyed Carthage, survivors–>slavery or killed, poured salt all over land so nothing could grow, masters of Mediterranean World

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17
Q

Rome conquered lands bc….

A

committed to imperialism (establishing control over foreign lands/people)

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18
Q

provinces

A

land outside of Rome that was controlled by the Roman government
had many across Mediterranean, called it Mare Nostrum (our sea)

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19
Q

increase of wealth

A 
conquests brought wealth in, new class of wealthy Romans emerged, built latifudia, had many slaves working on it ---> produced more than farmers- put them out of work, grain supply up, price down
farmers fled to Rome- gap between rich and poor widened, angry mobs uprose
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20
Q

attempts at reform

A

Gracchus Brothers- distribute land to poor farmers, public funds–>grain to feed poor
(killed in street violence, planned by senate)

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21
Q

civil wars

A

who should hold power- senate, or popular political leaders

sparked slave revolts, old legions–> professional armies

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22
Q

Julius Caesar

A

military commander, many conquests, defeated friend Pompey, forced Rome to make him dictator
reforms: public works- give the jobless, jobs, public land to poor, citizenship to more people, Julian calendar
death caused more civil wars

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23
Q

Augustus

A 
grand nephew of Caesar
"exalted one" 
didn't call himself king
achievements: civil service to enforce laws- didn't matter your class, census, postal service, new coins, jobless to work
WHO WOULD RULE AFTER HE DIED?
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24
Q

Other Religions under roman rule

A

Allowed to practice theirs, as long as recognize roman deities

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25
Q

Basic ideas of Judaism

A

Everyone equal
Covenant with god
Personal morality, social justice

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26
Q

Messiah

A

Savior sent by God

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27
Q

Covenant

A

A binding agreement

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28
Q

Monotheism

A

Believing in one god

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29
Q

Prophets

A

spiritual leaders who interpreted God’s will, spread the word of their religion

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30
Q

Jewish community with Jesus

A

is he the messiah?
10 commandments
preached obedience to laws of Moses

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31
Q

Jesus’ teachings were attractive bc…..

A

Welcomed all people

taught need for justice, morality, service to others

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32
Q

Jesus’ death

A

Crucified on the cross

Romans thought he was a revolutionary lead Jews in rebellion

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33
Q

The apostles

A

12 of Jesus’ closest followers

a leader or teacher of a faith or movement

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34
Q

Peter

A 
chief apostle
devoted life to spread teachings of Jesus
became a missionary
first bishop
crucified upside down
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35
Q

Paul

A

most important apostle
spread Jesus’ teaching to Jews and non-Jews too
set up churches all over Rome and Mesopotamia
promised if you believed achieve eternal life

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37
Q

Why did Romans persecute church/ why did it end

A

thought Christians were doing evil things when they met in secrecy
refused to make sacrifices–>disloyal

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38
Q

Women in early Christianity

A

Didn’t have many rights
Teachers/administrators
Spread the message

39
Q

Decline of Roman Empire

A

Military-
Weakened
Germanic invasions
Paid/hired army

Social-
Self serving upperclass
Loss of values
Bread+circuses
Slave labor

Economic-
Population declined
Heavy taxes
Inflation

Political-
Oppressive government
Corrupt officials
Divided empire

40
Q

Early Christian communities

A

Jesus message- spread spiritual salvation and eternal life to anyone who believed it ..
needed to be baptized
the Eucharist .

41
Q

Hagia Sofia

A

Church built by Justinian
Largest religious building by its day
Was a mosque
Now a museum

42
Q

response to Western Roman empire collapsing

A

awful
what has Rome come to?
no hope

43
Q

Byzantine Empire

A

Constantinople
a lot of trade, busy harbor
“new Rome”

44
Q

Justinian

A

extended Byzantine power by recovering ancient lands
Justinians code- collection of laws passed by assemblies/emperors revising the old ones
was an autocrat- sole ruler with complete authority
power over the church
wife- Theodora

45
Q

King Clovis

A

king of Franks
conquered former Roman province Gaul
ruled by Frankish custom did not preserve Roman legacy
converted to Christianity

46
Q

Charles Martel/The Battle of Tours

A

stopped Islam from spreading to Europe

a sign that God was on their side- when they won

47
Q

how did the Franks settle legal disputes

A

judgement of the glowing iron- have to carry a scalding hot iron nine feet
if you don’t have injuries- innocent, praise God
if you have injuries- wait 3 days see if the iron has blood on it- if does guilty

