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FTCE Elementary Ed > Language Arts and Reading > Flashcards

Language Arts and Reading Flashcards

1
Q

What is emergent literacy?

A

reading-related knowledge and skills developed prior to formal reading instruction

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2
Q

What are the 6 components of emergent literacy?

A

-print motivation
-print awareness
-listening and oral vocabularies
-narrative skills
-letter knowledge
-phonological awareness (understand the sound of language and manipulate or play with speech sounds)

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3
Q

What are the 4 dimensions language has?

A

-speaking
-listening
-reading
-writing

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4
Q

What are the 4 components of oral language?

A

-phonological awareness
-semantic understanding
-syntactic understanding
-pragmatics

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5
Q

What is phonological awareness?

A

understanding of how sounds, syllables, word, and word parts can be orally manipulated to break apart words, make new words, and create rhymes (doesn’t involve print or word recog)

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6
Q

What is phonemic awareness?

A

ability to identify and manipulate the smallest units of speech (phonemes) (e.g., phoneme blending, substitution, segmentation, and deletion); doesn’t involve print or word recog

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7
Q

What is the alphabetic principle?

A

-understanding that written words are composed of letters
-groups of letters represent the sounds of spoken words
-approximately 44 phonemes in English (not a 1-1 correspondence)

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8
Q

What is the bottom-up model?

A

-children read by sounding out words letter by letter and combining them
-slow and laborious in isolation

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9
Q

What is the top-down model?

A

-readers use background knowledge and the “look” of words to decode meaning
-decoding starts in the reader’s brains, not with the words on the page

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10
Q

What is phonics?

A

sound-letter relationships or associations

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11
Q

What is general vocabulary?

A

words with meaning that are the same for any subject

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12
Q

What is academic vocabulary?

A

more complex vocab

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13
Q

What is technical vocabulary?

A

words that apply to specific subjects

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14
Q

What is specialized vocabulary?

A

general vocabulary words that have specific meanings in different subjects

(ex. math: closed set; drama: stage set; astronomy: sunset)

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15
Q

What is content vocabulary?

A

both technical and specialized vocabulary

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16
Q

What is receptive vocabulary?

A

words you understand (see or hear)

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17
Q

What is expressive vocabulary?

A

words a person uses in speaking and writing

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18
Q

What is structural analysis?

A

understanding words have parts that fit together and contribute to meaning

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19
Q

What should comprehension instruction include?

A

-direct instruction
-modeling
-application of skills (guided and independent practice)
-cooperative learning

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20
Q

What are 6 instructional strategies that contribute to comprehension development?

A

-metacognition
-graphic and semantic organizers
-questions (answering and generating)
-summarizing
-narrative story structure
-expository structures

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of expository structures?

A

-sequence
-cause-effect/problem-solution
-comparison/contrast

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22
Q

What are 4 essential comprehension skills?

A

-finding main ideas
-locating details and facts
-inferring (drawing conclusions)
-identifying author’s pov

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23
Q

What are the 6 levels of Bloom’s Cognitive Taxonomy?

A

-remembering
-understanding
-applying
-analyzing
-evaluating
-creating

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24
Q

What are some strategies to develop critical thinking skills?

A

-Socratic question: focuses on aspects of thinking (e.g., clarification, assumptions, reasons and evidence, pov, implications, consequences)
-reciprocal teaching: students take the role of teacher in small group reading session (summarizing, question generating, clarifying, and prediction)
-literature circles: structured, student-centered book club; read same book and work collaboratively to discuss and analyze content
-problem-based learning: question or problem provided and students explore and choose a strategy for resolution (inquiry-based learning)
-contextual learning: info presented using practical experience/simulations; apply what is learned to real-life situations
-project-based learning: work for an extended period of time to investigate and work through a complex question/problem/challenge

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25
Q

What is the difference between fiction and nonfiction?

A

-fiction: writing that describes imaginary people and events
-nonfiction: informational and based on real events and people (or opinion pieces/factual accounts on these people)

26
Q

What are different types of genres under fiction?

A

-drama/play
-fictional verse
-novel
-picture books
-poetic verse
-prose
-short story
-classic lit.
-comic/graphic novel
-fable
-fairy tale
-fantasy
-folktale/folklore
-historical fiction
-horror
-mythology
-realistic fiction

27
Q

What are different types of genres under nonfiction?

A

-autobiography
-biography
-essay
-narrative fiction
-speech
-reference book

28
Q

What is theme?

A

the underlying meaning/mainpoint of a story

29
Q

What are the 3 most common themes in traditional lit.?

A

-survival of the unfittest (characters who face life-threatening situations yet manage to survive)
-picaresque (roguish, lowborn but clever character that wanders in and out of adventures; punctuated by humor and convey social satire)
-reversal of fortune (changing circumstances of character(s))

30
Q

What is motif?

A

a reoccurring theme or idea (helps convey theme)

31
Q

What are the 2 types of plots?

A

-progressive plots (must finish reading entire work to find out how key developments in the plot are resolved)
-episodic plots (units, like chapters, in narrative constitute complete stories unto themselves)

32
Q

What are some of things conflict can be with?

A

-self
-others
-society
-nature

33
Q

What is sensationalism?

A

plot turns on a series of exciting and unusual events

34
Q

What are the 2 types of denouement?

A

-closed (all questions about plot are answered
-open (key questions are unanswered)

35
Q

What are the 2 types of settings?

A

-backdrop (not essential to plot)
-integral (essential to plot)

36
Q

What is allegory?

