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end of years > Science > Flashcards

Science Flashcards

1
Q

What effect does tar have on the cilia

A

It causes the cilia to stop working and eventually die

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1
Q

Explain why muscles need more blood during exercise

A

Muscles require more energy during exercise. Additional oxygen and glucose are needed to release the energy. Blood flow increases to supply these to muscles faster. Respiration also increases to allow more oxygen to be transported to the muscles.

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2
Q

what are dangers of being too underweight?

A

Lack of energy, poor immune system, lack of minerals and vitamins

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3
Q

What are dangers of being too overweight?

A

Stroke, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, cancer

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4
Q

What are carbs

A

Main source of energy in the diet

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5
Q

What are proteins?

A

used for the growth and repairing of the body

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6
Q

What are vitamins and minerals

A

Important for the function and development of the body example-vegetables

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7
Q

What does fibre do

A

It bulks out food to keep it moving through the digestive system example-oats

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8
Q

What are lipids

A

help control what goes in and out of your cells and store energy

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9
Q

How do you test for starch

A

Iodine solution- turns black

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10
Q

How do you test for sugar

A

Benedict’s solution- turns orange/red

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11
Q

How do you test for lipids

A

Ethanol- turns cloudy

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12
Q

How do you test for protein

A

Biuret solution- turns purple

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13
Q

What are enzymes

A

proteins that speed up (catalyse) solutions. They are in the digestive system and break down starch into glucose

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14
Q

What do digestive enzymes do

A

Break down substances into new substances without being changed in the reaction

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15
Q

What chemical in tobacco makes it addictive?

A

Nicotine

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16
Q

What are atoms

A

Particles far too small to see even with a microscope. Everything is made out of atoms

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17
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance that is only made up of one type of atom like oxygen

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18
Q

What is a compound

A

A substance that is made up of 2 or more types of elements which are chemically bonded like H20

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19
Q

What is a mixture

A

A substance that is made up of 2 or more types of compounds or elements that can be physically seperated, no chemical bond

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20
Q

What carries glucose from the intestine to other parts of your body

A

blood

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21
Q

What is glucose?

A

A type of sugar you get from foods you eat and your body uses for energy

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22
Q

What does saliva contain that causes starch to change

A

amylase enzymes

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23
Q

What are the properties of a metal?

A

High melting and boiling points, good conductors, shiny, malleable, sonorous, hard and strong, high density

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24
Q

What is the structure of an atom

A

All atoms have a nucleus. Inside the nucleus are the protons and neutrons and in the outer shells are the electrons

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25
Q

what do horizontal rows on the periodic table tell you

A

called periods- tell you how many shells an element has

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26
Q

Which period is the most reactive

A

The last one, period 7

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27
Q

What does the group number tell you

A

number of electrons in the outer shell

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28
Q

What are group 7 elements also called

A

The halogens, they are reactive, have 7 shells in the outer shell, diatomic and non metals

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29
Q

What is the proton/atomic number

A

tells us the total number of electrons. found under name of the element

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30
Q

How do you draw the electronic structure of an element

A

. write symbol
. find the period the element is in and draw the shells
. start drawing crosses to draw electrons. 1st shell has 2
. find group the element is in to fins number of electrons in the outer shell

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31
Q

What is a force

A

A strength/energy as an attribute of physical action of movement. Can be a push, pull or twist. Can change an object’s speed, direction or shape. Forces are measured in newtons.

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32
Q

What is upthrust

A

Upward force that a liquid or gas exerts on a body in floating it

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33
Q

What is friction

A

Force that acts between 2 surfaces that are touching. It opposes their movement and acts as an invisible brake

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34
Q

What is weight?

A

The mass a person weighs multiplied by the gravitational pull of an area. Measured in newtons

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35
Q

What is static energy?

A

imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material

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36
Q

What is an electric field

A

physical field surrounding electrical charged particles. Created by a charged object

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37
Q

What is energy?

A

The flow of charged particles

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38
Q

What is current

A

measure of electrons flowing through a circuit. The more charge that flows, the bigger the current. Measured using an ammeter

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39
Q

What is potential difference/voltage?

