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Science Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

It is the third planet from the sun.

A

Earth

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2
Q

Earth is divided into four major layers.

A

Crust, Mantle, Outercore, and Innercore

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3
Q

The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle comprise the __

A

Lithosphere

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4
Q

A rigid layer that can break under stress.

A

Lithosphere

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5
Q

The lithosphere is composed of major and minor blocks, called __

A

Tectonic Plates

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6
Q

It interacts and create the tectonic activities on Earth.

A

Tectonic Plates

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7
Q

Below the lithosphere is the __

A

Asthenosphere

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8
Q

It is about 180 km thick and contains hot, molten rocks or magma.

A

Asthenosphere

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9
Q

The asthenosphere can deform and reshape driven by heat energy, which circulates as __

A

Convection Currents

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10
Q

This heat transfer mechanism helps drive the movement of tectonic plates, which is manifested as __

A

Earthquakes

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11
Q

The outermost layer of Earth where life exists is called the __

A

Crust

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12
Q

The crust that makes up the continents is called the __

A

Continental Crust

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13
Q

Thickness, Composition, Density, and Coverage of Continental Crust

A

Thickness: 25-70 km
Compositions: Granite, Gneiss, and Aluminum Silicates
Density: 2.7 grams per cubic centimeter
Coverage: 71% of the Earth’s surface

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14
Q

Takes a long time to form and is relatively stable.

A

Continental Crust

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15
Q

The crust that underlies the ocean floor is called the __

A

Oceanic Crust

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16
Q

Thickness, Composition, Density, and Coverage of Oceanic Crust

A

Thickness: 7-10 km
Compositions: Basalt, Gabbro, and Magnesium Silicates
Density: 2.9 grams per cubic centimeter
Coverage: 29% of the Earth’s surface

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17
Q

Constantly renewed through processes like volcanic activity.

A

Oceanic Crust

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18
Q

Below the crust is a semisolid, rocky, and very hot layer called the __

A

Mantle

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19
Q

It makes up 80 percent of Earth and carries most of its mass.

A

Mantle

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20
Q

State of Matter, Thickness, and the Composition of the Mantle

A

State of Matter: Semi-Solid
Thickness: 2900 km
Composition: Ferro-Magnesium Silicate Rocks

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21
Q

Temperature of Upper and Lower Mantle

A

Upper Mantle: 900°C
Lower Mantle: 1000°C - 3700°C

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22
Q

It is the only layer of Earth that is liquid.

A

Outer Core

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23
Q

Thickness, Composition, and Temperature of Outer Core

A

Thickness: 2700 km
Composition: Molten Nickel and Iron
Temperature: 3700°C - 4300°C

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24
Q

It is solid because it bears the immense weight of the Earth above it.

A

Inner Core

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25
Q

Composition, Thickness, and Temperature of Inner Core

A

Composition: Solid Iron
Thickness: 1220 km
Temperature: 6000°C

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26
Q

It is the interface berween the crust and the upper mantle.

A

Mohorovicic Discontinuity

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27
Q

It marks the boundary berween the lower mantle and the outer core.

A

Gutenberg Discontinuity

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28
Q

It is located between the liquid outer core and the solid inner core.

A

Lehmann Discontinuity

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29
Q

Seismic waves are detected by highly sensitive instruments called __

A

Seismometers

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30
Q

Seismic waves are recorded by __

A

Seismographs

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31
Q

Earth began as a single landmass or supercontinent called __

A

Pangaea

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32
Q

This theory suggested that as Earth cooled after its formation, its surface contracted and wrinkled, with these wrinkles being the mountain ranges on Earth’s surface.

A

Contraction Theory

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33
Q

The contraction theory was superseded by the __

A

Continental Drift Theory

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34
Q

Who proposed the Continental Drift Theory?

A

Alfred Wegener

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35
Q

Observations of Alfred Wegener in Continental Drift Theory

A

Apparent fit of South America and Africa’s coastlines.
Similarities in plant and animal fossils of South America and Africa.
Similarities in rock layer sequences on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

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36
Q

Suggested that the ocean floor was spreading apart at mid-ocean ridges due to the upwelling of molten material.

A

Sea Floor Spreading Theory

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37
Q

Who proposed the Sea Floor Spreading Theory?

