Science Flashcards
1
Q
What is science?
A
study of the physical or material world
2
Q
What is science based on?
A
based on universal principles and procedures in the physical world
3
Q
What should students learn before they are asked to hypothesize and analyze?
A
to observe and measure
4
Q
What should research-based strategies in science focus on?
A
student-centered learning and inquiry (in the context of social interaction)
5
Q
What are the basic goals of science instruction?
A
-scientific literacy
-application of the scientific method to everyday situations and daily life
6
Q
What do teachers need to strike a balance between when it comes to scientific instruction?
A
unstructured activities and highly structured content
7
Q
What are the 7 actions that scientists do?
A
-observe
-identify
-describe
-analyze
-hypothesize
-investigate
-explain
8
Q
What is scientific inquiry?
A
involves the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on evidence derived from their work
9
Q
How many approaches do the standards note for science instruction?
A
0; there is no single approach
10
Q
Formal learning activities are traditionally thought of as …
A
-structured
-school-based
-curriculum-driven
-standards
-assessments
11
Q
Where do informal learning activities occur?
A
outside of traditional classroom settings
12
Q
What collaborative strategies are used in science instruction?
A
-cooperative learning (structured with interdependence: every person has a job that contributes to their success)
-collaborative learning (loosely structured)
-peer tutoring
-word processors (Google Docs, Microsoft Word)
-problem-based learning
-simulations
-instructional games
-contextual learning
13
Q
What are the two purposes science reading materials serve?
A
instruction and leisure
14
Q
How should instructional science reading materials support the standard and content of the lesson?
A
-providing additional perspectives
-providing different details
-providing new ways to view content
15
Q
Data is synonymous with … and students need to realise that scientific inquiry involves …
A
-facts and info
-collection of data
16
Q
What are some basic science tools?
A
-thermometer
-scale
-microscope/magnifying glass
-telescope
-ruler
-weather vane (indicates wind direction)
-anemometer (measures wind speed)
-measures of capacity [measuring cups/spoons, graduate cylinders] (measures volume)
-calculator
-timer/stopwatch
17
Q
The goal of data collection is for students to realise that …
A
data can be found everywhere
18
Q
What are some digital tools to help collect data?
A
-word processors
-databases
-spreadsheets
-digital cameras
19
Q
Assessments can be …
A
-objective (i.e., multiple choice, matching)
-subjective (i.e., concept map, essay, short answer)
-performance-based
20
Q
Besides inclusion of diverse groups in curriculum materials, social and cultural sensitivity …
A
identifies and illuminates paths for active involvement in science and careers
21
Q
What does knowledge of the nature of science depend on?
A
-thinking scientifically
-using math to collect and analyze data
-using language arts to learn and express what is learned
22
Q
What do scientific laws do?
A
describe what occurs consistently under certain conditions (truthfully and accurately; doesn’t explain)
23
Q
What is the scientific method?
A
-process of observation and analysis (that contributes to a reliable, consistent, and objective representation)
-understanding of our world in an authentic, relevant, and useful way
24
Q
What are the processes that make up the scientific method?
A
-observing and describing
-formulating hypotheses/making predictions
-experimenting (testing predictions)
-deriving conclusions
25
How does investigation differ from experimentation?
-investigation involves fact finding and data collection
-experimentation not always possible/feasible
-investigation often precedes experimentation
-BOTH start with questions
26
Where do field experiments occur?
in real-world settings
27
What is a hypothesis?
educated guess about the relationship between two variables
28
Youngest students should focus on … and … when it comes to experiments.
models and demonstrations
29
What should one recognize with the use of measuring devices?
limitations in accuracy and precision
30
Where is the independent (controlled) variable usually on a graph?
x-axis (horizontal)
31
Where is the dependent variable usually on a graph?
y-axis (vertical)
32
What should be the interdisciplinary approach of teaching be?
learning how to learn
33
What is STEM thinking?
application and integration of thinking
34
What are some traits that characterize scientific thinking?
-passion for learning
-objectivity
-persistence
-ability to overcome failure
-communication skills
-confidence
35
What does scientific literacy do for citizens?
helps us participate in the decision-making process of our society as well-informed and contributing members
36
What is the inherent nature of scientific information?