A

The push provided by a cell or battery to make charges move. measured in volts with a voltmeter

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40
Q

what is resistance

A

Components do different jobs in an electric circuit. Each circuit component has a different resistance which tells you how easy/ difficult it is for the charges to pass through the component. It is measured in ohms. Affected by material of wire, how thick and long the wire is and the temperature of the wire

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41
Q

What is a magnetic field

A

the region around a magnetic material

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42
Q

What is a permanent magnet

A

A magnet that has its own magnetic field

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43
Q

What is an electromagnet

A

A temporary magnet that can be turned off by turning the current off. it is a soft metal core made into a magnet by the passage of electric current through a coil surrounding it. To increase the strength you can increase the number of coils, increase size of current and use materials that can be easily magnestised and demagnetised

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44
Q

what is the word equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide+water ARROW glucose + oxygen

45
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur?

A

In the chloroplasts in the leaf cells

46
Q

why are leaves and stems green

A

the contain the green pigment chlorophyll

47
Q

What is a solution?

A

A mixture in which 1 or more solutes is dissolved in a solvent

48
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A substance in which something is dissolved

49
Q

What is a solute

A

a substance that can be dissolved

50
Q

What happens when sugar dissolves?

A

Water particles surround each sugar particle. The sugar particles can mix with the liquid. They are arranged randomly and move around

51
Q

How do you increase the rate that a solute dissolves

A

stir the mixture, increase temp of solvent, crush solute

52
Q

What is filtration used for?

A

Used to sepearte a liquid and an insoluble solid

53
Q

What is evaporation used for?

A

Used to remove the solute from the solution. It is used when the solute dissolves in the liquid and filtration can’t be used. It gets rid of the solvent

54
Q

What is dissolving

A

a process where solute particles disperse throughout the solvent

55
Q

What si energy

A

the potentiual to do work. it cannot be created or destroyed, only transfered betweenn differnet energy stores. It is measured in joules.

56
Q

What are different types of energy stores?

A

.Kinetic energy- movement
. Gravitational potential energy- potential to fall due to gravity
. thermal energy- heat
. Elastic potential energy- stretching and compressing

57
Q

What is temperature?

A

how hot or cold something is

58
Q

What is fuel?

A

Materials that are burnt to produce a large amount of heat energy e.g. coal

59
Q

What are fossil fuels?

A

Fuels produced naturally, not infinite, release C02, cheap, readily available

60
Q

What do greenhouse gases do?

A

Trap heat in atmosphere

61
Q

What is stationary?

A

An object that is not moving and has speed 0m/s

62
Q

What is speed?

A

A measure of how quickly a distance is covered er unit time

63
Q

What is the equation for speed

A

speed= distance/time

64
Q

What is the thinking distance?

A

How far the car travels in the time it takes for the driver to press the brakes after realising they need to stop

65
Q

What is the braking distance?

A

How far the car travels after the driver has applied the break

66
Q

What is the equation for the stopping distance?

A

Stopping distance= thinking distance+ braking distance

67
Q

What do crumple zones do?

A

Increase the time taken for the car to stop meaning that the impact force is less

68
Q

What happens if the volume is smaller?

A

The pressure is higher and thereofre there are more collisions between molecules and the walls of the container

69
Q

What happens when a gas cools down?

A

molecules move more slowly and the pressure decreases

70
Q

What happens when a gas heats up?

A

molecules move more quickly and there are more collisions and the pressure increases

71
Q

How does the less air pressure going down on you affect you?

A

The higher you go. Atomspheric pressure changes with altitude, the higher you go the lower the weight of the air above you and the lower the atmospheric pressure

72
Q

what happens the deeper you go

A

the greater the weight of the pressure above and the greater the liquid pressure

73
Q

What force is produced by liquid pressure?

A

Upthrust, the force that keeps things afloat. It acts on any object that is floating or submerged in a liquid

74
Q

How can you make the gas pressure increase?

A

Increase temperture, decrease volume

75
Q

How can you make the gas temperature decrease?