A

Harry Hess

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38
Q

This theory incorporates the continental drift theory and the seafloor spreading theory.

A

Plate Tectonics Theory

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39
Q

Plate tectonics explains that Earth’s lithosphere is composed of many independent massive slabs of solid rocks called __

A

Plates

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40
Q

Primary Plates

A

Eurasian Plate
Australian Plate
Antarctic Plate
Pacific Plate
North American Plate
South American Plate
African Plate

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41
Q

Secondary Plates

A

Indian Plate
Arabian Plate
Nazca Plate
Cocos Plate
Caribbean Plate
Juan de Fuca Plate
Scotia Plate
Philippine Plate

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42
Q

This theory explains how the Earth’s lithosphere is divided into these plates and how they move.

A

Plate Tectonics Theory

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43
Q

The regions between plates are aptly called __

A

Plate Boundaries

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44
Q

As the plates move, fractures called __ develop on Earth’s crust.

A

Faults

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45
Q

When two plates move away from each other, a gap or rift between them is created.

A

Divergent Boundary

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46
Q

A long, narrow depression that forms on land when two tectonic plates move away from each other.

A

Rift Valley

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47
Q

It forms underwater along the ocean floor where two tectonic plates are moving apart.

A

Mid-Ocean Ridges

48
Q

It occurs when two plates moves toward each other and form either a subduction zone or an orogenic belt/mountain belt.

A

Convergent Boundary

49
Q

Convergent Boundary is also known as __

A

Destructive Boundary

50
Q

Divergent Boundary is also known as __

A

Constructive Boundary

51
Q

Transform Boundary is also known as __

A

Conservative Boundary

52
Q

It is a place where two tectonic plates are colliding, but one plate is being pushed beneath the other and forced into the Earth’s mantle

A

Subduction Zone

53
Q

It is a long chain of mountains or highlands that forms due to the collision and convergence of tectonic plates.

A

Orogenic Belts (Mountain Belts/Ranges)

54
Q

The denser oceanic plate is usually forced beneath the less dense continental plate, creating a subduction zone.

A

Oceanic-Continental Convergent Boundary

55
Q

It is a curved chain or group of volcanic islands that forms in an ocean.

A

Island Arc

56
Q

These __ are formed as a result of the collision and subduction of an oceanic tectonic plate beneath a continental plate.

A

Trenches

57
Q

Two oceanic plates meet and collide.

A

Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent Boundary

58
Q

These __ are created when two oceanic tectonic plates collide and one is subducted beneath the other

A

Oceanic Trenches

59
Q

Two continental plates collide.

A

Continental-Continental Convergent Boundary

60
Q

It refers to long chains or groups of mountains that are formed when two continental tectonic plates collide and push against each other.

A

Mountain Ranges

61
Q

The plates slide against each other in opposite directions.

A

Transform Boundary

62
Q

It refers to the shaking of Earth as a result of the breaking or shifting of the rocks of the tectonic plates, which releases seismic energy.

A

Earthquake

63
Q

It forms at the boundary where two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally.

A

Transform Fault

64
Q

The point on the crust of Earth directly above the focus is the __

A

Epicenter

65
Q

These are large landforms that rise well above the ground and have steep slopes and a peak generally higher than a hill.

A

Mountains

66
Q

These are formed through plate convergence.

A

Fold Mountains

67
Q

It is the worldwide or local distribution of earthquakes in space, time, and magnitude.

A

Seismicity

68
Q

It refers to the measure of the frequency of earthquakes in a region.

A

Seismicity

69
Q

Manifest themselves along volcanic rifts mostly in the ocean basins.

A

Volcanism in Divergent Boundary

70
Q

Makes individual volcanoes on the plate on collision process.

A

Volcanism in Convergent Boundary

71
Q

These are large mountain ranges where the layers of rock within them have been crumpled as they have been forced together.

A

Fold Mountains

72
Q

Where is Fold Mountains formed?

A

Convergent or Destructive Boundary

73
Q

These are deep water areas that run along a coastline which has a destructive plate margins.

A

Ocean Trenches

74
Q

These are created by subduction, and mark the point where the ocean crust is being pushed under the oceanic crust.

A

Oceanic Trenches

75
Q

This have played a significant role in shaping over 80 percent of our planet’s surface, providing the fundamental conditions that have allowed life to flourish.

