Science Flashcards
1
Q
It is the third planet from the sun.
A
Earth
2
Q
Earth is divided into four major layers.
A
Crust, Mantle, Outercore, and Innercore
3
Q
The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle comprise the __
A
Lithosphere
4
Q
A rigid layer that can break under stress.
A
Lithosphere
5
Q
The lithosphere is composed of major and minor blocks, called __
A
Tectonic Plates
6
Q
It interacts and create the tectonic activities on Earth.
A
Tectonic Plates
7
Q
Below the lithosphere is the __
A
Asthenosphere
8
Q
It is about 180 km thick and contains hot, molten rocks or magma.
A
Asthenosphere
9
Q
The asthenosphere can deform and reshape driven by heat energy, which circulates as __
A
Convection Currents
10
Q
This heat transfer mechanism helps drive the movement of tectonic plates, which is manifested as __
A
Earthquakes
11
Q
The outermost layer of Earth where life exists is called the __
A
Crust
12
Q
The crust that makes up the continents is called the __
A
Continental Crust
13
Q
Thickness, Composition, Density, and Coverage of Continental Crust
A
Thickness: 25-70 km
Compositions: Granite, Gneiss, and Aluminum Silicates
Density: 2.7 grams per cubic centimeter
Coverage: 71% of the Earth’s surface
14
Q
Takes a long time to form and is relatively stable.
A
Continental Crust
15
Q
The crust that underlies the ocean floor is called the __
A
Oceanic Crust
16
Q
Thickness, Composition, Density, and Coverage of Oceanic Crust
A
Thickness: 7-10 km
Compositions: Basalt, Gabbro, and Magnesium Silicates
Density: 2.9 grams per cubic centimeter
Coverage: 29% of the Earth’s surface
17
Q
Constantly renewed through processes like volcanic activity.
A
Oceanic Crust
18
Q
Below the crust is a semisolid, rocky, and very hot layer called the __
A
Mantle
19
Q
It makes up 80 percent of Earth and carries most of its mass.
A
Mantle
20
Q
State of Matter, Thickness, and the Composition of the Mantle
A
State of Matter: Semi-Solid
Thickness: 2900 km
Composition: Ferro-Magnesium Silicate Rocks
21
Q
Temperature of Upper and Lower Mantle
A
Upper Mantle: 900°C
Lower Mantle: 1000°C - 3700°C
22
Q
It is the only layer of Earth that is liquid.
A
Outer Core
23
Q
Thickness, Composition, and Temperature of Outer Core
A
Thickness: 2700 km
Composition: Molten Nickel and Iron
Temperature: 3700°C - 4300°C
24
Q
It is solid because it bears the immense weight of the Earth above it.
A
Inner Core
25
Composition, Thickness, and Temperature of Inner Core
Composition: Solid Iron
Thickness: 1220 km
Temperature: 6000°C
26
It is the interface berween the crust and the upper mantle.
Mohorovicic Discontinuity
27
It marks the boundary berween the lower mantle and the outer core.
Gutenberg Discontinuity
28
It is located between the liquid outer core and the solid inner core.
Lehmann Discontinuity
29
Seismic waves are detected by highly sensitive instruments called __
Seismometers
30
Seismic waves are recorded by __
Seismographs
31
Earth began as a single landmass or supercontinent called __
Pangaea
32
This theory suggested that as Earth cooled after its formation, its surface contracted and wrinkled, with these wrinkles being the mountain ranges on Earth's surface.
Contraction Theory
33
The contraction theory was superseded by the __
Continental Drift Theory
34
Who proposed the Continental Drift Theory?
Alfred Wegener
35
Observations of Alfred Wegener in Continental Drift Theory
Apparent fit of South America and Africa's coastlines.
Similarities in plant and animal fossils of South America and Africa.
Similarities in rock layer sequences on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
36
Suggested that the ocean floor was spreading apart at mid-ocean ridges due to the upwelling of molten material.
Sea Floor Spreading Theory
37
Who proposed the Sea Floor Spreading Theory?
Harry Hess
38
This theory incorporates the continental drift theory and the seafloor spreading theory.
Plate Tectonics Theory
39
Plate tectonics explains that Earth's lithosphere is composed of many independent massive slabs of solid rocks called __
Plates
40
Primary Plates
Eurasian Plate
Australian Plate
Antarctic Plate
Pacific Plate
North American Plate
South American Plate
African Plate
41
Secondary Plates
Indian Plate
Arabian Plate
Nazca Plate
Cocos Plate
Caribbean Plate
Juan de Fuca Plate
Scotia Plate
Philippine Plate
42
This theory explains how the Earth's lithosphere is divided into these plates and how they move.
Plate Tectonics Theory
43
The regions between plates are aptly called __
Plate Boundaries
44
As the plates move, fractures called __ develop on Earth's crust.
Faults
45
When two plates move away from each other, a gap or rift between them is created.
Divergent Boundary
46
A long, narrow depression that forms on land when two tectonic plates move away from each other.
Rift Valley
47
It forms underwater along the ocean floor where two tectonic plates are moving apart.
Mid-Ocean Ridges
48
It occurs when two plates moves toward each other and form either a subduction zone or an orogenic belt/mountain belt.
Convergent Boundary
49
Convergent Boundary is also known as __
Destructive Boundary
50
Divergent Boundary is also known as __
Constructive Boundary
51
Transform Boundary is also known as __
Conservative Boundary
52
It is a place where two tectonic plates are colliding, but one plate is being pushed beneath the other and forced into the Earth's mantle
Subduction Zone
53
It is a long chain of mountains or highlands that forms due to the collision and convergence of tectonic plates.
Orogenic Belts (Mountain Belts/Ranges)
54
The denser oceanic plate is usually forced beneath the less dense continental plate, creating a subduction zone.