-unbiased
-based on experimental evidence that can be reproduced by any laboratory under the same conditions
37
What are physical sciences?
-focus on variety of areas concerning inanimate objects and natural objects (in terms of conntent + forms)
-ways in which objects change and affect other objects
38
Substances (matter) can be analyzed and classified by their physical properties through …
observations, descriptions, or measurements
39
What is mass?
how much there is of an object
40
What is volume?
how much space an object occupies
41
What is pressure?
amount of force
42
Does pressure affect volume?
yes; the greater the force, the greater the pressure
43
Cold air has a … pressure than warm air.
higher
44
… measures the force of gravity on an object.
weight
45
What is density?
-ratio of mass to volume (D = M/V)
-relates to buoyancy (objects sink if denser than material that surrounds them)
-depends on type of matter, not amount of matter
46
What does Archimedes’ principle state?
-physical law buoyancy
-an object is buoyed up by a force equal to the mass of the material the object displaces (if weight of the water displaced is less than the object, object will sink)
47
… is a measure of thickness or ability to flow.
viscosity
48
What determines viscosity?
strength of forces between molecules (e.g., flow of molasses = slow in winter because cold temps bring molecules closer together)
49
Boiling point occurs when …
a liquid material becomes a vapor
50
Freezing point occurs when …
a liquid material becomes a solid
51
What are some other examples of physical properties?
-electrical (charge, conductivity, field)
-magnetism
-absorption
-frequency
-momentum
52
Matter can change … or …
chemically; physically
53
What is a physical change?
-affects size, form, or appearance of a material (melting, bending, cracking)
-doesn’t alter molecular structure
54
What is a chemical change?
-alter molecular structure (burning, rusting, digestion)
-chemical reaction can break apart, combine, or recombine properties to form new compounds
55
What are the materials to the left of the arrow in a chemical equation?
reactants
56
What are the materials to the right of the arrow in a chemical equation?
products
57
What are the four states of matter?
-solid
-liquid
-gas
-plasma
58
Regardless of form, molecules are constantly …
vibrating as form of kinetic energy
59
What does exothermic mean?
faster vibrations (from molecules) create warmth by releasing energy
60
What does endothermic mean?
slow vibrations result in cooling when energy is absorbed
61
Molecules heated past the gaseous state form …
plasma (it becomes ionized at this state)
62
What is plasma?
-no definite volume/shape
-high-energy gas-like fluid of charged particles
-predominant state of matter in the universe (stars, atmosphere, comets)
63
What is a way matter can be classified?
by phase changes it undergoes when energy is added or removed
64
What happens during a phase change?
-energy is absorbed by the change
-temp remains the same
65
Freezing phase changes liquid to solid thorough …
subtraction of heat
66
Condensation phase changes gas to liquid through ...
subtraction go heat
67
Evaporation phase changes liquid to gas through ...
addition of heat
68
Sublimation phase changes solid to gas through ...
addition of heat
69
Melting phase changes solid to liquid through ...
addition of heat
70
What is a mixture?
-one or more types of molecules that are not chemically combined and are without any definite weight proportions
-can be heterogenous or homogenous
71
What is the difference between heterogenous and homogenous mixtures?
-degree at which the materials are mixed together
-uniformity of composition
72
Mixtures can be separated by either … or … means.
physical; chemical
73
Solutions are homogenous mixtures because …
individual components are uni formally distributed throughout the mixture (composition of mixture is the same throughout)
74
Which mixtures can’t be separated by simple mechanical means into individual chemicals or ingredients?
homogenous
75
What are the 4 types of heterogenous mixtures?
-emulsion (liquid + liquid)
-suspension (liquid + solid)
-aerosol (gas + liquid)
-smoke (gas + solid)
76
What is an element?
consists of only one type of atom (iron, carbon, copper)
77
An atom is …
the smallest participle of an element that retains the characteristics of that element
78
An atomic number is …
equal to the # of protons in an atom of that element (represented by 1 or 2 letters - Fe, C)
79
Two or more atoms may combine chemically to form …
molecules
80
What can molecules be?
-elements with same kind of atoms
-compounds with different kinds of atoms
81
Chemical bonds in molecules can be … or …
-covalent (atoms held together by the mutual attraction of two or more electrons)
-ionic (atomic with opposite chargers are held together by electrical force)
82
What are the 3 types of subatomic particles?
