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FTCE Elementary Ed > Science > Flashcards

Science Flashcards

1
Q

What is science?

A

study of the physical or material world

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2
Q

What is science based on?

A

based on universal principles and procedures in the physical world

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3
Q

What should students learn before they are asked to hypothesize and analyze?

A

to observe and measure

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4
Q

What should research-based strategies in science focus on?

A

student-centered learning and inquiry (in the context of social interaction)

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5
Q

What are the basic goals of science instruction?

A

-scientific literacy
-application of the scientific method to everyday situations and daily life

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6
Q

What do teachers need to strike a balance between when it comes to scientific instruction?

A

unstructured activities and highly structured content

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7
Q

What are the 7 actions that scientists do?

A

-observe
-identify
-describe
-analyze
-hypothesize
-investigate
-explain

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8
Q

What is scientific inquiry?

A

involves the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and propose explanations based on evidence derived from their work

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9
Q

How many approaches do the standards note for science instruction?

A

0; there is no single approach

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10
Q

Formal learning activities are traditionally thought of as …

A

-structured
-school-based
-curriculum-driven
-standards
-assessments

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11
Q

Where do informal learning activities occur?

A

outside of traditional classroom settings

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12
Q

What collaborative strategies are used in science instruction?

A

-cooperative learning (structured with interdependence: every person has a job that contributes to their success)
-collaborative learning (loosely structured)
-peer tutoring
-word processors (Google Docs, Microsoft Word)
-problem-based learning
-simulations
-instructional games
-contextual learning

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13
Q

What are the two purposes science reading materials serve?

A

instruction and leisure

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14
Q

How should instructional science reading materials support the standard and content of the lesson?

A

-providing additional perspectives
-providing different details
-providing new ways to view content

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15
Q

Data is synonymous with … and students need to realise that scientific inquiry involves …

A

-facts and info
-collection of data

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16
Q

What are some basic science tools?

A

-thermometer
-scale
-microscope/magnifying glass
-telescope
-ruler
-weather vane (indicates wind direction)
-anemometer (measures wind speed)
-measures of capacity [measuring cups/spoons, graduate cylinders] (measures volume)
-calculator
-timer/stopwatch

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17
Q

The goal of data collection is for students to realise that …

A

data can be found everywhere

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18
Q

What are some digital tools to help collect data?

A

-word processors
-databases
-spreadsheets
-digital cameras

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19
Q

Assessments can be …

A

-objective (i.e., multiple choice, matching)
-subjective (i.e., concept map, essay, short answer)
-performance-based

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20
Q

Besides inclusion of diverse groups in curriculum materials, social and cultural sensitivity …

A

identifies and illuminates paths for active involvement in science and careers

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21
Q

What does knowledge of the nature of science depend on?

A

-thinking scientifically
-using math to collect and analyze data
-using language arts to learn and express what is learned

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22
Q

What do scientific laws do?

A

describe what occurs consistently under certain conditions (truthfully and accurately; doesn’t explain)

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23
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

-process of observation and analysis (that contributes to a reliable, consistent, and objective representation)
-understanding of our world in an authentic, relevant, and useful way

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24
Q

What are the processes that make up the scientific method?

A

-observing and describing
-formulating hypotheses/making predictions
-experimenting (testing predictions)
-deriving conclusions

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25
Q

How does investigation differ from experimentation?

A

-investigation involves fact finding and data collection
-experimentation not always possible/feasible
-investigation often precedes experimentation
-BOTH start with questions

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26
Q

Where do field experiments occur?

A

in real-world settings

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27
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

educated guess about the relationship between two variables

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28
Q

Youngest students should focus on … and … when it comes to experiments.

A

models and demonstrations

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29
Q

What should one recognize with the use of measuring devices?

A

limitations in accuracy and precision

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30
Q

Where is the independent (controlled) variable usually on a graph?

A

x-axis (horizontal)

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31
Q

Where is the dependent variable usually on a graph?

A

y-axis (vertical)

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32
Q

What should be the interdisciplinary approach of teaching be?

A

learning how to learn

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33
Q

What is STEM thinking?

A

application and integration of thinking

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34
Q

What are some traits that characterize scientific thinking?

A

-passion for learning
-objectivity
-persistence
-ability to overcome failure
-communication skills
-confidence

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35
Q

What does scientific literacy do for citizens?

A

helps us participate in the decision-making process of our society as well-informed and contributing members

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36
Q

What is the inherent nature of scientific information?

A

-unbiased
-based on experimental evidence that can be reproduced by any laboratory under the same conditions

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37
Q

What are physical sciences?