Oceanic-Continental Convergent Boundary
55
It is a curved chain or group of volcanic islands that forms in an ocean.
Island Arc
56
These __ are formed as a result of the collision and subduction of an oceanic tectonic plate beneath a continental plate.
Trenches
57
Two oceanic plates meet and collide.
Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent Boundary
58
These __ are created when two oceanic tectonic plates collide and one is subducted beneath the other
Oceanic Trenches
59
Two continental plates collide.
Continental-Continental Convergent Boundary
60
It refers to long chains or groups of mountains that are formed when two continental tectonic plates collide and push against each other.
Mountain Ranges
61
The plates slide against each other in opposite directions.
Transform Boundary
62
It refers to the shaking of Earth as a result of the breaking or shifting of the rocks of the tectonic plates, which releases seismic energy.
Earthquake
63
It forms at the boundary where two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally.
Transform Fault
64
The point on the crust of Earth directly above the focus is the __
Epicenter
65
These are large landforms that rise well above the ground and have steep slopes and a peak generally higher than a hill.
Mountains
66
These are formed through plate convergence.
Fold Mountains
67
It is the worldwide or local distribution of earthquakes in space, time, and magnitude.
Seismicity
68
It refers to the measure of the frequency of earthquakes in a region.
Seismicity
69
Manifest themselves along volcanic rifts mostly in the ocean basins.
Volcanism in Divergent Boundary
70
Makes individual volcanoes on the plate on collision process.
Volcanism in Convergent Boundary
71
These are large mountain ranges where the layers of rock within them have been crumpled as they have been forced together.
Fold Mountains
72
Where is Fold Mountains formed?
Convergent or Destructive Boundary
73
These are deep water areas that run along a coastline which has a destructive plate margins.
Ocean Trenches
74
These are created by subduction, and mark the point where the ocean crust is being pushed under the oceanic crust.
Oceanic Trenches
75
This have played a significant role in shaping over 80 percent of our planet's surface, providing the fundamental conditions that have allowed life to flourish.
Volcanoes
76
As the Earth's crust is pulled apart to create a new pathway for rising hot magma to flow onto the surface.
Constructive Plate Boundary (Divergent)
77
Volcanoes from here occur along oceanic-oceanic and oceanic-continental plates.
Destructive Plate Boundary (Convergent)
78
Volcanoes can also form above a column of superheated magma called a mantle plume.
Hot Spot Volcanism
79
Hot Spot Volcanism is also known as __
Intraplate Volcanism
80
The Earth's largest mountain range, stretching for almost 65,000 kilometers
Mid-Ocean Ridges
81
A continous range of underwater volcanoes that looks like a seams on a baseball that wraps around the globe.
Mid-Ocean Ridges
82
It occurs along divergent plate boundaries producing enormous volcanic eruptions of basalt.
Mid-Ocean Ridges
83
The coming together of materials to form heavenly bodies.
Accretion Theory
84
Earth is covered about __ water and __ land
70.8% water and 29.2% land
85
Earth revolves around the sun, completing one orbit in about __ days
365.25 days
86
Earth moves through space at an average speed of __
17.5 miles per second
87
Earth is situated approximately __ away from the sun.
93 million miles
88
What is the thickest layer of the Earth?
Mantle
89
A wave from an earthquake or an explosion, that can travel along the Earth's surface or through Earth's interior.
Seismic Waves
90
One tectonic plate is pushed beneath another plate.
Subduction
91
These events are common at plate boundaries, and are caused by the motions of the plates or of magma.
Earthquakes
92
The point on the Earth’s surface directly above the earthquake.
Epicenter
93
Sections of the Earth’s surface that move-- these sections can include both continental and oceanic crust.
Tectonic Plates
94
The dividing line where tectonic plates meet.
Plate Boundaries
95
This type is thinner and denser than continental crust.
Oceanic Crust
96
This type is thicker than oceanic crust and doesn’t subduct.
Continental Crust
97
This happens at a mid-oceanic ridge where two plates are moving apart and new crust is forming.
Seafloor Spreading
98
Part of the driving force for plate tectonics, this process moves heat from the interior of the Earth towards the surface, as cooler plates sink back into the mantle.
Convection
99
It is a process where heat is transferred from one place to another.
Convection
100
The movement of energy from one place to another.
Heat Transfer
101
Who proposed Convectional Current Theory?
Arthur Holmes
102
It is a force behind plate tectonics.
Convection Current
103
These are caused by a heated molten rock in the mantle becomes less dense and rise.
Convection Currenfs
104
The continuous loop of sinking and rising hot, soft rocks caused by energy transferred in the asthenosphere of Earth.
Convection Current
105
It is caused by gravitational force, and its exists because the ridge occur at a higher elevation than the rest of the ocean floor.
Ridge Push
106
It is caused by the rising of heat from the core toward the mantle.
Mantle Convection
107
These are caused by a heated molten rock in the mantle becomes less dense and rise.
Convection Currents
108
These are the continuous loop of sinking and rising hot, soft rocks caused by energy transferred in the asthenosphere (mantle) of Earth.
Convection Currents
109
It is a process where heat is transferred from one place to another.
Convection
110
It is the movement of energy from one place to another.
Heat Transfer
111
What formation occured between the convergence of Pacific and Philippine Plate?
Marianas Trench
112
What formation occured between the convergence of Eurasian and African Plate?
Alps
113
What formation occured between the convergence of Nazca and South American Plate?
Peru-Chile Trench and Andes Mountain
114
What formation occured between the convergence of Juan de Fuca and North American Plate?
Cascade Range
115
What formation occured between the convergence of Eurasian and Pacific Plate?
Japan Trench
