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INTRO TO SOCIOLOGY > SCIENCE > Flashcards

SCIENCE Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Direct Correlation

A

as one factor increases, the other factor increases

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2
Q

Inverse Correlation

A

as one factor increases, the other decreases

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3
Q

Positive Correlations

A

Direct Correlations

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4
Q

Negative Correlations

A

Inverse/Indirect Correlations

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5
Q

Correlations are sometimes referred to as

A

variations

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6
Q

Positive Slope

A

a graph that shows a line slanting upwards;
the two factors are directly correlated

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7
Q

Negative Slope

A

a graph that shows a line slanting downwards;
the two factors are indirectly correlated

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8
Q

Triple Beam Balance

A

compares of an object to a known mass

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9
Q

Caliper

A

measures thickness

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10
Q

Spring Scale

A

measures force

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11
Q

Dimensions

A

length, width, height, depth

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12
Q

Barometer

A

an instrument measuring the atmospheric pressure, used especially in forecasting the weather and determining altitude

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13
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

contains hematopoietic stem cells that produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

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14
Q

Red Bone Marrow (In Adults)

A

found in flat bones of the skull, ribs, hip bones, and spongy ends of long bones

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15
Q

Bone Marrow (At Birth)

A

all is red

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16
Q

Ligaments

A

strong fibrous bands that join bones together;
made up of dense bundles composed of collagenous fibers and spindle-shaped cells, fibrocytes

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17
Q

White Ligaments

A

a lot of collagenous fibers;
are inelastic

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18
Q

Yellow Ligaments

A

a lot of elastic fibers;
are elastic

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19
Q

Cartilage

A

smooth elastic tissue that protects the ends of the bones by not allowing them to rub directly together

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20
Q

Bursa

A

fluid-filled sac at the end of each long bone that provides cushion between bones and the muscles and tendons around a joint;
is lined by synovial tissue and contains a lubricating membrane called the synovial membrane

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21
Q

Tendons

A

attach muscles to bones;
made of inelastic fibrous collagenous tissue

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22
Q

Blood Cell Production

A

new blood cells are produced inside some bones;
yellow bone marrow can release blood cells in emergency situations;
red bone marrow consists of active cells that rapidly divide and multiply to develop and release blood cells

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23
Q

Osteocytes

A

bone cells;
maintain bone tissue

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24
Q

Osteoblasts

A

excrete matrix and become osteocytes;
form bone matrix

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25
Q

Osteoclasts

A

break down bone;
resorbs bone

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26
Q

Osteon

A

tubular structure in which the bone is synthesized;
made of hydroxyapatite embedded in the matrix of collagen

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27
Q

Lamellae

A

concentric layers that an osteon consists of;
compact bone tissue that surround a Haversian canal

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28
Q

Haversian Canal

A

contains the bone’s blood supply

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29
Q

Osteogenic cell

A

stem cell

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30
Q

Mineral Storage and Regulation

A

bones store and release minerals (especially phosphorus and calcium);
bones maintains homeostasis in the body by regulating mineral levels in blood

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31
Q

Fracure

A

a partial or complete break in a bone

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32
Q

Incomplete Fracture

A

involves a partial break in a bone that dies not not go all the way through a bone

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33
Q

Complete Fracture

A

involves the entire cross-section of the bone

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34
Q

Hairline Fracture

A

a small, thin crack in the bone

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35
Q

Torus (Buckle) Fracture

A

the bone deforms but does not crack

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36
Q

Stable Fracture

A

the fracture is stable and not likely to be displaced

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37
Q

Unstable Fracture

A

the bone is displaced from its natural alignment

38
Q

Closed Fracture

A

the bone does not break through the surface of the skin

39
Q

Open Fracture/Compound Fracture

A

the bone breaks though the surface of the skin

40
Q

Pathological Fracture

A

results from disease rather than stress or trauma

41
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

only one side of the bone is fractured

42
Q

Avulsion Fracture

A

a bone fragment is pulled of the bone where it is normally attached to the ligament or tendon

43
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

a break or splinter of the bone that splits the bone into more than two fragments