A

-focus on variety of areas concerning inanimate objects and natural objects (in terms of conntent + forms)
-ways in which objects change and affect other objects

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38
Q

Substances (matter) can be analyzed and classified by their physical properties through …

A

observations, descriptions, or measurements

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39
Q

What is mass?

A

how much there is of an object

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40
Q

What is volume?

A

how much space an object occupies

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41
Q

What is pressure?

A

amount of force

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42
Q

Does pressure affect volume?

A

yes; the greater the force, the greater the pressure

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43
Q

Cold air has a … pressure than warm air.

A

higher

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44
Q

… measures the force of gravity on an object.

A

weight

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45
Q

What is density?

A

-ratio of mass to volume (D = M/V)
-relates to buoyancy (objects sink if denser than material that surrounds them)
-depends on type of matter, not amount of matter

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46
Q

What does Archimedes’ principle state?

A

-physical law buoyancy
-an object is buoyed up by a force equal to the mass of the material the object displaces (if weight of the water displaced is less than the object, object will sink)

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47
Q

… is a measure of thickness or ability to flow.

A

viscosity

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48
Q

What determines viscosity?

A

strength of forces between molecules (e.g., flow of molasses = slow in winter because cold temps bring molecules closer together)

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49
Q

Boiling point occurs when …

A

a liquid material becomes a vapor

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50
Q

Freezing point occurs when …

A

a liquid material becomes a solid

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51
Q

What are some other examples of physical properties?

A

-electrical (charge, conductivity, field)
-magnetism
-absorption
-frequency
-momentum

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52
Q

Matter can change … or …

A

chemically; physically

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53
Q

What is a physical change?

A

-affects size, form, or appearance of a material (melting, bending, cracking)
-doesn’t alter molecular structure

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54
Q

What is a chemical change?

A

-alter molecular structure (burning, rusting, digestion)
-chemical reaction can break apart, combine, or recombine properties to form new compounds

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55
Q

What are the materials to the left of the arrow in a chemical equation?

A

reactants

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56
Q

What are the materials to the right of the arrow in a chemical equation?

A

products

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57
Q

What are the four states of matter?

A

-solid
-liquid
-gas
-plasma

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58
Q

Regardless of form, molecules are constantly …

A

vibrating as form of kinetic energy

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59
Q

What does exothermic mean?

A

faster vibrations (from molecules) create warmth by releasing energy

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60
Q

What does endothermic mean?

A

slow vibrations result in cooling when energy is absorbed

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61
Q

Molecules heated past the gaseous state form …

A

plasma (it becomes ionized at this state)

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62
Q

What is plasma?

A

-no definite volume/shape
-high-energy gas-like fluid of charged particles
-predominant state of matter in the universe (stars, atmosphere, comets)

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63
Q

What is a way matter can be classified?

A

by phase changes it undergoes when energy is added or removed

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64
Q

What happens during a phase change?

A

-energy is absorbed by the change
-temp remains the same

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65
Q

Freezing phase changes liquid to solid thorough …

A

subtraction of heat

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66
Q

Condensation phase changes gas to liquid through …

A

subtraction go heat

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67
Q

Evaporation phase changes liquid to gas through …

A

addition of heat

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68
Q

Sublimation phase changes solid to gas through …

A

addition of heat

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69
Q

Melting phase changes solid to liquid through …

A

addition of heat

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70
Q

What is a mixture?

A

-one or more types of molecules that are not chemically combined and are without any definite weight proportions
-can be heterogenous or homogenous

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71
Q

What is the difference between heterogenous and homogenous mixtures?

A

-degree at which the materials are mixed together
-uniformity of composition

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72
Q

Mixtures can be separated by either … or … means.

A

physical; chemical

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73
Q

Solutions are homogenous mixtures because …

A

individual components are uni formally distributed throughout the mixture (composition of mixture is the same throughout)

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74
Q

Which mixtures can’t be separated by simple mechanical means into individual chemicals or ingredients?

A

homogenous

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75
Q

What are the 4 types of heterogenous mixtures?

A

-emulsion (liquid + liquid)
-suspension (liquid + solid)
-aerosol (gas + liquid)
-smoke (gas + solid)

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76
Q

What is an element?

A

consists of only one type of atom (iron, carbon, copper)

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77
Q

An atom is …

A

the smallest participle of an element that retains the characteristics of that element

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78
Q

An atomic number is …

A

equal to the # of protons in an atom of that element (represented by 1 or 2 letters - Fe, C)

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79
Q

Two or more atoms may combine chemically to form …

A

molecules

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80
Q

What can molecules be?