-protons (nucleus)
-neutrons (nucleus)
-electrons (outer portion of atom)
83
What is energy?
-ability of matter to move other matter or produce chemical change through transformation or transference
-(scientists also define energy as ability to do work (application of force over distance))
84
The law of conservation of energy states that …
energy cannot be created or destroyed; all energy is potential or kinetic
85
What is the difference between potential and kinetic energy?
-potential: stored through chemical structure, position, or physical configuration (batteries)
-kinetic: energy in motion (light, sound, heat, moving car)
86
What are some types of energy?
-thermal (kinetic)
-mechanical (kinetic or potential)
-electrical (kinetic)
-radiant (kinetic)
-chemical (potential)
-sound (kinetic)
-nuclear (potential)
-gravity (potential)
87
What is entropy?
when energy transforms and it becomes less orderly and more disorganized
88
What is heat?
energy of moving molecules
89
What is temperature?
-degree of hotness or coldness of a material
-depends on the speed of the molecules moving (faster = hotter temp)
90
What are the 2 ways heat can be transferred?
-conduction (energy transfers between objects in physical contact)
-convection (energy transfers between and object and its environment as the result of motion)
91
Radiation occurs when …
-energy transfers from movement of charge particles within atoms
-can be ionizing when ions of an atom change (X-rays, nuclear weapons)
-can be non-ionizing when released as heat (campfire, visible light)
92
A neutral atom has an equal number of …
-protons and electrons
-charges of both cancel each other = atom has no charge (most objects in our environment)
93
When an atom has more electrons than protons, the atom has a … charge.
When an atom has fewer electrons than protons, the atom has a … charge.
negative; positive
94
The principle of conservation of change states …
electrons can’t be destroyed; only transferred from one atom to another
95
What is the difference between insulators and conductors?
-insulators: materials that prevent electrons from flowing freely (rubber, glass, air)
-conductors: allow electric current to flow easily (copper)
96
What are circuits?
closed paths through which electric currents flow
97
What is the difference between series and parallel circuits?
-series: single path through which all current must flow; any part breaks, circuit is opened, and flow stops
-parallel: more than one path; when current stops in one path, it continues to move through other paths
98
If force is unbalanced, the object …
If forced is balanced, the object …
accelerates; doesn’t accelerate (remains still or constant speed)
99
What are Newton’s Laws of Motion?
-(aka law of inertia) an object at rest tends to stay rest; an object in motion tends to stay in motion at a constant speed in a straight line/path
-when a net force acts on an object, the object accelerates (larger the size, the more force needed to move it)
-for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction (letting air out of ballon, ballon moves in opposite direction of the released air)
100
What are the 2 main types of force?
-contact: objects physically touch (tension, friction, applied, air resistance, spring)
-at-a-distance: don’t physically touch (gravity)
101
When does the law of electrostatic repulsion apply?
when the same type of charge (positive or negative) repel objects
102
When does the law of electrostatic attraction apply?
when opposite charges attract each other
103
What is geology?
study of the structure and composition of Earth
104
What are the 3 layers Earth is composed of?
-core (outer and inner)
-mantle
-crust
105
Large sections of Earth’s crust are called …
lithospheric plates (they change position over time)
106
… explains how continents moved across Earth’s surface.
continental drift
107
… explains the creation of oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges and movement of the crust from mid-ocean ridges.
seafloor spreading
108
What are faults?
-cracks in the crust
-results of plate movements
109
… form when two plates separate enough for magma (molten rock) to release through the crust.
volcanoes
110
Volcanic activity causes Earth’s crust to buckle upward and form …
mountains
111
… occur when plates slides past one another quickly and suddenly release energy or when volcanoes erupt.
earthquakes
112
… measures earthquakes using the Richter scale
seismograph
113
Earth’s diverse geology consists of …, …, and …
-plains
-mountains (found on land and under oceans)
-plateaus
114
What are plains?
-relatively level areas
-cover 1/3 of Earth’s surface
-occur on every concept except Antarctica
-vary in vegetation
115
What are plateaus?
