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TEAS > Science > Flashcards

Science Flashcards

1
Q

Alveoli are one cell thick and where what occurs?

A

exchange of gas in lungs

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2
Q

the lungs are surrounded by what membrane which reduces friction when breathing?

A

pleural membrane

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3
Q

What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity & aids in inhalation and exhalation?

A

diaphragm

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4
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A 
supply body with oxygen and rid body of CO2
filters air
speech
cough
smell
homeostasis
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5
Q

What part of the brain controls breathing and monitors CO2 levels?

A

Medulla oblongata

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6
Q

What is composed of water, solutes and other elements in connective tissue?

A

blood

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7
Q

What does the lymph vascular system do?

A

cleans up excess fluids & proteins and returns them to the circulatory system

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8
Q

Name the 3 layers of walls in blood vessels

A
  1. tunica intima
  2. tunica media
  3. tunica adventitia
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9
Q

Elastic arteries: tunica media has more _______ than any other vessels

A

elastin

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10
Q

What are the largest vessels in the arterial system?

A

elastic arteries

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11
Q

_________ arteries include arteries that branch off elastic arteries

A

Muscular

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12
Q

In what arteries does the tunica media have a higher proportion of smooth muscle cells than elastic fibers?

A

muscular arteries

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13
Q

Which arteries branch off elastic arteries?

A

muscular arteries

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14
Q

What are the primary vessels involved in vasodilation/vasoconstriction? And controls blood flow to capillaries?

A

Arterioles

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15
Q

What has a thin tunica media and almost all smooth muscle cells?

A

Arterioles

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16
Q

What are tiny vessels that exit capillary beds? They have thin, porous walls and few muscle cells and elastic fibers.

A

venules

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17
Q

_____ have a thin tunica media and tunica intima

A

Veins

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18
Q

Veins have a wide _____

A

lumen

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19
Q

What…

  • carries raw materials to cells
  • removes waste
  • stabilizes internal pH
  • fights infections
  • composed of RBC, WBC, plasma, platelets?
A

blood

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20
Q

What blood cells transport O2, form in bone marrow and live for 4 months?

A

Red blood cells

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21
Q

What blood cells defend against infection & remove waste?

A

white blood cells

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22
Q

What blood cells have fragments of stem cells and are responsible for blood clotting?

A

platelets

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23
Q

Plasma constitutes over half of the blood volume and contains what?

A

plasma proteins, ions, glucose, amino acids, hormones and dissolved gases

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24
Q

Heart is separated by what valve?

A

AV valve

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25
Q

Explain the first diastole phase.

A

Blood flows thru vena cavaes into right atrium. AV valve (tricuspid valve). SA node & purkinje fibers cause atrium to contract and fill R ventricle.
SA node signals right ventricle to contract

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26
Q

Explain first systole phase.

A

Tricuspid valve closes & pulmonary semilunar valve opens. blood goes to lungs

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27
Q

2nd diastole phase?

A

blood returns to heart from lungs and fills left atrium. SA node triggers mitral valve to open and blood fills ventricle

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28
Q

2nd systole phase?

A

mitral valve closes. aortic semilunar valve opens. L ventricle contracts & blood is pumped to body

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29
Q

Coronary circulation is the flow of blood to ______ tissue

A

heart

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30
Q

Deoxygenated blood returns to right atrium through ______ veins

A

cardiac

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31
Q

What type of circulation is the flow of blood between the heart and lungs?

A

pulmonary

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32
Q

Systemic circulation is the flow of blood to what?

A

the entire body

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33
Q

Aorta branches into what 4 main arteries?

A

carotid
subclavian
common iliac
renal

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34
Q

Blood returns to the heart through what 4 veins?

A

jugular
subclavian
common iliac
renal

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35
Q

Portal circulation

A

flow of blood from digestive system to liver and then heart

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36
Q

Renal circulation

A

flow of blood between heart and kidneys

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37
Q

Arterial blood pressure functions by transporting oxygen ____ blood into lungs and oxygen ____ blood to tissues

A

poor

rich

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38
Q

Arteries branch into smaller ________

A

arterioles

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39
Q

Where are adjustments made in blood delivery to specific areas?

A

arterioles

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40
Q

Capillary beds contain a single layer of _____________ cells

A

endothelial

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41
Q

Veins are what type of muscle cells? And function as blood volume reserves

A

smooth

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42
Q

What system returns excess tissue fluid to bloodstream?