A

-elements with same kind of atoms
-compounds with different kinds of atoms

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81
Q

Chemical bonds in molecules can be … or …

A

-covalent (atoms held together by the mutual attraction of two or more electrons)
-ionic (atomic with opposite chargers are held together by electrical force)

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82
Q

What are the 3 types of subatomic particles?

A

-protons (nucleus)
-neutrons (nucleus)
-electrons (outer portion of atom)

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83
Q

What is energy?

A

-ability of matter to move other matter or produce chemical change through transformation or transference
-(scientists also define energy as ability to do work (application of force over distance))

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84
Q

The law of conservation of energy states that …

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed; all energy is potential or kinetic

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85
Q

What is the difference between potential and kinetic energy?

A

-potential: stored through chemical structure, position, or physical configuration (batteries)
-kinetic: energy in motion (light, sound, heat, moving car)

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86
Q

What are some types of energy?

A

-thermal (kinetic)
-mechanical (kinetic or potential)
-electrical (kinetic)
-radiant (kinetic)
-chemical (potential)
-sound (kinetic)
-nuclear (potential)
-gravity (potential)

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87
Q

What is entropy?

A

when energy transforms and it becomes less orderly and more disorganized

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88
Q

What is heat?

A

energy of moving molecules

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89
Q

What is temperature?

A

-degree of hotness or coldness of a material
-depends on the speed of the molecules moving (faster = hotter temp)

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90
Q

What are the 2 ways heat can be transferred?

A

-conduction (energy transfers between objects in physical contact)
-convection (energy transfers between and object and its environment as the result of motion)

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91
Q

Radiation occurs when …

A

-energy transfers from movement of charge particles within atoms
-can be ionizing when ions of an atom change (X-rays, nuclear weapons)
-can be non-ionizing when released as heat (campfire, visible light)

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92
Q

A neutral atom has an equal number of …

A

-protons and electrons
-charges of both cancel each other = atom has no charge (most objects in our environment)

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93
Q

When an atom has more electrons than protons, the atom has a … charge.
When an atom has fewer electrons than protons, the atom has a … charge.

A

negative; positive

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94
Q

The principle of conservation of change states …

A

electrons can’t be destroyed; only transferred from one atom to another

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95
Q

What is the difference between insulators and conductors?

A

-insulators: materials that prevent electrons from flowing freely (rubber, glass, air)
-conductors: allow electric current to flow easily (copper)

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96
Q

What are circuits?

A

closed paths through which electric currents flow

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97
Q

What is the difference between series and parallel circuits?

A

-series: single path through which all current must flow; any part breaks, circuit is opened, and flow stops
-parallel: more than one path; when current stops in one path, it continues to move through other paths

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98
Q

If force is unbalanced, the object …
If forced is balanced, the object …

A

accelerates; doesn’t accelerate (remains still or constant speed)

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99
Q

What are Newton’s Laws of Motion?

A

-(aka law of inertia) an object at rest tends to stay rest; an object in motion tends to stay in motion at a constant speed in a straight line/path
-when a net force acts on an object, the object accelerates (larger the size, the more force needed to move it)
-for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction (letting air out of ballon, ballon moves in opposite direction of the released air)

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100
Q

What are the 2 main types of force?

A

-contact: objects physically touch (tension, friction, applied, air resistance, spring)
-at-a-distance: don’t physically touch (gravity)

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101
Q

When does the law of electrostatic repulsion apply?

A

when the same type of charge (positive or negative) repel objects

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102
Q

When does the law of electrostatic attraction apply?

A

when opposite charges attract each other

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103
Q

What is geology?

A

study of the structure and composition of Earth

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104
Q

What are the 3 layers Earth is composed of?

A

-core (outer and inner)
-mantle
-crust

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105
Q

Large sections of Earth’s crust are called …

A

lithospheric plates (they change position over time)

106
Q

… explains how continents moved across Earth’s surface.

A

continental drift

107
Q

… explains the creation of oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges and movement of the crust from mid-ocean ridges.

A

seafloor spreading

108
Q

What are faults?

A

-cracks in the crust
-results of plate movements

109
Q

… form when two plates separate enough for magma (molten rock) to release through the crust.

A

volcanoes

110
Q

Volcanic activity causes Earth’s crust to buckle upward and form …

A

mountains

111
Q

… occur when plates slides past one another quickly and suddenly release energy or when volcanoes erupt.

A

earthquakes

112
Q

… measures earthquakes using the Richter scale

A

seismograph

113
Q

Earth’s diverse geology consists of …, …, and …

A

-plains
-mountains (found on land and under oceans)
-plateaus

114
Q

What are plains?