-high plains of relatively flat terrain ABOVE the surrounding area (similar to plains)
-can be formed by an upwelling of volcanic magma/glacial erosion
116
… form when tectonic plates push rock through the crust.
mountains
117
What are the 4 types of mountains?
-folded: wavy appearance caused by sideward pressures
-fault-block: occur when a fault forms and layers on one side are pressured and become higher and sharper than the other sides
-dome: flow of magma between two layers of rock; magma doesn’t push through crust; rock pushed up into dome-like shape
-volcanic: form around cracks in Earth where plates separate
118
… occurs when water washes, glaciers push, or wind blows soil or rock away.
erosion
119
When rock or soil is blown, washed, or pushed away and deposited into another area, it is called …
deposition
120
What are the 3 categories of weathering?
-chemical: changes atomic structure; changes in climatic conditions affect rate
-physical: broken down by mechanical methods; can originate from internal or external forces
-biological: organism’s physical/chemical agents disintegrate rocks/minerals; can be physical/biological
121
… are openings in Earth that occur suddenly.
sinkhole
122
What is acid rain?
atmospherically polluted rain water with high levels of hydrogen ions
123
What are the 3 types of rocks?
-igneous: found underground + above ground; melted rock (magma) trapped within Earth cool and become igneous rock; magma rising above Earth’s surface (lava) cooling above ground
-sedimentary: wind/water breaking or wearing down small pieces of Earth
-metamorphic: igenous/sedimentary rocks heated under pressure
124
… are single inorganic compounds with a unique chemical structure and physical properties.
minerals (can be formed organically or inorganically)
e.g., clay, copper, iron, gold, uranium
125
Rocks are aggregates, which means …
typically composed of one or more minerals
126
… is the uppermost soil layer and generally contains rock particles and organic.
topsoil
127
What is soil?
mixture of water, air, mineral, and organic materials
128
How does soil form?
from weathering during the rock cycle
129
The 3 main mineral-based components of soil that give soil its texture are …
-sand: largest particles in soil; not many nutrients
-silt: smaller than sand larger than clay; smooth and powdery when dry; not sticky when wet
-clay: smallest particles; smooth when dry; sticky when wet; holds nutrients well; contains more water than sand
130
Water from precipitation or other sources seeps through layers of soil (water table) until it reaches a layer called …
groundwater (can be tapped for wells or other uses)
131
When do watersheds form?
when all the water drains into a river, river system, large lake, or ocean
132
Water that falls and is not easily stored or diverted to a reservoir (large amounts of water for human use) is called …
runoff
133
A … is a complex whole formed from a set of connect items or parts.
system
134
What are the 5 spheres of Earth?
-biosphere (life)
-hydrosphere (water)
-geosphere (earth)
-atmosphere (vapors: the gases that envelop Earth)
-cryosphere (cold: polar regions, glaciers)
135
What is Earth’s main source of heat energy?
the Sun
136
Heat travels by … and .. in solids.
Heat travels by … in fluids (air, water).
-conduction; radiation
-convection (in form of invisible ways into hydrosphere and atmosphere)
137
… occurs when radiation becomes trapped in Earth’s lower atmosphere.
greenhouse effect
138
What are the 5 layers of Earth’s surface? (closest to surface to furthest)
-troposphere
-stratosphere (ozone layer)
-mesosphere
-thermosphere
-exosphere
139
What are the 3 convection currents Earth has?
-polar easterlies
-westerlies
-trade winds
140
… contribute to the formation of clouds.
thermals
141
What is the difference between weather and climate?
-weather: day-to-day of temp, precipitation, and wind
-climate: long-term weather patterns in a particular region; determined by variety of factors
142
What are Earth’s 6 climate zones?
-polar: very cold + dry year-round
-temperate: cold winters + mild summers
-arid: hot + dry year-round
-tropical: hot + wet year-round
-mediterranean: mild winters + dry, hot summers
-mountain (tundra): very cold year-round
143
What is air?
-colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas
-78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% other gases
-has weight and volume, and exerts pressure
144
What is an air mass?
-huge body of air that covers a large portion of Earth’s surface
-may be high and wide
145
What characterizes air masses at the poles?
high pressure and low moisture content
146
What characterizes air masses near the equator?
low pressure and high moisture content
147
Heating … the density of air at the equator and … it at that poles.
decrease; increases (wind tends to flow from high- to low-pressure regions)
148
… are narrow currents of high-speed winds.
jet streams (flow around Earth in upper troposphere)
149
When two air masses meet, the boundary between them is called a warm or cold …
front
150
What are the 4 main types of clouds?