A

lymphatic system

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43
Q

What system is responsible for the return of protein from capillaries?

A

lymphatic

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44
Q

What system transports fats from digestive tract?

A

lymphatic

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45
Q

Lymph nodes contain ____________ & plasma cells

A

lymphocytes

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46
Q

The spleen contains what type of tissue?

A

lymphoid

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47
Q

What connects blood vessels to spleen?

A

splenic sinuses

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48
Q

What ligament connects the stomach to spleen?

A

gastrolineal

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49
Q

The lienorenal ligament connects what to the spleen?

A

kidney

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50
Q

The phrenicocolic ligament connects the left colic flexure to what?

A

thoracic diaphragm

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51
Q

What is the main function of the spleen?

A

filter unwanted materials & fight infection

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52
Q

Where does protein digestion start?

A

stomach

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53
Q

peristalsis

A

movement of food

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54
Q

Where does absorption begin?

A

small intestine

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55
Q

4 lobes of liver

A

right
left
quadrate
caudate

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56
Q

5 ligaments that secure the liver

A 
falciform
coronary
right triangular
left trangular
round
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57
Q

hepatic portal vein supplies nutrient rich blood to what?

A

liver

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58
Q

What veins carry blood from liver?

A

hepatic veins

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59
Q

Blood enters liver through what vein & artery?

A

hepatic portal vein

hepatic artery

60
Q

Liver functions

A
  • production of bile
  • production of certain blood plasma proteins
  • cholesterol
  • storage of glycogen
  • regulation of amino acids
  • processing of hemoglobin
  • conversion of ammonia to urea
61
Q

what organ purifies blood?

A

liver

62
Q

what organ regulates blood clotting?

A

liver

63
Q

what organ boosts immune factors and removes bacteria?

A

liver

64
Q

Exocrine tissues in the pancreas secrete what kind of enzymes?

A

digestive enzymes

65
Q

Endocrine tissue in the pancreas secretes?

A

hormones

66
Q

Wirsung’s duct

A

main pancreatic duct

where exocrine secretions flow

67
Q

where are most nutrients absorbed?

A

small intestine

68
Q

What breaks down fats?

A

bile from liver in the small intestine

69
Q

What neurons transmit signals to CNS from rest of body and is associated with touch, pain, temp, hearing, sight, smell & taste?

A

sensory

70
Q

Motor neurons signal what?

A

muscles & glands

71
Q

what neurons transmit signals between neurons?

A

interneurons

72
Q

CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

73
Q

PNS?

A

cranial and spinal nerves

74
Q

What conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS?

A

sensory (afferent) division

75
Q

What conducts impulses from the CNS to muscles & glands?

A

motor (efferent) division

76
Q

What nervous system is voluntary & conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles?

A

somatic (SNS)

77
Q

What nervous system is involuntary and conducts impulses to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles & glands?

A

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

78
Q

What division is responsible for flight or fight?

A

sympathetic

79
Q

The spinal cord is responsible for?

A

limb movement and internal organ activity

80
Q

3 parts of the hindbrain

A
  1. medulla oblongata
  2. cerebellum
  3. pons
81
Q

3 parts of forebrain

A
  1. cerebrum
  2. thalamus
  3. hypothalamus
82
Q

4 lobes of the brain

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

83
Q

what lobe is responsible for short term & working memory?

A

frontal

84
Q

what lobe is responsible for sensory input and spatial positioning of the body?

A

parietal

85
Q

what lobe is responsible for visual input?

A

occipital

86
Q

the temporal lobe is responsible for what?

A

all auditory input, processing and output

87
Q

3 parts of the brain stem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

88
Q

what controls respiratory, digestive and circulatory functions?

A

brain stem

89
Q

3 parts of midbrain

A

tectum
tegmentum
ventral tegmentum

90
Q

the midbrain is responsible for?

A

vision & hearing

91
Q

what is important with ANS in the circulatory & respiratory system?

A

medulla oblongata

92
Q

what system includes sympathetic nerves that trigger “fight or flight”

A

peripheral nervous system

93
Q

The autonomic nervous system is controlled by what?

