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Forensics Y2 > Science > Flashcards

Science Flashcards

1
Q

What 7 pieces of info go onto a CJA label?

A

Police force, exhibit number, description, address, date and time, name, signature

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2
Q

What MG is a witness statement

A

MG11

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3
Q

What 3 swabs do you take for blood?

A

Control, background, apparent blood swab

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4
Q

What 3 swabs do you take for saliva?

A

Control, wet, dry

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5
Q

What are contemporaneous notes?

A

Notes taken at the time of examination or soon thereafter

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6
Q

In what order would you collect exhibits? (3)

A

Photography, Forensic evidence, fingerprints/footwear

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7
Q

What exhibit number would photographs typically be in an examination?

A

Exhibit no.1

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8
Q

Penalty for possession of Class A drugs

A

7 years imprisonment, unlimited fine

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9
Q

Penalty for possession with intent to supply Class A drugs

A

up to life imprisonment, unlimited fine

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10
Q

Penalty for possession of Class B drugs

A

5 years imprisonment, unlimited fine

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11
Q

Penalty for possession with intent to supply Class B drugs

A

up to 14 years imprisonment, unlimited fine

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12
Q

Penalty for possession of Class C drugs

A

2 years imprisonment, unlimited fine

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13
Q

Penalty for possession with intent to supply Class C drugs

A

14 years imprisonment, unlimited fine

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14
Q

What class can prescription drugs be?

A

A, B and C

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15
Q

What is the name of the presumptive test for drugs?

A

Marquis

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16
Q

What is an SSM?

A

Scientific Support Manager

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17
Q

What is CBRN?

A

Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear

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18
Q

What is a SERM?

A

Scene Evidence Recovery Manager

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19
Q

What PPE are you expected to wear in an examination? (6)

A

Mask, Hood, Single and Double Gloves, Oversuit and Overshoes

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20
Q

What makes a burglary an aggravated burglary?

A

Weapon, Imitation firearm, Firearm, or Explosive
WIFE

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21
Q

Act for burglary

A

Theft act 1968 s.9

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22
Q

Act for aggravated burglary

A

Theft act 1968 s10

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23
Q

Sex offences act

A

Sex offenders act 2003

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24
Q

Presumptive test for semen

A

Acid Phosphatase (ACP)

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25
Q

How does ACP work?

A

Enzyme secreted by prostate gland detected
False positives by vaginal fluid

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26
Q

Persistence of seminal fluid in the mouth

A

Up to 48 hours

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27
Q

Persistence of seminal fluid in the vagina

A

24-72 hours, but occasionally up to 6 days

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28
Q

Persistence of seminal fluid in the anus

A

Until defecation but up to 3 days

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29
Q

Persistence of seminal fluid on the skin

A

Until washed away

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30
Q

Persistence of seminal fluid on clothing/bedding etc..

A

Indefinitely if kept dry/not washed

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31
Q

How to recover a condom?

A

Seal with freezer clip, place into close fitting rigid container, into scene bag and eventually frozen

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32
Q

What act does fire come under?

A

Criminal Damage Act 1971

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33
Q

Recovering exhibits believed to have accelerant on?

A

Nylon bag in a nylon bag. If liquid, decant into container then place nylon bag on top before lid.

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34
Q

What is Flashover?

A

The point at which all near combustible material ignites

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35
Q

What is Backdraft?

A

When oxygen is reintroduced to a starving fire

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36
Q

What can Nylon Bags be contaminated by?

A

Hydrocarbons from vehicles (fuel). Can produce false positives.

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37
Q

Describe human behaviour in fires and what this can lead to

A

Confused and Disorientated - bodies can be found in unexpected places.

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38
Q

How to recover wet clothing from fire scenes?

A

Nylon bag - do not dry

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39
Q

What is the rule of 9s and what does it refer to?

A

Estimates size of burn and a burn’s percentage of total skin / chance of recovery (60%-80% burned - little chance of recovery)

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40
Q

Sample types and comparison methods (4)

A

Questioned sample
Positive control
Negative Control
Reference Collections

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41
Q

What 4 types of evidence need to be recovered immediately

A

GSR
Blood
Fibres
Trace

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41
Q

What is an IED?

A

Improvised Explosive Device

42
Q

5 Components which make up an IED

A

Power Supply
Initiator/detonator
Explosive
Switch
Container

43
Q

Features of a Primary explosive?

A

Highly sensitive, impact, friction, heat. Used in detonators.

44
Q

Features of a Secondary explosive?

A

Not as sensitive as primary; safer to handle; TNT

45
Q

Household products used in IEDs (4)

A

Fertilizer
Weed Killer
Solvents (acetone)
Hair colouring Dye

46
Q

What is EOD

A

Explosive Ordnance Disposal (bomb squad)

47
Q

How do EOD detonate a bomb?

A

Target the battery to disrupt the power supply

48
Q

What is FEL?

A

Forensic Explosive Laboratories (only place all explosive evidence can go to)

49
Q

What is a TERK?

A

Trace Evidence Recovery Kit

50
Q

3 Types of exhibits from explosive scenes

A

Explosive materials
Non explosive debris (nuts/bolts etc)
Bulk non explosive debris (sweepings/ clothing etc)

51
Q

Role of first officer attending at major incident (5)

A

Confirm situation
Secure area
Cordon area
Control access
Call for CSI

52
Q

3 things that is done at the post mortem

A

Toxicology
Samples of Organ Tissue (histology)
Blood and pre-transfusion sample from hospital

53
Q

2 types of death

A

Somatic death (no sentient personality)
Cellular death (tissues/cells dead from cardio-respiratory failure)

54
Q

What is Pallor Mortis?