A

Decrease temperature, increase volume

76
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A

caused by air particles colliding with a surface. As height increases there is always less air above a surface than at a lower height. Atmospheric pressure decreases as we go higher up

77
Q

What is pressure?

A

A measure of how much force is applied over a certain area

78
Q

What is the equation for pressure?

A

Pressure= force/ area

79
Q

why is renewable energy good?

A

Doesn’t run out because it is naturally plenished, environmentally friendly, safe

80
Q

What is nuclear energy?

A

Energy released from the nucleus. It doesn’t release crbon dioxide or sulfure dioxide and it produces a lot of energy but it is hazardous and non renewable

81
Q

What do animals compete for?

A

Water, food, space, mates

82
Q

what do plants compete for?

A

Minerals, water, space, light

83
Q

What is competition?

A

interaction between organisms after the same limited resources

84
Q

What are adaptations of a cactus?

A

. Thick waxy skin to prevent water loss

. Large fleshy stems to store water

. Spikes to prevent fleshy stem from being eaten

. Shallow widespread roots to absorb rain and nutrients/minerals

85
Q

What is the predator prey relationship?

A

It shows how the population of the prey and the predator are linked. When the population of the prey is high, the population of the predators increases as they now have a larger food supply. However, if there is a large predator population, the population of the prey decreases. Now that there is less prey, the predators have a smaller food supply so their population decreases. As a result of this, the prey relationship increases again and the process repeats

86
Q

What are structural adaptations?

A

Physical features that allow an organism to be succesful in its envuronment

87
Q

What are functional adaptations?

A

special biological processes an organsims body might perform to make it well suited to its environment like sweating

88
Q

What are behavioural adaptations?

A

Actions an organism might perform to make it well suited to its enviroment like hibernation and migration

89
Q

What are the 4 steps in plant reproduction?

A

Pollination, fertilisation, seed dispersal, germination

90
Q

What is pollination

A

transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. It can happen using wind or insects

91
Q

What is the carpel?

A

Female part of the flower

92
Q

What is the stamen

A

male part of the flower

93
Q

What is the ovule

A

female gamete

94
Q

What part of the flower holds the stigma

A

the style

95
Q

What part of the flower catches pollen

A

the stigma

96
Q

What does the anther do

A

produces pollen

97
Q

What does the sepal do

A

special leaf that protects unopened buds

98
Q

What happens when you rub a balloon on your jumper

A

electrons are transferred from the jumper to the balloon. The balloon now has an overall negative charge and the jumper has an overall positive charge. They now attract

99
Q

How does the current change around a circuit

A

the current is the same everywhere in series

100
Q

How does the p.d/voltage change around the circuit

A

it is the same everywhere in parallel

101
Q

food tests, electricity, photosynthesis, anaerobic, aerobic, adaptation, variation, acids and metals, speed, distance

A
102
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis

A

carbon dioxide+water ARROW glucose + oxygen

103
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

In the chloroplasts in the leaf cells

104
Q

what is photosynthesis

A

most plants make their own food. They do this using gas in the air and water absorbed by the roots in the soil to create sugar. Energy is needed to do this. The source of energy in photosynthesis is sunlight. The nuclear store of energy in the sun is transfered to a chemical store of energy in the plant by light. energy is transfered to the chlorophyll in the chloproplasts of the leaf cells.

105
Q

How does water get into a plant

A

Water is diffused into the root hair cells and then transported around the plant in xylem tubes.

106
Q

Why do plants have a large surface area

A

to absorb as much light as possible

107
Q

How do gases get into and out of a leaf

A

Through tiny holes on the bottom surface of a leaf called stomata. They allow gases to diffuse in and out of a leaf. Carbon dioxide diffuses in and oxygen and water vapour diffuse out. Stomata are open and closed by guard cells. Guard cells open them in the day and close them in the night.

108
Q

what are the 2 layers of the leaf

A

palisade layer- packed with chloroplasts, where most photosynthesis occurs

spongy layer- has air spaces allowing gases to diffuse in and out of the leaf

109
Q

what minerals do plants need

A

magnesium, potassium, phosphates, nitrates

110
Q

Which direction do magnetic field lines travel

A

from the north to south pole

end of years (5 decks)

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