-stratus: flat; light, dark; stable weather; rain expected soon
-cumulus: fluffy; solid, light; good weather
-cirrus: thin; wispy; changes in weather expected
-cumulonimbus (nimbus): tall, thick; dark; heavy rain, maybe thunderstorm
151
What are the 3 main types of storms?
-hurricanes: intense lows; form over oceans in the tropics; cooler air pushes on warmer air; no front; has center (eye - calm area); moves slowly
-tornadoes: violent, short-lived; cold, heavy air moves under warm, moist air and pushes it up; almost exclusively in NA; waterspout when passes over a body of water
-thunderstorms: rarely last more than 2hrs; cold front pushes warm air ahead of it and quickly rising moist air condenses to form clouds
152
What are the 4 stages of the water cycle?
-evaporation
-condensation
-precipitation
-collection (water returns to ocean, lakes, rivers, or land)
153
… is the practice of using natural areas without affecting their ecosystems.
conservation
154
What are biotics?
living organisms
155
Creating groundwater takes about … years.
100
156
Earth’s revolution takes approximately … days. It rotates on its axis every … hours
365; 24
157
The Moon orbits Earth once every … days.
29 1/2
158
… are regular changes in the ocean depths.
tides (Moon exerts a gravitational pull on Earth to cause tides)
159
When does high tide occur?
-side closest to the moon (facing the moon)
-side farthest from the moon (opposite side)
160
Each lunar day has … high tides and … low tides.
2; 2
161
An … occurs when Earth or the Moon obstructs the light from the sign.
eclipse
162
What is the difference between a lunar and solar eclipse?
-lunar: Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the Moon; creates a shadow on the Moon’s surface
-solar: Moon blocks sunlight from reaching Earth
163
When the Moon is between Earth and the Sun, which side of the Moon is turned toward Earth?
dark side
164
How does the Moon revolve around Earth?
from west to east
165
What are the 8 phases of the Moon? (in order)
-new moon (completely dark)
-waxing crescent (crescent on right)
-first quarter (right half light)
-waxing gibbous (almost all light on right)
-full moon (completely light)
-waning gibbous (almost all light on left)
-third quarter (left half light)
-waning crescent (crescent on left)
(Moon becomes less bright = waning)
166
Earth’s axis is tilted at a … degree angle that always points toward the North Star (Polaris).
23 1/2
167
What causes seasons?
the tilt and revolution of Earth around the Sun
168
When the Northern Hemisphere tilts away from the Sun, what begins?
winter solstice; winter with shorter days and fewer direct rays
169
When does spring and fall begin in the Northern Hemisphere?
-spring: vernal equinox
-fall: autumnal equinox
170
Where does the Northern Hemisphere tilt? Away or toward the Sun?
toward
171
What is the Sun?
-composed mostly of hydrogen
-medium-sized star (contains 99% of mass of entire solar system)
-releases energy from nuclear reactions
-temp at core = 27 mil. F
-temp at surface = 11,000 degrees F
172
What are the 8 planets and their position in the solar system? (in order)
-Mercury (innermost planet; composed of rocky and metallic materials)
-Venus (innermost)
-Earth (innermost)
-Mars (innermost)
-Jupiter (outermost; composed of hydrogen, helium, and ices of ammonia and methane)
-Saturn (outermost)
-Uranus (outermost)
-Neptune (outermost)
173
What is Jupiter?
-giant, half-formed sun (didn’t grow big enough to ignite)
-composed largely of hydrogen gas
174
How do planets revolve around the Sun?
-in slightly elliptical counterclockwise orbits
-rotate on their own axis
175
What are asteroids?
-small rocky bodies
-sometimes referred to as dwarf planets, minor planets, or planetoids
-most located in asteroid belt between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars
176
… are small icy bodies of dust and small rock.
comets
177
How are distances from the Sun measured?
-in astronomical units (AU)
-1 AU = distance from the Sun to Earth
178
When and who launched Sputnik (satellite)?