A

-relatively level areas
-cover 1/3 of Earth’s surface
-occur on every concept except Antarctica
-vary in vegetation

115
Q

What are plateaus?

A

-high plains of relatively flat terrain ABOVE the surrounding area (similar to plains)
-can be formed by an upwelling of volcanic magma/glacial erosion

116
Q

… form when tectonic plates push rock through the crust.

A

mountains

117
Q

What are the 4 types of mountains?

A

-folded: wavy appearance caused by sideward pressures
-fault-block: occur when a fault forms and layers on one side are pressured and become higher and sharper than the other sides
-dome: flow of magma between two layers of rock; magma doesn’t push through crust; rock pushed up into dome-like shape
-volcanic: form around cracks in Earth where plates separate

118
Q

… occurs when water washes, glaciers push, or wind blows soil or rock away.

A

erosion

119
Q

When rock or soil is blown, washed, or pushed away and deposited into another area, it is called …

A

deposition

120
Q

What are the 3 categories of weathering?

A

-chemical: changes atomic structure; changes in climatic conditions affect rate
-physical: broken down by mechanical methods; can originate from internal or external forces
-biological: organism’s physical/chemical agents disintegrate rocks/minerals; can be physical/biological

121
Q

… are openings in Earth that occur suddenly.

A

sinkhole

122
Q

What is acid rain?

A

atmospherically polluted rain water with high levels of hydrogen ions

123
Q

What are the 3 types of rocks?

A

-igneous: found underground + above ground; melted rock (magma) trapped within Earth cool and become igneous rock; magma rising above Earth’s surface (lava) cooling above ground
-sedimentary: wind/water breaking or wearing down small pieces of Earth
-metamorphic: igenous/sedimentary rocks heated under pressure

124
Q

… are single inorganic compounds with a unique chemical structure and physical properties.

A

minerals (can be formed organically or inorganically)
e.g., clay, copper, iron, gold, uranium

125
Q

Rocks are aggregates, which means …

A

typically composed of one or more minerals

126
Q

… is the uppermost soil layer and generally contains rock particles and organic.

A

topsoil

127
Q

What is soil?

A

mixture of water, air, mineral, and organic materials

128
Q

How does soil form?

A

from weathering during the rock cycle

129
Q

The 3 main mineral-based components of soil that give soil its texture are …

A

-sand: largest particles in soil; not many nutrients
-silt: smaller than sand larger than clay; smooth and powdery when dry; not sticky when wet
-clay: smallest particles; smooth when dry; sticky when wet; holds nutrients well; contains more water than sand

130
Q

Water from precipitation or other sources seeps through layers of soil (water table) until it reaches a layer called …

A

groundwater (can be tapped for wells or other uses)

131
Q

When do watersheds form?

A

when all the water drains into a river, river system, large lake, or ocean

132
Q

Water that falls and is not easily stored or diverted to a reservoir (large amounts of water for human use) is called …

A

runoff

133
Q

A … is a complex whole formed from a set of connect items or parts.

A

system

134
Q

What are the 5 spheres of Earth?

A

-biosphere (life)
-hydrosphere (water)
-geosphere (earth)
-atmosphere (vapors: the gases that envelop Earth)
-cryosphere (cold: polar regions, glaciers)

135
Q

What is Earth’s main source of heat energy?

A

the Sun

136
Q

Heat travels by … and .. in solids.
Heat travels by … in fluids (air, water).

A

-conduction; radiation
-convection (in form of invisible ways into hydrosphere and atmosphere)

137
Q

… occurs when radiation becomes trapped in Earth’s lower atmosphere.

A

greenhouse effect

138
Q

What are the 5 layers of Earth’s surface? (closest to surface to furthest)

A

-troposphere
-stratosphere (ozone layer)
-mesosphere
-thermosphere
-exosphere

139
Q

What are the 3 convection currents Earth has?

A

-polar easterlies
-westerlies
-trade winds

140
Q

… contribute to the formation of clouds.

A

thermals

141
Q

What is the difference between weather and climate?

A

-weather: day-to-day of temp, precipitation, and wind
-climate: long-term weather patterns in a particular region; determined by variety of factors

142
Q

What are Earth’s 6 climate zones?

A

-polar: very cold + dry year-round
-temperate: cold winters + mild summers
-arid: hot + dry year-round
-tropical: hot + wet year-round
-mediterranean: mild winters + dry, hot summers
-mountain (tundra): very cold year-round

143
Q

What is air?

A

-colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas
-78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% other gases
-has weight and volume, and exerts pressure

144
Q

What is an air mass?

A

-huge body of air that covers a large portion of Earth’s surface
-may be high and wide

145
Q

What characterizes air masses at the poles?