48
Q

Charlemagne’s empire

A 
worked closely with church
control over many lands
nobles rule regions
missi dominici manage nobles
Set up schools
49
Q

missi dominici

A

officials who managed provincial rulers

50
Q

Charlemagne with the pope

A

relationship with the pope was good
pope crowned him
unified Christian community

51
Q

Charlemagne conquered…

A 
Saxons
Slavs
Muslims
Lombards
Avars 
Wanted reunite the Roman Empire
52
Q

Charlemagne’s schools

A

thought it was necessary for officials to keep records/write clear reports
Alcuin of York created curriculum for Charlemagne’s schools
curriculum- grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy
Schools in all monasteries

53
Q

Charlemagne’s death

A

empire fell apart after
power battle for 30 years
Treaty of Verdun- split up empire to 3 parts, for each grandson

54
Q

Vikings motives

A

over population

climate change

55
Q

Vikings success

A

burned cities
no mercy
boats sailed easily, not a lot of work
Skilled warriors

56
Q

Vikings persona

A

ruthless- liked to destory

sophisticated- educated, boats

57
Q

Viking culture

A

polytheistic- pantheon of gods

sagas, written language

58
Q

runes

A

Alphabet they took from the Greeks

59
Q

sagas

A

long narrative poems

60
Q

feudal system

A

loosely organized system of gov. which local lords governed own lands, but owed military service, and support to a greater lord

61
Q

vassal

A

lord who was granted land in exchange for service and loyalty to a greater lord

62
Q

feudal contract

A

exchange of pledges between lords and vassals

63
Q

fief

A

estate granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for service and loyalty

64
Q

Peace of God/Truce of God

A

Peace of God- attempt to enforce protection of the church

Truce of God- days of year violence was not allowed

65
Q

mutual obligations for feudalism

A

got land if they provided military, got military if they provided land

66
Q

duties of noblewomen

A

supervise vassals, manage household, agricultural/medical tasks, might have to go to war

67
Q

rights of noblewomen

A

could own land, part of dowry

68
Q

Eleanor of Aquitaine

A

inherited lands in southwest France, through marriages became Queen of France, Queen of England

69
Q

chivalry

A

required knights to be brave, loyal, true to word
fight fairly
women cherished/protected
ONLY with nobles

70
Q

manor system

A

nobles would promise peasants protection and land if they worked for them, provided food, gave a little money

71
Q

mutual obligations for manor system

A

get land/protection if you work, you get people working for you if you give land/protection

72
Q

how were manors self-sufficient

A

peasants didn’t need much, manors already had a lot

73
Q

lives of peasants

A

hardship, worked all day, small meals, harsh environments

74
Q

Battle of Hastings

A

Duke William and Norman knights against Harold
they won - King of England
From France to England

75
Q

Normans with England

A

conquered them bc. had support of Pope

76
Q

Domesday Book

A

census that took count of everyone/everything in kingdom- less thievery, fraud
William knows what people have eg. Taxes

77
Q

Henry II

A

created legal system by establishing customs that were also laws
Common law- a legal system based on custom and court ruling

78
Q

common law

A

system of law that is the same for all people, based on court decisions that have become accepted legal principles

79
Q

Thomas Becket

A

close friend of Henry, archbishop of Canterbury
disagreed with him abt. trying clergy in royal courts
murdered by John’s people

80
Q

King John’s conflict with the church

A

who would be new archbishop
pope put him under interdict for disagreeing
—> England fief, yearly tax to Rome

81
Q

King John’s conflict with nobles

A

Took advantage of them

they made Magna Carta and made him sign

82
Q

parliament

A

common people join w/ lords and clergy to approve things

83
Q

why is Jerusalem sacred to Muslims, Jews, and Christians

A

Muslims have- dome of the rock
Christians have- holy sepulcher church
Jews have- old cities western wall

84
Q

Pope Urban motivating nobles and bishops

A

fight for religion
people have invaded the holy land
killing people
“gods will”

85
Q

People joined the Crusades bc….

A 
adventure
wealth
people were dying
wouldn't have to pay debts
protect holy land
protect god
heaven
no sins
86
Q

goals for the Pope through Crusades

A

increase power in Europe
heal the split between Roman and Byzantine churches
Christian knights fight Muslims instead of eachother

87
Q

Crusades length, Christians record

A

200 years - on and off

Christians won first one, captured Jerusalem

88
Q

Crusades ending

A

last Christian outpost was captured

89
Q

Crusades economic effect

A

increased trade
increased travel
Europe–> rich
more people came

90
Q

Crusades church/monarch effect

A

people turned against religions
more power to monarchs
increased papal power
split w Byzantine empire was not healed

91
Q

Why was Marco Polo’s adventures important

A

led Europeans back to trading w China again

92
Q

what did Marco Polo see

A

government run mail service

coal

Exams 7 (4 decks)

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