-October 4, 1957
-Soviet Union
-first satellite to orbit Earth
179
Explorer I was launched on … by the US.
January 31, 1958
180
When and why did Congress establish the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)?
-1958
-to coordinate space research and development
181
In 1959, … escaped Earth’s gravity and reached orbit.
Pioneer 4
182
What were the 9 launches that were launched in the 1960s? By who?
-Ranger 7; July 1964; US
-Luna 9; January 1966; USSR; landed on moon + took pics
-Surveyor 1; April 1966; US
-Lunar Orbiter 1; August 1966; US; orbited moon, took pic of side + landed on command
-Mariner 5; June-Nov 1967; US; flew by Venus’s surface
-Mariner 6; US; exploration of Mars
-Mariner 7; US; exploration of Mars
-Apollo 11; July 1969; US; Armstrong +Aldrin walked on moon
-Apollo 12; Nov 1969; US; manned lunar landing
183
Who became the first people to fly around the moon and return?
-Frank Borman
-James A. Lovell, Jr.
-William Anders
184
What happened to Apollo 13?
April 1970, explosion destroyed power and propulsion systems of command service module
185
What were the launches in the 1970s? By who?
-Venera 7; 1970; USSR; first spacecraft on another planet (Venus)
-Apollo 14; 1971; US
-Apollo 15; 1971; US
-Apollo 16; 1972; US
186
What were some space exploration tragedies/setbacks?
-Apollo 1: astronauts died during prelaunch test
-Space Shuttler Challenger broke apart in flight; killed all 7 crew members
-Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated as it reinterred Earth’s atmosphere; killed all 7 crew members
187
What was the name of the US’s first space station?
-Skylab (1973)
-manned for 171 days
188
What is the Hubble Space Telescope (HST)?
-launched 1990 into low Earth orbit (still in operation)
-takes high-resolutions images
-HST’s observations led to breakthroughs in astrophysics
189
What is the International Space Station (ISS)?
-habitable artificial satellite in low Earth orbit
-launched 1998
-largest artifice body in orbit
190
What is biology?
study of life from single-called microorganisms to the largest plants and animals
191
What are the 6 required activities of living things?
-cellular organization (must consist of cells)
-metabolism (getting and using chemical energy (food) to sustain life
-homeostasis (processes that regulate and maintain internal conditions)
-growth and development
-irritability/sensitivity (must be able top respond/react to physical/chemical stimuli internally or in the environment)
-reproduction
192
What is cell theory?
-cells are the building blocks of life
-understanding that all cells are alive
-cells come from other cells (contain DNA)
193
What organelles do both plant and animal cells have?
-cell membrane
-cytoplasm (jelly-like substance within cell)
-endoplasmic reticulum (transports molecules from one part of cell to another through tubes/sacs)
-golgi apparatus (directs molecules)
-mitochondrion (liberates energy from glucose)
-nucleus
-ribosome (makes proteins)
-vesicles (encase materials taken in/used by cells)
194
What organelles do plant cells have that animals don’t?
-cell wall (cellulose structure; gives rigidity to cells)
-central vacuole (reservoirs that contain water/other materials)
-chloroplast (aka plastids; contains chlorophyll, which enables to make their own food)
195
… is the there and practice of describing, naming, and classifying organisms.
taxonomy
196
Who created the Linnaean system (two-word naming system)?
Carolus Linnaeus
197
How does the current system classify organisms?
-based on ribosomal RNA structure
-3 domains (Archea, Bacteria [no membrane-bound nuclei], Eukarya [membrane-bound nuclei: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia])
198
The 3 domains are subdivided into 6 kingdoms. What are they based on?
-based on cell type (simple/complex)
-ability to make food
-# of cells in their body
199
What are the names of the 6 subdivided kingdoms?
-Archaebacteria: single-celled;can live in extreme environments; no complex cells/multicellular; cannot make their own food (heterotrophs)
-Eubacteria: bacteria; no complex cells/multi.; heterotrophs
-Protista: microorganisms that don’t fit into other categories; yes complex cells/some multi. w/ some uni.; some heterotrophs/some make own food
-Fungi: mushroom, mold, mildew; yes complex cells/mostly multi.; heterotrophs
-Plantae: 2nd largest kingdom; yes complex cells/multi.; autotrophs
-Animalia: largest kingdom; yes complex cells/multi; heterotrophs
200
What are the 6 categories kingdoms subdivide into?