A

high pressure and low moisture content

146
Q

What characterizes air masses near the equator?

A

low pressure and high moisture content

147
Q

Heating … the density of air at the equator and … it at that poles.

A

decrease; increases (wind tends to flow from high- to low-pressure regions)

148
Q

… are narrow currents of high-speed winds.

A

jet streams (flow around Earth in upper troposphere)

149
Q

When two air masses meet, the boundary between them is called a warm or cold …

A

front

150
Q

What are the 4 main types of clouds?

A

-stratus: flat; light, dark; stable weather; rain expected soon
-cumulus: fluffy; solid, light; good weather
-cirrus: thin; wispy; changes in weather expected
-cumulonimbus (nimbus): tall, thick; dark; heavy rain, maybe thunderstorm

151
Q

What are the 3 main types of storms?

A

-hurricanes: intense lows; form over oceans in the tropics; cooler air pushes on warmer air; no front; has center (eye - calm area); moves slowly
-tornadoes: violent, short-lived; cold, heavy air moves under warm, moist air and pushes it up; almost exclusively in NA; waterspout when passes over a body of water
-thunderstorms: rarely last more than 2hrs; cold front pushes warm air ahead of it and quickly rising moist air condenses to form clouds

152
Q

What are the 4 stages of the water cycle?

A

-evaporation
-condensation
-precipitation
-collection (water returns to ocean, lakes, rivers, or land)

153
Q

… is the practice of using natural areas without affecting their ecosystems.

A

conservation

154
Q

What are biotics?

A

living organisms

155
Q

Creating groundwater takes about … years.

A

100

156
Q

Earth’s revolution takes approximately … days. It rotates on its axis every … hours

A

365; 24

157
Q

The Moon orbits Earth once every … days.

A

29 1/2

158
Q

… are regular changes in the ocean depths.

A

tides (Moon exerts a gravitational pull on Earth to cause tides)

159
Q

When does high tide occur?

A

-side closest to the moon (facing the moon)
-side farthest from the moon (opposite side)

160
Q

Each lunar day has … high tides and … low tides.

A

2; 2

161
Q

An … occurs when Earth or the Moon obstructs the light from the sign.

A

eclipse

162
Q

What is the difference between a lunar and solar eclipse?

A

-lunar: Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the Moon; creates a shadow on the Moon’s surface
-solar: Moon blocks sunlight from reaching Earth

163
Q

When the Moon is between Earth and the Sun, which side of the Moon is turned toward Earth?

A

dark side

164
Q

How does the Moon revolve around Earth?

A

from west to east

165
Q

What are the 8 phases of the Moon? (in order)

A

-new moon (completely dark)
-waxing crescent (crescent on right)
-first quarter (right half light)
-waxing gibbous (almost all light on right)
-full moon (completely light)
-waning gibbous (almost all light on left)
-third quarter (left half light)
-waning crescent (crescent on left)
(Moon becomes less bright = waning)

166
Q

Earth’s axis is tilted at a … degree angle that always points toward the North Star (Polaris).

A

23 1/2

167
Q

What causes seasons?

A

the tilt and revolution of Earth around the Sun

168
Q

When the Northern Hemisphere tilts away from the Sun, what begins?

A

winter solstice; winter with shorter days and fewer direct rays

169
Q

When does spring and fall begin in the Northern Hemisphere?

A

-spring: vernal equinox
-fall: autumnal equinox

170
Q

Where does the Northern Hemisphere tilt? Away or toward the Sun?

A

toward

171
Q

What is the Sun?

A

-composed mostly of hydrogen
-medium-sized star (contains 99% of mass of entire solar system)
-releases energy from nuclear reactions
-temp at core = 27 mil. F
-temp at surface = 11,000 degrees F

172
Q

What are the 8 planets and their position in the solar system? (in order)

A

-Mercury (innermost planet; composed of rocky and metallic materials)
-Venus (innermost)
-Earth (innermost)
-Mars (innermost)
-Jupiter (outermost; composed of hydrogen, helium, and ices of ammonia and methane)
-Saturn (outermost)
-Uranus (outermost)
-Neptune (outermost)

173
Q

What is Jupiter?

A

-giant, half-formed sun (didn’t grow big enough to ignite)
-composed largely of hydrogen gas

174
Q

How do planets revolve around the Sun?

A

-in slightly elliptical counterclockwise orbits
-rotate on their own axis

175
Q

What are asteroids?

A

-small rocky bodies
-sometimes referred to as dwarf planets, minor planets, or planetoids
-most located in asteroid belt between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars

176
Q

… are small icy bodies of dust and small rock.

