Science 12 Flashcards
What is the major muscle used in breathing? Does it contract when you inhale or exhale?
The diaphragm. It contracts when you inhale.
What other muscles that you learned about are used in breathing?
The intercostal muscles are also used.
What process causes oxygen to go into the blood that is entering the lungs while causing carbon dioxide to leave it?
Diffusion causes the gases to flow properly into and out of the blood.
What do the alveoli do in the lungs?
They increase the amount of contact between the blood and the air in the lungs.
What does the epiglottis do? How do the vocal cords participate in that same job?
The epiglottis covers the trachea when you swallow, preventing food and drink from going down the larynx and trachea. The vocal cords help this by also shutting the larynx.
You are listening to two people talking. The first has a voice that is higher in pitch that the second. Which has thicker vocal cords?
The second person.
One person is singing. She starts singing very low-pitched notes but then starts singing high-pitched notes. What happened to the tension in her vocal cords?
The tension in her vocal cords increased.
You are comparing three samples of fluid from the body. One sample is interstitial fluid. The second is lymph taken from the dead end of a lymph vessel. The third is lymph that is about to enter back into the circulatory system. How do these three fluid samples compare?
The interstitial fluid and lymph from the dead end of a lymph vessels are the same, but the lymph that is about to go back into the circulatory system is cleaner that the other two samples.
Compare the number of efferent lymph vessels to the number of afferent lymph vessels in a lymph node.
There are many afferent vessels and usually only one efferent vessel.
What do we call the cells that do phagocytosis in the lymph nodes?
They are called macrophages.
What happens to the size of the lymph nodes near a part of the body that has an infection?
They swell.
What does the germinal center of a lymph node do?
It produces white blood cells to fight infection.
What does a macrophage present in order to start the aquired immune response?
It presents an antigen.
Can good sanitation explain the reduction in polio and the measles?
No.
What does the thymus do?
It “educates” T-cells so that they can do their job properly.
What do the tonsils do?
They are the first line of defense against pathogens that enter through your mouth.
What are the three functions of the spleen?
It filters the blood, gets rid of dead red blood cells, and holds a backup supply of red blood cells.
What does the appendix do?
It provides a protected place for mutualistic intestinal bacteria.
What is a vestigial organ, according to macroevolution?
A organ that was useful at one time but became useless as a result of macroevolution.
What organs from this chapter were thought by evolutionists to be vestigial?
The thymus, tonsils, appendix, and spleen.
What harm was caused by the idea that the tonsils and appendix were vestigial?
It caused physicians to routinely remove them, even when it wasn’t necessary.
Label each of these body defenses as being part of your innate immunity or your acquired immunity: skin, B-cells, stomach acid, antibodies, white blood cells that kill all pathogens, T-cells, chemicals in your blood that kill all pathogens they encounter, and mucus.
Skin is part of your innate immunity, as is stomach acid, white blood cells that kill all pathogens, the chemicals in the blood that kill all pathogens, and mucus. B-cells, antibodies, and T-cells are a part of your acquired immunity.
What kind of T-cell interacts with a macrophage to start the acquired immune response? What four kinds of cells does that cell cause to be produced?
Helper T-cells start the aquired immune response, and they cause plasma B-cells, memory B-cells, killer T-cells, and memory T-cells to be produced.
What kind of B-cell allows you to be very resistant to a pathogen once you have been infected by that pathogen or once you have been given a vaccine against the pathogen?
It helps you remain resistant to a pathogen.