-phylum
-class
-orders
-family
-genus (plural: genera)
-species
201
… is a group of the same kind of cells.
tissue
202
An … is the same kind of tissues working together.
organ
203
A … is a group of organs that work together to accomplish a special activity.
system
204
How many organ systems is the human body made up of?
11
205
What does the skeletal system do?
-provides structural framework for body and rest of systems
-protects internal organs
-includes bones, cartilage, ligaments
-skeleton contains more than 200 bones
206
What is a joint?
area where two or more bones come together
207
What covers bone surfaces in a join to reduce friction?
cartilage
208
… are connective tissues that hold the bones together.
ligaments
209
What does the muscular system do?
-controls movement of skeleton and movement within organs
-3 types of muscles: striated (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), cardiac (heart)
210
What attaches muscles to bone?
tendons
211
What does the nervous system do?
-central nervous system (CNS): control thinking + movement; brain + spinal cord; connects mental + physical activities
-peripheral nervous system (PNS): sensory nerves + motor nerves (carry info to and from CNS)
212
Nerve cells are called …
neurons
213
What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system?
-somatic: allowing voluntary control over skeletal muscle (walking, talking, writing)
-autonomic: involuntary, controlling cardiac and glandular functions (breathing, heartbreak, temp control)
214
What are the 3 types or receptors?
-exteroceptors: pain, temp, touch, pressure
-interceptors: internal environment
-proprioceptors: feedback movement, position, tension
215
What does the endocrine system do?
-controls network of glands that send chemical messages to cells
-pancreas, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes
216
What does the integumentary system do?
-largest organ
-protects rest of body from harmful materials
-retains fluids within body
-helps regulate body temp
-aids in eliminating waste products
-skin, hair, nails
217
What are the 2 layers of skin?
-epidermis (outer): mostly dead cells
-dermis (inner): sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands, hair follicles, blood vessels, nerve endings, muscle fibers
218
What does the digestive system do?
-receives and processes food to supply the energy to sustain the body
-mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine (colon), small intestine, rectum, anus
219
What is mastication?
chewing
220
What does the excretory system do?
-eliminates wastes from body
-lungs (gaseous waste), kidneys, bladder, large intestine, rectum, skin
221
What does the cardiovascular system do?
-circulatory system
-heart, veins, arteries, blood
222
What is the heart?
-muscular 4-chambered pump
-atria: upper chambers
-ventricles: lower chambers
223
How does the heart pump blood?
-pumps blood through right chambers and lungs (acquires oxygen here)
-blood pumped back into left chambers
-pumped into main artery (aorta)
-branches into smaller arteries and capillaries
-returns to heart through small veins that join larger vessels that reach to the right side of heart
224
What does the lympathic system do?
-circulatory system
-lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph (clear, yellowish liquid)
-no pump; relies on contraction of skeletal muscles
-works with blood to maintain fluid levels, absorbs digested fats, removes disease-causing microorganisms/other waste
225
What does the respiratory system do?
-supports breathing
-exchanges CO2 for oxygen
-lungs, trachea, bronchi, diaphragm
226
What does the reproductive system do?
produces offspring in plants and animals
227
What are the 2 types of reproduction?
-asexual: primarily in single-called organisms; only one parent splits into two or more identical daughter organisms (fission); loses OG identity
-sexual: sperm uniting with ova; primary means = insemination (copulation) and cross-fertilization (depositing ova + sperm at some distance from each other in water)
228
What is an infection?
when one organism lives inside another organism (host) from which it gets its nourishment
229
When is an infection an infection?
only if the colonization harms the host by using the host to feed on and multiply to such an extent that the health of the host is affected
230
A … is when an organism colonizes and harms a host’s health.
pathogen
231
What are some ways pathogens are transmitted?
-airborne
-physical contact
-through poorly handled food or water
-vectors (ticks, fleas, mosquitoes)
232
What are the majority of chronic infections caused by?
viruses (hepatitis, herpes)
233
What are bacteria?
-single-cell prokaryotes
-various shapes (rod, round, spiral)
-no defined nucleus
-microscopic
-doesn’t depend on host for survival
-reproduce by duplicating
234
What are parasites?