A

comets

177
Q

How are distances from the Sun measured?

A

-in astronomical units (AU)
-1 AU = distance from the Sun to Earth

178
Q

When and who launched Sputnik (satellite)?

A

-October 4, 1957
-Soviet Union
-first satellite to orbit Earth

179
Q

Explorer I was launched on … by the US.

A

January 31, 1958

180
Q

When and why did Congress establish the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)?

A

-1958
-to coordinate space research and development

181
Q

In 1959, … escaped Earth’s gravity and reached orbit.

A

Pioneer 4

182
Q

What were the 9 launches that were launched in the 1960s? By who?

A

-Ranger 7; July 1964; US
-Luna 9; January 1966; USSR; landed on moon + took pics
-Surveyor 1; April 1966; US
-Lunar Orbiter 1; August 1966; US; orbited moon, took pic of side + landed on command
-Mariner 5; June-Nov 1967; US; flew by Venus’s surface
-Mariner 6; US; exploration of Mars
-Mariner 7; US; exploration of Mars
-Apollo 11; July 1969; US; Armstrong +Aldrin walked on moon
-Apollo 12; Nov 1969; US; manned lunar landing

183
Q

Who became the first people to fly around the moon and return?

A

-Frank Borman
-James A. Lovell, Jr.
-William Anders

184
Q

What happened to Apollo 13?

A

April 1970, explosion destroyed power and propulsion systems of command service module

185
Q

What were the launches in the 1970s? By who?

A

-Venera 7; 1970; USSR; first spacecraft on another planet (Venus)
-Apollo 14; 1971; US
-Apollo 15; 1971; US
-Apollo 16; 1972; US

186
Q

What were some space exploration tragedies/setbacks?

A

-Apollo 1: astronauts died during prelaunch test
-Space Shuttler Challenger broke apart in flight; killed all 7 crew members
-Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated as it reinterred Earth’s atmosphere; killed all 7 crew members

187
Q

What was the name of the US’s first space station?

A

-Skylab (1973)
-manned for 171 days

188
Q

What is the Hubble Space Telescope (HST)?

A

-launched 1990 into low Earth orbit (still in operation)
-takes high-resolutions images
-HST’s observations led to breakthroughs in astrophysics

189
Q

What is the International Space Station (ISS)?

A

-habitable artificial satellite in low Earth orbit
-launched 1998
-largest artifice body in orbit

190
Q

What is biology?

A

study of life from single-called microorganisms to the largest plants and animals

191
Q

What are the 6 required activities of living things?

A

-cellular organization (must consist of cells)
-metabolism (getting and using chemical energy (food) to sustain life
-homeostasis (processes that regulate and maintain internal conditions)
-growth and development
-irritability/sensitivity (must be able top respond/react to physical/chemical stimuli internally or in the environment)
-reproduction

192
Q

What is cell theory?

A

-cells are the building blocks of life
-understanding that all cells are alive
-cells come from other cells (contain DNA)

193
Q

What organelles do both plant and animal cells have?

A

-cell membrane
-cytoplasm (jelly-like substance within cell)
-endoplasmic reticulum (transports molecules from one part of cell to another through tubes/sacs)
-golgi apparatus (directs molecules)
-mitochondrion (liberates energy from glucose)
-nucleus
-ribosome (makes proteins)
-vesicles (encase materials taken in/used by cells)

194
Q

What organelles do plant cells have that animals don’t?

A

-cell wall (cellulose structure; gives rigidity to cells)
-central vacuole (reservoirs that contain water/other materials)
-chloroplast (aka plastids; contains chlorophyll, which enables to make their own food)

195
Q

… is the there and practice of describing, naming, and classifying organisms.

A

taxonomy

196
Q

Who created the Linnaean system (two-word naming system)?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

197
Q

How does the current system classify organisms?

A

-based on ribosomal RNA structure
-3 domains (Archea, Bacteria [no membrane-bound nuclei], Eukarya [membrane-bound nuclei: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia])

198
Q

The 3 domains are subdivided into 6 kingdoms. What are they based on?

A

-based on cell type (simple/complex)
-ability to make food
-# of cells in their body

199
Q

What are the names of the 6 subdivided kingdoms?

A

-Archaebacteria: single-celled;can live in extreme environments; no complex cells/multicellular; cannot make their own food (heterotrophs)
-Eubacteria: bacteria; no complex cells/multi.; heterotrophs
-Protista: microorganisms that don’t fit into other categories; yes complex cells/some multi. w/ some uni.; some heterotrophs/some make own food
-Fungi: mushroom, mold, mildew; yes complex cells/mostly multi.; heterotrophs
-Plantae: 2nd largest kingdom; yes complex cells/multi.; autotrophs
-Animalia: largest kingdom; yes complex cells/multi; heterotrophs

200
Q

What are the 6 categories kingdoms subdivide into?