A

Volcanoes

76
Q

As the Earth’s crust is pulled apart to create a new pathway for rising hot magma to flow onto the surface.

A

Constructive Plate Boundary (Divergent)

77
Q

Volcanoes from here occur along oceanic-oceanic and oceanic-continental plates.

A

Destructive Plate Boundary (Convergent)

78
Q

Volcanoes can also form above a column of superheated magma called a mantle plume.

A

Hot Spot Volcanism

79
Q

Hot Spot Volcanism is also known as __

A

Intraplate Volcanism

80
Q

The Earth’s largest mountain range, stretching for almost 65,000 kilometers

A

Mid-Ocean Ridges

81
Q

A continous range of underwater volcanoes that looks like a seams on a baseball that wraps around the globe.

A

Mid-Ocean Ridges

82
Q

It occurs along divergent plate boundaries producing enormous volcanic eruptions of basalt.

A

Mid-Ocean Ridges

83
Q

The coming together of materials to form heavenly bodies.

A

Accretion Theory

84
Q

Earth is covered about __ water and __ land

A

70.8% water and 29.2% land

85
Q

Earth revolves around the sun, completing one orbit in about __ days

A

365.25 days

86
Q

Earth moves through space at an average speed of __

A

17.5 miles per second

87
Q

Earth is situated approximately __ away from the sun.

A

93 million miles

88
Q

What is the thickest layer of the Earth?

A

Mantle

89
Q

A wave from an earthquake or an explosion, that can travel along the Earth’s surface or through Earth’s interior.

A

Seismic Waves

90
Q

One tectonic plate is pushed beneath another plate.

A

Subduction

91
Q

These events are common at plate boundaries, and are caused by the motions of the plates or of magma.

A

Earthquakes

92
Q

The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the earthquake.

A

Epicenter

93
Q

Sections of the Earth’s surface that move– these sections can include both continental and oceanic crust.

A

Tectonic Plates

94
Q

The dividing line where tectonic plates meet.

A

Plate Boundaries

95
Q

This type is thinner and denser than continental crust.

A

Oceanic Crust

96
Q

This type is thicker than oceanic crust and doesn’t subduct.

A

Continental Crust

97
Q

This happens at a mid-oceanic ridge where two plates are moving apart and new crust is forming.

A

Seafloor Spreading

98
Q

Part of the driving force for plate tectonics, this process moves heat from the interior of the Earth towards the surface, as cooler plates sink back into the mantle.

A

Convection

99
Q

It is a process where heat is transferred from one place to another.

A

Convection

100
Q

The movement of energy from one place to another.

A

Heat Transfer

101
Q

Who proposed Convectional Current Theory?

A

Arthur Holmes

102
Q

It is a force behind plate tectonics.

A

Convection Current

103
Q

These are caused by a heated molten rock in the mantle becomes less dense and rise.

A

Convection Currenfs

104
Q

The continuous loop of sinking and rising hot, soft rocks caused by energy transferred in the asthenosphere of Earth.

A

Convection Current

105
Q

It is caused by gravitational force, and its exists because the ridge occur at a higher elevation than the rest of the ocean floor.

A

Ridge Push

106
Q

It is caused by the rising of heat from the core toward the mantle.

A

Mantle Convection

107
Q

These are caused by a heated molten rock in the mantle becomes less dense and rise.

A

Convection Currents

108
Q

These are the continuous loop of sinking and rising hot, soft rocks caused by energy transferred in the asthenosphere (mantle) of Earth.

A

Convection Currents

109
Q

It is a process where heat is transferred from one place to another.

A

Convection

110
Q

It is the movement of energy from one place to another.

A

Heat Transfer

111
Q

What formation occured between the convergence of Pacific and Philippine Plate?

A

Marianas Trench

112
Q

What formation occured between the convergence of Eurasian and African Plate?

A

Alps

113
Q

What formation occured between the convergence of Nazca and South American Plate?

A

Peru-Chile Trench and Andes Mountain

114
Q

What formation occured between the convergence of Juan de Fuca and North American Plate?

A

Cascade Range

115
Q

What formation occured between the convergence of Eurasian and Pacific Plate?

A

Japan Trench

MAPEH & Science (8 decks)

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