-organisms that benefits at the expense of their host
-doesn’t invade individual cells; live in or on the host
-some may not harm host
235
What are protozoans?
-one-celled parasites that can live inside or outside a cell
-even one protozoa entering a human can allow it to multiply quickly to create an infection
-those that live in blood or tissue can be transmitted through mosquito bites
236
What is a virus?
-microorganism smaller than a cell
-lives and multiplies within a host cell for survival
-not a living thing (intracellular)
-exist as independent particles (virions) before infection of a cell
237
What is the only way to protect a person against a virus?
vaccines (helps body build up antibodies to fight again specific viruses)
238
What are fungi?
-can live in air, water, plants, human body
-not plants, animals, bacteria
239
What are protists?
-any organism that cannot be clearly classified as a plant, animal, or fungi
-can be unicellular, defined nuclei, multicellular
240
What did Gregor Mendel do?
-identified basic principles of heredity through experiments with pea plants
-discovered predictable variants resulted from combinations of genes from parent plants
241
… is the study of how traits pass from generation to generation.
genetics
242
What did Reginald C. Punnett do?
developed Punnett square (determines genotype probability in offspring)
243
What is an ecosystem?
all living and nonliving things in a given environment and how they interact in terms of cooperation, competition, and/or conflict
244
What is the concept of niche?
a combination of defined roles and living areas
245
What is natural succession?
orderly and predictable change of communities as a result of population replacement in niches
246
A … is a group of populations that interact with one another.
community
247
What is an energy pyramid?
-illustrates relationships and identifies the organisms dependent on other organisms in the system
-90% of energy within a level used to maintain life in same level; 10% transferred to next level
248
From bottom to top, name the types in the energy pyramid.
-decomposers: break down dead or decaying plants and animals
-producers (autotrophs): make their own food using energy from the Sun; plant, photoplankton
-primary consumers: herbivore
-secondary consumers: carnivore
-tertiary consumers: eat secondary or other consumers
249
… is caused by any material added to an ecosystem that disrupts its normal function and changes the composition of the air.
pollution
250
What are the primary causes of acid rain?
-forest fires
-volcanic eruptions
-burning of certain fuels (gasoline)
251
What are the 3 characteristics that distinguish plant life?
-green pigment (chlorophyll: require for photosynthesis)
-cell walls (formed from cellulose)
-anchored in place doesn’t don’t move
252
What are the 2 types of plants based on how they circulate fluids?
-nonvascular: doesn’t have internal system to circulate water; absorb water directly from environment that surrounds it; generally small and simple (moss)
-vascular: structural system to absorb water and transport it to other parts of plant; divides into 2 groups that reproduce from spores or seeds (flowers, trees)
253
What is the difference between roots and shoots?
-roots: below ground; primary root, lateral roots, root hairs; holds plant in soil; absorb water and nutrients from soil; prevent soil erosion
-shoots: above ground; stem/trunk, leaves, vascular tissues; responsible for photosynthesis, reproduction, dispersal of seeds, food and water transport
254
What is xylem?
-found in stem or trunk
-support structure that holds up plant and circulates water + nutrients
-rings of tree trunk show remains of xylem that lived and died as tree grew additional structure
255
What is phloem?
-cellular structure that transport carbohydrates
-it dies, plant dies
256
What are the 6 processes of plant cell metabolism?
-diffusion: cell membrane; obtain food, respiration, excretion
-osmosis: cell membrane; obtain food, excretion
-phagocytosis: cell membrane; obtain food
-photosynthesis: chloroplasts; obtain food
-respiration (aerobic): mitochondrion; provide energy
-fermentation: mitochondrion; provide energy
257
… is the flow of chemicals from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
diffusion
258
… is diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane.
osmosis
259
… is the engulfing process when the cell membrane engulfs particles too large to pass through the cell membrane.
phagocytosis
260
What is the difference between asexual and sexual plant reproduction?
-asexual: aka vegetative reproduction; by fragmentation (new plants from cuttings) or special asexual structures; genetically identical to parent
-sexual: seeds produced by male and female plants
261
What are the male and female structures of a plant?
-male: stamen with a tip called the anther
-female: pistil, pollen tube, ovary