A

-phylum
-class
-orders
-family
-genus (plural: genera)
-species

201
Q

… is a group of the same kind of cells.

A

tissue

202
Q

An … is the same kind of tissues working together.

A

organ

203
Q

A … is a group of organs that work together to accomplish a special activity.

A

system

204
Q

How many organ systems is the human body made up of?

A

11

205
Q

What does the skeletal system do?

A

-provides structural framework for body and rest of systems
-protects internal organs
-includes bones, cartilage, ligaments
-skeleton contains more than 200 bones

206
Q

What is a joint?

A

area where two or more bones come together

207
Q

What covers bone surfaces in a join to reduce friction?

A

cartilage

208
Q

… are connective tissues that hold the bones together.

A

ligaments

209
Q

What does the muscular system do?

A

-controls movement of skeleton and movement within organs
-3 types of muscles: striated (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), cardiac (heart)

210
Q

What attaches muscles to bone?

A

tendons

211
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

-central nervous system (CNS): control thinking + movement; brain + spinal cord; connects mental + physical activities
-peripheral nervous system (PNS): sensory nerves + motor nerves (carry info to and from CNS)

212
Q

Nerve cells are called …

A

neurons

213
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system?

A

-somatic: allowing voluntary control over skeletal muscle (walking, talking, writing)
-autonomic: involuntary, controlling cardiac and glandular functions (breathing, heartbreak, temp control)

214
Q

What are the 3 types or receptors?

A

-exteroceptors: pain, temp, touch, pressure
-interceptors: internal environment
-proprioceptors: feedback movement, position, tension

215
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

-controls network of glands that send chemical messages to cells
-pancreas, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal glands, ovaries, testes

216
Q

What does the integumentary system do?

A

-largest organ
-protects rest of body from harmful materials
-retains fluids within body
-helps regulate body temp
-aids in eliminating waste products
-skin, hair, nails

217
Q

What are the 2 layers of skin?

A

-epidermis (outer): mostly dead cells
-dermis (inner): sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands, hair follicles, blood vessels, nerve endings, muscle fibers

218
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A

-receives and processes food to supply the energy to sustain the body
-mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large intestine (colon), small intestine, rectum, anus

219
Q

What is mastication?

A

chewing

220
Q

What does the excretory system do?

A

-eliminates wastes from body
-lungs (gaseous waste), kidneys, bladder, large intestine, rectum, skin

221
Q

What does the cardiovascular system do?

A

-circulatory system
-heart, veins, arteries, blood

222
Q

What is the heart?

A

-muscular 4-chambered pump
-atria: upper chambers
-ventricles: lower chambers

223
Q

How does the heart pump blood?

A

-pumps blood through right chambers and lungs (acquires oxygen here)
-blood pumped back into left chambers
-pumped into main artery (aorta)
-branches into smaller arteries and capillaries
-returns to heart through small veins that join larger vessels that reach to the right side of heart

224
Q

What does the lympathic system do?

A

-circulatory system
-lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph (clear, yellowish liquid)
-no pump; relies on contraction of skeletal muscles
-works with blood to maintain fluid levels, absorbs digested fats, removes disease-causing microorganisms/other waste

225
Q

What does the respiratory system do?

A

-supports breathing
-exchanges CO2 for oxygen
-lungs, trachea, bronchi, diaphragm

226
Q

What does the reproductive system do?

A

produces offspring in plants and animals

227
Q

What are the 2 types of reproduction?

A

-asexual: primarily in single-called organisms; only one parent splits into two or more identical daughter organisms (fission); loses OG identity
-sexual: sperm uniting with ova; primary means = insemination (copulation) and cross-fertilization (depositing ova + sperm at some distance from each other in water)

228
Q

What is an infection?

A

when one organism lives inside another organism (host) from which it gets its nourishment

229
Q

When is an infection an infection?

A

only if the colonization harms the host by using the host to feed on and multiply to such an extent that the health of the host is affected

230
Q

A … is when an organism colonizes and harms a host’s health.

A

pathogen

231
Q

What are some ways pathogens are transmitted?

A

-airborne
-physical contact
-through poorly handled food or water
-vectors (ticks, fleas, mosquitoes)

232
Q

What are the majority of chronic infections caused by?

A

viruses (hepatitis, herpes)

233
Q

What are bacteria?

A

-single-cell prokaryotes
-various shapes (rod, round, spiral)
-no defined nucleus
-microscopic
-doesn’t depend on host for survival
-reproduce by duplicating

234
Q

What are parasites?