A

hypothalamus

94
Q

The ANS controls functions of…

A

internal organs
blood vessels
smooth muscle tissues & glands

95
Q

2 divisions of ANS

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

96
Q

The somatic nervous system controls five senses and _________ skeletal movement

A

voluntary

97
Q

Efferent (motor) nerves bring signals from CNS to organs and ________

A

muscles

98
Q

Afferent (sensory) nerves bring signals from _______ organs and muscles to the CNS

A

sensory

99
Q

Reflex arcs are the simplest nerve pathway and _______ the brain. Controlled by the _______ ____

A

bypass

spinal cord

100
Q

A reflex is an ___________ response without conscious thought

A

automatic

101
Q

Explain reflex arc pathway

A

stimulus detected by sensory receptors –> sensory neurons –> interneurons –> motor neurons –> effector (muscle)

102
Q

What are the 3 types of muscular tissue?

A
  1. skeletal
  2. cardiac
  3. smooth
103
Q

What 2 muscle tissues are striated?

A

skeletal & cardiac

104
Q

Which muscle tissue is voluntary?

A

skeletal

105
Q

Which types of muscle tissue are involuntary?

A

cardiac & smooth

106
Q

What muscular tissue is also known as visceral tissue?

A

smooth muscle

107
Q

What cells are found in walls of internal organs like stomach, intestines and blood vessels?

A

smooth muscle cells

108
Q

3 properties of muscular tissue

A

excitability
contraction
elongate

109
Q

Myofibrils are composed of multiple repeating contractile units called __________

A

sarcomeres

110
Q

Thick filament is called?

A

myosin

111
Q

thin filament is called?

A

actin

112
Q

What binds to myosin and actin

A

calcium that is released when action potentials reach muscle fiber

113
Q

What provides energy for muscular contraction?

A

ATP from glucose

114
Q

What houses the testes and keeps sperm at correct temp for spermatogenesis?

A

scrotum

115
Q

What produces sperm and testosterone?

A

testes

116
Q

The epididymis does what?

A

stores sperm as it matures

117
Q

What secretes alkaline fluids with proteins and mucus into ejaculatory duct?

A

seminal vesicles

118
Q

What secretes milky fluid with proteins and enzymes as part of semen?

A

prostate gland

119
Q

The bulbourethral (Cowpen’s) gland secretes fluid into urethra to neutralize ________ in urethra

A

acidity

120
Q

3 main male hormones

A

testosterone
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)

121
Q

Luteinizing hormone stimulates production of..?

A

testosterone

122
Q

FSH stimulates what in males?

A

spermatogenesis

123
Q

Testosterone provide male ___ characteristics

A

sex

124
Q

Labia majora and labia minoria provide protection for

A

vagina

125
Q

What glands secrete lubricating fluid?

A

Bartholin’s

126
Q

What produces ova, secretes estrogen & progesterone?

A

ovaries

127
Q

Where does fertilization of an egg (oocyte) occur?

A

fallopian tubes

128
Q

Where does an egg implant?

A

uterine wall (uterus)

129
Q

During the follicular phase, ____ stimulates maturation of follicle which secretes estrogen. The estrogen regenerates the uterus lining

A

FSH

130
Q

During ovulation, there is a release of a secondary oocyte from ovary induced by ____ hormone

A

LH

131
Q

What phase begins with the formation of the corpus luteum?

A

luteal phase

132
Q

The corpus luteum secretes what?

A

estrogen and progesterone

133
Q

What hormones maintains thickness of endometrium?

A

progesterone

134
Q

3 phases of the uterine cycle

A

proliferative phase
secretory phase
menstruation

135
Q

What phase is characterized by regeneration of uterine lining?

A

proliferative

136
Q

During secretory phase, the endometrium becomes _________ and nutrients are secreted

A

vascular

137
Q

Menstruation occurs when there is no ___, and endometrium sheds

A

egg

138
Q

During pregnancy, what is secreted that prevents corpus luteum from degrading

A

hCG

139
Q

By 2nd trimester, the ________ secretes estrogen and progesterone

A

placenta

140
Q

During paturition, there are increased levels of _____ glucocorticoids which act on the placenta to increase estrogen and decrease progesterone

A

fetal

141
Q

Stretching of the cervix during birth increases _________ from ________ pituitary gland

A

oxytocin

posterior

142
Q

during birth, oxytocin & estrogen stimulate release of ___________

A

prostaglandins

143
Q

prostaglandins and oxytocin increase what?

A

contractions

144
Q

During lactaction, _________ increases

A

prolactin

145
Q

What stimulates the production of milk?

A

prolactin

TEAS (5 decks)

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