A

form of symbolism that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning; standing for qualities or concepts (usually moral or political)

37
Q

What are literary devices?

A

tools that writers use to enhance their writing (varying form and word choice)

38
Q

What is cultural sensitivity?

A

-awareness that no culture is superior to another
-understand differences among people/cultures are not positive/negative or right/wrong

39
Q

What are 8 comprehension strategies that promote thoughtful and useful responses to reading?

A

-predicting
-connecting
-visualizing
-questioning
-identifying (recognize major points of info)
-summarizing
-monitoring (ensure that students under what they are reading and can use appropriate techniques if having difficulty)
-evaluating

40
Q

What are some of the physical characteristics of writing development?

A

-small/fine motor development
-mental attention
-semantic and syntactic language knowledge
-memory
-thinking skills (synthesizing, analyzing, evaluating info for writing)

41
Q

What are the stages of writing development?

A

-scribble
-mock letter
-letter formation
-word writing
-sentence construction
-spelling, punctuation, and grammatical expression

42
Q

What are the 6 traits of writing?

A

-ideas/content
-organization
-voice (individual style)
-word choice
-sentence fluency
-conventions (correct spelling/punctuation/grammar)

43
Q

What are the 5 stages of process writing?

A

-prewriting
-drafting
-revising (ask if writing fits audience and purpose, thoughts/feelings are conveyed, organization is appropriate, and composition flows smoothly when read aloud; content of writing changes)
-editing (fix conventional errors; content of writing doesn’t change)
-publishing (doesn’t always have to be done)

44
Q

What are the different modes of writing?

A

-narrative/personal (fict/nonfict. acc of individual’s feelings/experience)
-fictional/creative narrative (created from imagination)
-descriptive
-expository
-persuasive

45
Q

What is craft?

A

skill proficiency

46
Q

What are some ways for students to increase writing skills?

A

-read and listen to content from different genres and content areas
-meaningful and authentic practice
-timely and valid feedback
-must realise writing is a skill that can be learned, practiced, and improved
-should see competent writers think aloud

47
Q

What is the difference between screening assessments and diagnostic tests?

A

-screening: given individually or as a group before beginning a course or grade; results determine if student(s) ready to succeed or need support
-diagnostic: standardized tests that pinpoint specific strengths and weaknesses; administered based on observation or screening assessment

48
Q

Formative (informal) assessments are also described as…

A

-criterion-referenced
-performance-based/authentic

49
Q

Most summative assessments are…

A

-formal
-standardized assessments

50
Q

What are stanine scores?

A

-standardized test scores that describe student performance on a 9 point scale
-scores: 1-3 below average; 4-6 average; 7-9 above average

51
Q

What are high-stakes tests?

A

summative assessments whose purpose is accountability

52
Q

What are some methods for assessing student progress (in reading)?

A

-pretests
-informal reading inventories (IRI) (provides specific info about student skills in terms of word recog. in isolation, oral reading and fluency, silent reading, comprehension, and listening comprehension; measures independent, instructional, and frustrational levels of reading)
-fluency check (assess accuracy, rate, and prosody in oral reading)
-story retelling
-portfolios
-running record
-anecdotal records
-rubrics

53
Q

What is a miscue analysis?

A

assessment that helps identify the cueing systems used by a reader OR the decoding strategies a reader uses to make sense of a text (e.g., corrections, insertions, omissions, repetitions, reversals, substitutions)

54
Q

What are the components of the Florida Formula for Reading Success: 6+4+ii+iii?

A

-6 instructional components: oral language, phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocab, comprehension
-4 forms of assessment to guide instruction: screening, progress monitoring, diagnosis, outcome measures
-initial instruction (ii) in all K-3 classrooms: integrate the 6 components, differentiate instruction, print-rich environment, explicit and systematic instruction, scaffolding, emphasize connections among the language arts (reading, writing, listening, speaking)
-immediate intensive intervention (iii): provide additional and/or different instruction, practice as soon as possible

55
Q

What is reliability?

A

consistency of results

56
Q

What is validity?

A

how well a tests measures what it’s supposed to measure

57
Q

Feedback and practice improves what characteristics of penmanship?

A

-alignment
-letter formation
-line quality
-spacing
-size

58
Q

What is active listening?

A

-indicates genuine interest in what one is thinking or feeling
-involves restating or paraphrasing
-allows one to check whether the other has been understood
-allows the other to verify or correct one’s understanding
-allows speaker to feel understood and more confident in expressing themself

59
Q

What are 3 important speaking skills?

A

-questioning
-paraphrasing
-extemporizing (expressing own thoughts/feelings)

60
Q

What are strategies for promoting listening and speaking?

A

-games
-collaborative or learning partners
-informal and formal presentations
-guided imagery
-LAPS (listen, ask, picture, summarize)
-SLANT (sit, lean, ask, nod, track)
-listening guides
-partner retells (form groups, read a story independently, one member designated to tell story to group, group place notes on pages/detail storyteller included in retell)
-oral storytelling
-RAP (read, ask, put [main ideas and details into their own words])
-think, pair, share

61
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary sources?

A

-primary: first-hand accounts of events/practices/conditions; created by witnesses (e.g., journalistic accs., diaries, letters, essays, financial records, memos, blogs, photograph, videos, etc.)
-secondary: interpretations or paraphrases of primary sources; represents someone else’s pov of primary source (e.g., books, reviews, critical summaries, etc.)

62
Q

What is media literacy?

A

ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media

FTCE Elementary Ed (3 decks)

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