A

-organisms that benefits at the expense of their host
-doesn’t invade individual cells; live in or on the host
-some may not harm host

235
Q

What are protozoans?

A

-one-celled parasites that can live inside or outside a cell
-even one protozoa entering a human can allow it to multiply quickly to create an infection
-those that live in blood or tissue can be transmitted through mosquito bites

236
Q

What is a virus?

A

-microorganism smaller than a cell
-lives and multiplies within a host cell for survival
-not a living thing (intracellular)
-exist as independent particles (virions) before infection of a cell

237
Q

What is the only way to protect a person against a virus?

A

vaccines (helps body build up antibodies to fight again specific viruses)

238
Q

What are fungi?

A

-can live in air, water, plants, human body
-not plants, animals, bacteria

239
Q

What are protists?

A

-any organism that cannot be clearly classified as a plant, animal, or fungi
-can be unicellular, defined nuclei, multicellular

240
Q

What did Gregor Mendel do?

A

-identified basic principles of heredity through experiments with pea plants
-discovered predictable variants resulted from combinations of genes from parent plants

241
Q

… is the study of how traits pass from generation to generation.

A

genetics

242
Q

What did Reginald C. Punnett do?

A

developed Punnett square (determines genotype probability in offspring)

243
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

all living and nonliving things in a given environment and how they interact in terms of cooperation, competition, and/or conflict

244
Q

What is the concept of niche?

A

a combination of defined roles and living areas

245
Q

What is natural succession?

A

orderly and predictable change of communities as a result of population replacement in niches

246
Q

A … is a group of populations that interact with one another.

A

community

247
Q

What is an energy pyramid?

A

-illustrates relationships and identifies the organisms dependent on other organisms in the system
-90% of energy within a level used to maintain life in same level; 10% transferred to next level

248
Q

From bottom to top, name the types in the energy pyramid.

A

-decomposers: break down dead or decaying plants and animals
-producers (autotrophs): make their own food using energy from the Sun; plant, photoplankton
-primary consumers: herbivore
-secondary consumers: carnivore
-tertiary consumers: eat secondary or other consumers

249
Q

… is caused by any material added to an ecosystem that disrupts its normal function and changes the composition of the air.

A

pollution

250
Q

What are the primary causes of acid rain?

A

-forest fires
-volcanic eruptions
-burning of certain fuels (gasoline)

251
Q

What are the 3 characteristics that distinguish plant life?

A

-green pigment (chlorophyll: require for photosynthesis)
-cell walls (formed from cellulose)
-anchored in place doesn’t don’t move

252
Q

What are the 2 types of plants based on how they circulate fluids?

A

-nonvascular: doesn’t have internal system to circulate water; absorb water directly from environment that surrounds it; generally small and simple (moss)
-vascular: structural system to absorb water and transport it to other parts of plant; divides into 2 groups that reproduce from spores or seeds (flowers, trees)

253
Q

What is the difference between roots and shoots?

A

-roots: below ground; primary root, lateral roots, root hairs; holds plant in soil; absorb water and nutrients from soil; prevent soil erosion
-shoots: above ground; stem/trunk, leaves, vascular tissues; responsible for photosynthesis, reproduction, dispersal of seeds, food and water transport

254
Q

What is xylem?

A

-found in stem or trunk
-support structure that holds up plant and circulates water + nutrients
-rings of tree trunk show remains of xylem that lived and died as tree grew additional structure

255
Q

What is phloem?

A

-cellular structure that transport carbohydrates
-it dies, plant dies

256
Q

What are the 6 processes of plant cell metabolism?

A

-diffusion: cell membrane; obtain food, respiration, excretion
-osmosis: cell membrane; obtain food, excretion
-phagocytosis: cell membrane; obtain food
-photosynthesis: chloroplasts; obtain food
-respiration (aerobic): mitochondrion; provide energy
-fermentation: mitochondrion; provide energy

257
Q

… is the flow of chemicals from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

A

diffusion

258
Q

… is diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane.

A

osmosis

259
Q

… is the engulfing process when the cell membrane engulfs particles too large to pass through the cell membrane.

A

phagocytosis

260
Q

What is the difference between asexual and sexual plant reproduction?

A

-asexual: aka vegetative reproduction; by fragmentation (new plants from cuttings) or special asexual structures; genetically identical to parent
-sexual: seeds produced by male and female plants

261
Q

What are the male and female structures of a plant?

A

-male: stamen with a tip called the anther
-female: pistil, pollen tube, ovary

FTCE Elementary Ed (3 decks)

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