SCIENCE Flashcards
Direct Correlation
as one factor increases, the other factor increases
Inverse Correlation
as one factor increases, the other decreases
Positive Correlations
Direct Correlations
Negative Correlations
Inverse/Indirect Correlations
Correlations are sometimes referred to as
variations
Positive Slope
a graph that shows a line slanting upwards;
the two factors are directly correlated
Negative Slope
a graph that shows a line slanting downwards;
the two factors are indirectly correlated
Triple Beam Balance
compares of an object to a known mass
Caliper
measures thickness
Spring Scale
measures force
Dimensions
length, width, height, depth
Barometer
an instrument measuring the atmospheric pressure, used especially in forecasting the weather and determining altitude
Red Bone Marrow
contains hematopoietic stem cells that produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Red Bone Marrow (In Adults)
found in flat bones of the skull, ribs, hip bones, and spongy ends of long bones
Bone Marrow (At Birth)
all is red
Ligaments
strong fibrous bands that join bones together;
made up of dense bundles composed of collagenous fibers and spindle-shaped cells, fibrocytes
White Ligaments
a lot of collagenous fibers;
are inelastic
Yellow Ligaments
a lot of elastic fibers;
are elastic
Cartilage
smooth elastic tissue that protects the ends of the bones by not allowing them to rub directly together
Bursa
fluid-filled sac at the end of each long bone that provides cushion between bones and the muscles and tendons around a joint;
is lined by synovial tissue and contains a lubricating membrane called the synovial membrane
Tendons
attach muscles to bones;
made of inelastic fibrous collagenous tissue
Blood Cell Production
new blood cells are produced inside some bones;
yellow bone marrow can release blood cells in emergency situations;
red bone marrow consists of active cells that rapidly divide and multiply to develop and release blood cells
Osteocytes
bone cells;
maintain bone tissue
Osteoblasts
excrete matrix and become osteocytes;
form bone matrix
Osteoclasts
break down bone;
resorbs bone
Osteon
tubular structure in which the bone is synthesized;
made of hydroxyapatite embedded in the matrix of collagen
Lamellae
concentric layers that an osteon consists of;
compact bone tissue that surround a Haversian canal
Haversian Canal
contains the bone’s blood supply
Osteogenic cell
stem cell
Mineral Storage and Regulation
bones store and release minerals (especially phosphorus and calcium);
bones maintains homeostasis in the body by regulating mineral levels in blood
Fracure
a partial or complete break in a bone
Incomplete Fracture
involves a partial break in a bone that dies not not go all the way through a bone
Complete Fracture
involves the entire cross-section of the bone
Hairline Fracture
a small, thin crack in the bone
Torus (Buckle) Fracture
the bone deforms but does not crack
Stable Fracture
the fracture is stable and not likely to be displaced
Unstable Fracture
the bone is displaced from its natural alignment
Closed Fracture
the bone does not break through the surface of the skin
Open Fracture/Compound Fracture
the bone breaks though the surface of the skin
Pathological Fracture
results from disease rather than stress or trauma
Greenstick Fracture
only one side of the bone is fractured
Avulsion Fracture
a bone fragment is pulled of the bone where it is normally attached to the ligament or tendon
Comminuted Fracture
a break or splinter of the bone that splits the bone into more than two fragments
Intra-Articular Fracture
the break crosses into the joint, causing damage to cartilage
Transverse Fracture
the fracture goes straight across the bone
Longitudinal Fracture
the fracture goes along the bong
Oblique Fracture
the fracture goes at an angle across the bone
Spiral Fracture
the fracture goes in a twisted pattern across the bone
Impacted Fracture
one fragment of the bone is wedged into another
Compression (Crush) Fraction
the fragment of a bone collapses;
most common in spongy bone
Depression Fracture
bone fragment is pushed in beyond the skin
Complete Disslocation
joints are completely dislocated
Subluxation
joints are only partially separated
Osteoporosis
caused by loss of minerals from the bone
Myeloma
a blood cancer that interferes with bone production and bone marrow function (releases osteoclast-activating factors)
Scoliosis
an abnormal curvature of the spine
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
brittle bone disease
Myofibrils
make up muscle cells;
made of sarcomere units
Sarcomere Unit
contains thick (myosin) protein filaments and thin (actin) protein filaments
Smooth Muscle Cell
only has one nucleus;
is not organized into sarcomere units
Muscle Fibers
have multiple nuclei and mitochondria;
mitochondria: to better meet energy needs;
striated muscle
Mendel’s First Law
Law of Segregation;
relates to monohybrid inheritance
Mendel’s Second Law
Law of Independent Assortment;
relates to dihybrid inheritance;
simultaneous inheritance of two separate traits
Atomic Number
an identifying number of an element that indicates the number of protons in the nucleus
Mass Number
identifying number of an element that indicates the number of protons and neutrons
Atomic Mass Unit (AMU): 1
a mass of 1;
each proton and neutron has 1
Atomic Charge
affected by the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Ion
at atom that has an electrical charge
Periods
arranged horizontally on the periodic table in rows
Groups
arranged vertically on the periodic table in columns;
referred to as families
Alkali Metals
Group 1;
shiny, soft, and highly reactive
Alkaline Earth Metals
Group 2;
fairly soft and fairly reactive
Transition Metals
Groups 3 to 12;
hard and have low to negative reactivity
Hallogens
Group 17;
extremely reactive
Noble Gases
Group 18;
extremely stable
Atomic Radius
a measure of the distance from the center to its outermost orbital shell
Ionization Energy
amount of energy required for the removal of an electron from an atom;
direction of increase: right and up
Electronegativity
tendency of an atom to want to bond with other atoms by taking electrons from those atoms
Orbital
an area around the nucleus of a cell where electrons can be located
S Orbital
has the lowest level of energy;
forms a symmetrical sphere around the nucleus;
up to 2 electrons
P Orbital
has an hourglass shape with the nucleus at the center;
up to 6 electrons
D Orbital
has four pear shapes connected by the nucleus at the center;
up to 18 electrons
F Orbital
very complex;
up to 32 electrons
Sublimation
direct change from solid to gas
Deposition
direct change from gas to solid
Capillary Action
ability of water to flow upward against the flow of gravity
Alkene
chemical compound made of only carbon and hydrogen atoms containing at least one carbo-to-carbon double bond
Alkyne
hydrocarbon with a triple bond
Decomposition
a chemical breakdown