A

Pale-ing of skin

55
Q

What is Algor Mortis?

A

Cooling of body after death

56
Q

What is Livor Mortis? (hypostasis/lividity)

A

Pooling of blood to the lowest extremities

57
Q

What is Rigor Mortis?

A

Stiffening of body (disappears after 24-36 hours)

58
Q

How long does Livor Mortis take?

A

Fully developed between 3-4 hours, fixed after 16 hours, can look like bruising.

59
Q

What is putrefaction?

A

Decomposition/autoloysis. Begins 2-3 days after death

59
Q

What happens 2-3 weeks after death?

A

Organs and cavities bursting

60
Q

What happens 3-4 weeks after death?

A

Liquefaction of soft tissue, degloved, face unrecognisable

61
Q

What happens 4-6 months after death?

A

Formation of adipocere (mortuary wax)

62
Q

What forensic evidence can you get from mummified bodies?

A

DNA, fingerprints

63
Q

What can be determined from skeletonization?

A

Age and gender

64
Q

What kind of deaths do coroners investigate?

A

Unknown deaths,
Violent or unnatural deaths,
Deaths in police custody, prison, or another type of state detention

65
Q

What is required to become a coroner?

A

Either a medical or legal background

66
Q

What teams may be needed to recover a body in water? (4)

A

CSI, Fire service, Under water search team, lifeboat crew

67
Q

What 3 things can link an offender to a water scene?

A

Clothing, weapons, diatoms

68
Q

How to tell if a victim drowned or was deceased before entering a body of water

A

Diatoms will be found circulated around organs if water is inhaled.

69
Q

What is Limnology?

A

Analysis of evidence collected from crime scenes in or around fresh water sources

70
Q

Strategy for major incident investigations? PPAR

A

Preserve
Protect
Asssess
Record

71
Q

What is the first insect to attack a body after death?

A

Blow fly -turn into maggots

72
Q

What can impact PMI?

A

Ambient temperature
Central heating
Climate
Clothing
Body mass/core temp
Time

73
Q

3 different types of death

A

Murder
Suicide
Natural causes

74
Q

What kind of pm does each type of death get?

A

Murder - home office with advanced photography
Suicide - local with photography
Natural causes - no csi needed

75
Q

What is a coroner?

A

Independent judicial office holder appointed by a local authority within the coroner area

76
Q

Can a coroner attend a scene?

A

Rarely, but may attend a mass fatality

77
Q

What can affect evidential opportunities for water scenes?

A

Persistence
Adipocere
Washing
Temperature
Tidal flow
Abrasive sand or river bottom

78
Q

What do you take the temperature of at a water scene?

A

The body of water itself
The body if one is present

79
Q

What is a diatom?

A

Photosynthesising algae

80
Q

What do you take a control of at a water scene?

A

Control sample of diatoms - frozen
(Found in almost every source of water)

81
Q

What is the standard body recovery process? (10 steps)

A

Photography
Trace evidence
Tape lift exposed skin
Hair combing
Swab hands and nail clippings
Swab exposed skin
Bag hands/feet/head
Place body onto body sheet
Remove clothing
Wrap body

82
Q

What to consider when recovering a decomposed body?

A

Skin slippage
Leakage and degradation

83
Q

What is the NCA?

A

National Crime Agency

84
Q

What is a postmortem?

A

Examination of a body after death

85
Q

Where is a body taken after a violent crime has occurred?

A

Home office postmortem

86
Q

Why are postmortems needed?

A

Unknown cause of death
Unnatural or violent cause of death
Death in police custody/prisons
Unknown identity
Determine whether inquest is neededd

87
Q

2 types of post mortems

A

Home office postmortem
Hospital post mortem
(Coroner must be informed of either)

88
Q

Health and safety regarding mortuary’s

A

Designated gowning and de gowning areas
Hep B, tuberculosis and HIV - main diseases to be aware of

89
Q

What swabs are taken of a deceased person?

A

Orifice swabs (mouth, nasal, vaginal, penile, anal)
Injury site swabs
Extraneous materials swabbed

90
Q

Scientific Support Services (9)

A

CSI Unit
Forensic Investigation Unit
Forensic Imaging Unit
Fingerprint Identification Services
Fingerprint Enhancement Lab
Digital Investigation Unit
Footwear Unit
Pathologists
Firearms

91
Q

What to remember when recovering body fluids?

A

Biohazard tape

92
Q

Major Incidents (8)

A

Murder (attempted)
Serious Assault
Serious Arson
Rape
Mass Disaster
Kidnapping
Serious Firearms Incident
Terrorism

93
Q

Order of mortis

A

Pallor, Algor, Livor, Rigor

94
Q

When is Livor Mortis fixed?

A

16 hours

95
Q

When does rigor mortis disappear?

A

After 24-36 hours

96
Q

When is Livor Mortis fully developed?

A

3-4 Hours

97
Q

How long does Algor Mortis take?

A

About 18-20 hours to match outside temperature

98
Q

How long does Pallor Mortis take?

A

Can take 15-30 minutes to begin

99
Q

How long does GSR last on hands?

A

2-4 hours

100
Q

How long does GSR last on face and hair?

A

6-12 hours

101
Q

How long does GSR last on clothing surface?

A

Up to 24 hours if worn

Forensics Y2 (7 decks)

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