44
Q

Intra-Articular Fracture

A

the break crosses into the joint, causing damage to cartilage

45
Q

Transverse Fracture

A

the fracture goes straight across the bone

46
Q

Longitudinal Fracture

A

the fracture goes along the bong

47
Q

Oblique Fracture

A

the fracture goes at an angle across the bone

48
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

the fracture goes in a twisted pattern across the bone

49
Q

Impacted Fracture

A

one fragment of the bone is wedged into another

50
Q

Compression (Crush) Fraction

A

the fragment of a bone collapses;
most common in spongy bone

51
Q

Depression Fracture

A

bone fragment is pushed in beyond the skin

52
Q

Complete Disslocation

A

joints are completely dislocated

53
Q

Subluxation

A

joints are only partially separated

54
Q

Osteoporosis

A

caused by loss of minerals from the bone

55
Q

Myeloma

A

a blood cancer that interferes with bone production and bone marrow function (releases osteoclast-activating factors)

56
Q

Scoliosis

A

an abnormal curvature of the spine

57
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

A

brittle bone disease

58
Q

Myofibrils

A

make up muscle cells;
made of sarcomere units

59
Q

Sarcomere Unit

A

contains thick (myosin) protein filaments and thin (actin) protein filaments

60
Q

Smooth Muscle Cell

A

only has one nucleus;
is not organized into sarcomere units

61
Q

Muscle Fibers

A

have multiple nuclei and mitochondria;
mitochondria: to better meet energy needs;
striated muscle

62
Q

Mendel’s First Law

A

Law of Segregation;
relates to monohybrid inheritance

63
Q

Mendel’s Second Law

A

Law of Independent Assortment;
relates to dihybrid inheritance;
simultaneous inheritance of two separate traits

64
Q

Atomic Number

A

an identifying number of an element that indicates the number of protons in the nucleus

65
Q

Mass Number

A

identifying number of an element that indicates the number of protons and neutrons

66
Q

Atomic Mass Unit (AMU): 1

A

a mass of 1;
each proton and neutron has 1

67
Q

Atomic Charge

A

affected by the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons

68
Q

Ion

A

at atom that has an electrical charge

69
Q

Periods

A

arranged horizontally on the periodic table in rows

70
Q

Groups

A

arranged vertically on the periodic table in columns;
referred to as families

71
Q

Alkali Metals

A

Group 1;
shiny, soft, and highly reactive

72
Q

Alkaline Earth Metals

A

Group 2;
fairly soft and fairly reactive

73
Q

Transition Metals

A

Groups 3 to 12;
hard and have low to negative reactivity

74
Q

Hallogens

A

Group 17;
extremely reactive

75
Q

Noble Gases

A

Group 18;
extremely stable

76
Q

Atomic Radius

A

a measure of the distance from the center to its outermost orbital shell

77
Q

Ionization Energy

A

amount of energy required for the removal of an electron from an atom;
direction of increase: right and up

78
Q

Electronegativity

A

tendency of an atom to want to bond with other atoms by taking electrons from those atoms

79
Q

Orbital

A

an area around the nucleus of a cell where electrons can be located

80
Q

S Orbital

A

has the lowest level of energy;
forms a symmetrical sphere around the nucleus;
up to 2 electrons

81
Q

P Orbital

A

has an hourglass shape with the nucleus at the center;
up to 6 electrons

82
Q

D Orbital

A

has four pear shapes connected by the nucleus at the center;
up to 18 electrons

83
Q

F Orbital

A

very complex;
up to 32 electrons

84
Q

Sublimation

A

direct change from solid to gas

85
Q

Deposition

A

direct change from gas to solid

86
Q

Capillary Action

A

ability of water to flow upward against the flow of gravity

87
Q

Alkene

A

chemical compound made of only carbon and hydrogen atoms containing at least one carbo-to-carbon double bond

88
Q

Alkyne

A

hydrocarbon with a triple bond

89
Q

Decomposition

A

a chemical breakdown

90
Q
A

INTRO TO SOCIOLOGY (8 decks)

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