Geography Flashcards
What is weather?
The state of the atmosphere at a particular place or time
What is climate
The average weather of a place, usually over 30 years
What is precipitation? (multiple choice)
Water falling from the sky, measured with a rain gauge in mm
How is cloud cover meausured? (multiple choice)
With your eyes in Oktas
How is wind speed measured? (multiple choice)
With an anemometer in mph
How is wind direction measured? (multiple choice)
With a weather vane in compass points
How is air pressure measured? (multiple choice)
With a barometer in millibars
What is relief rainfall
When mountains force the air to rise…
What is frontal rainfall
Caused by warm and cold air masses meeting…
What is convectional rainfall
When warm air rises and cools…
What are sunspots
Little black spots on the sun. The more there are, the more energy the sun gives off and the Earth warms up
How is the Earth’s orbit a natural cause of climate change
When the Earth’s orbit is more circular we are closer to the sun and warm up. When the orbit is more oval, we move further away from the sun and cool down
How are volcanic eruptions a natural cause of climate change?
When super volcanoes erupt, the ash spreads across the atmosphere and blocks out the sun causing a volcanic winter
What are the negative impacts of climate change? (6 marker?)
animal extinctions (e.g. polar bears)
water wars (e.g. Egypt and Ethiopia)
Extreme weather (droughts-Ethiopia, heatwaves-Europe, hurricanes-USA, wildfires-Austrailia)
sea level rise- river barriers cost billions and flooding means people lose their homes meaning the governemnt has to pay for housing and repairing what was ruined in floods meaning they do not have enough money so people are homeless and the death rates increase meaning less poeple pay tax and the governemnt loses more money meaning they cannot spend money on healtchare, transport or education
What is the thinnest layer of the earth
The crust
What is the mantle
The thickest layer of the Earth. It is made from magma
What is the outer core
made out of metal and is liquid
What is the inner core
Made out of metal and is solid. It is the hottest layer of the Earth
What causes plate movements
Convection currents. Magma in the mantle is heated by the outer core causing it to rise to the crust. It cannot break through the crust so it spreads sideways, dragging the plates with it. The magma then cools and sinks back down
What is a plate margin
where 2 plates meet
What are the differences between oceanic and continental crust
Oceanic is thinner, heavier,denser and made from basalt whereas continental is thicker, lighter, less dense and made from granite.
What are the 4 types of plate margins
conservative, destructive, constructive and collision
What is a DESTRUCTIVE plate margin (IMPORTANT-Explain question?)
When an oceanic and continental plate move towards each other due to convection currents. The oceanic plate sinks as it is heavier. There is friction between the plates causing them to get stuck. This causes an earthquake (friction-pressure-release). If the earthquake takes place under the sea it causes a tsunami. Oceanic plate sinks into the mantle and melts, causing extra magma to rise and force its way through the crust creating a violent (composite) volcano
What are the positive impacts of climate change (6 marker?)
Increased tourism from warmer temp which provides more income and jobs
More crops can be farmed
If the arctic melts we can access the oil under it- oil can be used to propel vehicles, to heat buildings, and to produce (cheaper) electricity.
If the arctic melts it will open new shipping routes which will make trade easier
What is a constructive plate margin?
Plates move away from each other due to convection currents. As they move there is friction between cracks in the plates. Friction-pressure-release causes an earthquake. Magma rises and forms a shield (gentle) volcano in space between the plates
What is collision
2 continental plates move towards each other. Neither sink as they are the same weight. The rocks between the plates are forced up to form fold mountains. Earthquake takes place due to friction pressure release
How can you protect a place from an earthquake?
Earthquake proof buildings:
-roof weights
-rubber foundations
-shatter proof glass
-cross bracing
Evacuation
How can you plan in advance from an earthquake?
Grab bag
Plan evacuation route
Supplies
Do drills
Build bunkers
Train emergency services
What is urbanisation?
the increase in proportion of people living in towns and cities
What are examples of push factors (negative)
Expensive housing
Poor housing
Bad healthcare
Water pollution
Noise pollution
Air pollution
Bad education
Little/bad job opportunities
Lack of universities/colleges
Disease
Ageing population
Expensive essentials
What are examples of pull factors
Good/free healthcare
Good housing
Good education
Lots of good job opportunities
Family
More schools
Cheaper houses
Environmentally friendly
less pollution
Higher income
Religious freedom
What are opportunities in the favelas?
Informal jobs (no tax)
Cheaper (rent free)
Pedestrian orientation
Residence close to workspace
What are challenges in the favelas?
Gangs
High crime rate
Bad healthcare
Lack of emergency services
Bad/no education
Pollution
Disease
Dirty water
Densley populated
Bad housing
What is sustainable?
To meet the needs of our population without damaging the planet
What methods can be used in sustainable cities?
Increasing green space
renewable energy (solar panels,
Planting trees
Growing own food
Electric cars
Clearing pollution
saving water
electric, cheap transport
encouraging cycling
improving healthcare and education
Energy efficient houses
Why do sea levels rise
Global warming is causing global mean sea level to rise in two ways. First, glaciers and ice sheets worldwide are melting and adding water to the ocean. Second, the volume of the ocean is expanding as the water warms.
