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Science 10 Bio Unit Test Flashcards

0
Q

Abiogenesis?

A

The idea that life can emerge spontaneously from non-living matter
Widely accepted up until the 19th century
Supported by life force ( from the time of the roman)

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1
Q

What are the five characteristics of living organisms?

A 
Need energy
Produce waste
Respond and adapt
Reproduce
Grow
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2
Q

Redi’s experiment?

A

Set out three jars containing raw meat some were sealed some were covered in gauze and some were open to air.
Controlled: meat, jar, location
Manipulated: lid, flies access to the meat
Responding: appearance of maggots

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3
Q

Pasteur’s experiment?

A

He bent the neck of a flask into an s shape so that air could reach the broth but the air particles would get caught in the s. He tipped the flask so that broth entered the s bend.
Manipulated: access of air particles to broth
Controlled: broth, flask, light, temp
Responding: mould growth

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4
Q

Biogenesis?

A

All life comes from living organisms

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5
Q

Hooke’s discovery?

A

1635-1703
Studied cork discovered cells under 30x mag.
Called cells “cells”

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6
Q

Leeuwenhoek’s discovery?

A

Examined pond water and found microorganism called animalcules
Used a simple light microscope

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7
Q

Schwann’s and Schleiden’s discoveries?

A

Proposed that all plants and animals were composed of cells

Cells were the smallest unit of life

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8
Q

Virchow’s discoveries

A

All cells arise from pre-existing cells

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9
Q

What are the three parts of cell theory?

A

All living things are made up of one or more cells
All life functions take place in cells
All cells are produced from pre-existing cells.

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10
Q

Describe a simple light microscope

A

Used visible light
Can observe living specimen
One lens
Mag. 20x - 275x

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11
Q

Light compound microscope

A

Two lenses
Uses visible light
Can observe living specimen
Mag. 40x - 2000x

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12
Q

Transmission electron microscope

A 
2 lenses. 
Uses beams of electrons rather then light
2-D
Image produced on a fluorescent screen
Dead specimen 
Mag. 10000x - 100000x
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13
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

2 lenses
Beams of electrons used to scan surface of dead specimen
3-D image
Mag. 300000x

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14
Q

Confocal laser scanning microscope

A

Thick, dead specimen
Laser beam uses to scan layers of the specimen
Images are put together with a computer

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15
Q

The most basic form of life is?

A

Cell

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16
Q

Prokaryote?

A

A type of cell which include only bacteria and Cyanobacteria. They lack membrane bound nuclei and most organelles found in other cells.

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17
Q

Eukeryote?

A

A type of cell which includes the protists, fungi and animals. These are cells specialized to perform particular functions.

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18
Q

Cell membrane

A

Separate cell from outside

Controls what enters and exits the cell

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19
Q

Cell wall

A

Only found in plant cells

Provide extra structure and support

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20
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls the cell

Protects DNA

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21
Q

Rough endoplasmic recticulum

A

Helps COMPLETE proteins after ribosomes build them

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22
Q

Smooth endoplasmic recticulum

A

Responsible for synthesis

Storage and transport of lipids and carbs and also storage of calcium ions

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23
Q

Lysosomes

A

Only found in animal cells
Digest food
Clean up and recycle ( digest broken organelles)

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24
Ribosomes
Read instructions to build proteins from DNA
25
Mitochondria
Makes ATP energy for cellular respiration
26
Golgi apparatus
Finishes sorts, labels and ships proteins using vesicles
27
Vacuoles
Storage
28
Vesicles
Moves materials around the cell
29
Central vacuoles
Only found in plants Maintains pressure against cell wall Keeps cells shape
30
Centrioles
Only found in animal cells | Helps coordinate cell division
31
Chloroplasts
Makes energy and sugar from sunlight
32
The 4 parts if a cell membrane?
Proteins --> carrier - channel. (Move substances across the membrane) Phospholipid bilayer --> phospholipids --> hydrophilic head - hydrophobic tail ( make up the most of the membrane) Carbohydrates ( important for cell to cell communication) Cholesterol (helps make the membrane more rigid also helps with cell communication)
33
Describe the fluid mosaic model
Fluid: the membrane can move and flow but isn't too rigid Mosaic: composed of many parts
34
What is the role of the selective filter?
The role of the cell is ton regulate the movement of substances into and out of the cell
35
Brownian motion?
According to the particle model of matter these particles are always in motion
36
Concentration gradients?
Particles will move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
37
Equilibrium
Occurs when molecules are evenly distributed
38
Passive transport?
Energy is not required Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion
39
Diffusion?
Is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration
40
Osmosis?
The diffusion of water across a cell membrane
41
Hypertonic?
A solution with a higher concentration of solutes
42
Hypotonic?
A solution that has a higher concentration of water
43
Isotonic?
A solution that has the same concentration of water and solutes
44
Facilitated diffusion?
No energy is required Movement in response to the concentration but needs a protein facilitator. Channel proteins move small particles through pores Carrier proteins attach to larger molecules, change shape and physically move the molecules.
45
Active transport?
Transport across the membrane using ATP energy
46
Endocytosis?
The uptake of particles by the formation of vesicles Phagocytosis - taking in large particles Pinocytosis - taking in small particles
47
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Receptor proteins on the membrane surface interact with certain molecules to stimulate endocytosis (HIV)
48
Exocytosis?
The excretion of molecules from a vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane to export.
49
Liposomes?
Artificially prepared vesicles composed of a lipid bilayer that is used to delivery medicine within the body
50
Dialysis?
Peritoneal dialysis - the patients peritoneal in the abdomen as a membrane across which fluid and dissolve substances are exchanged from the blood
51
Surface area: volume
The surface area to volume gets smaller as the cell gets larger The larger the surface area to volume ration the more efficient cell transport will be. The larger the cell the farther nutrients will have to travel
52
Epidermal cells?
The protective layer covering the leaf Made up of epidermis cells A waxy substance called the cuticle, coats the cell to prevent evaporation.
53
Palisade tissue cells?
Long and narrow like column, and are packed closely together just under the leafs upper surface Most of the else's photosynthesis takes place here
54
Spongy tissue cells?
Layered below the palisade tissue cells, contain chloroplasts and carry put photosynthesis
55
Stomata?
Small openings in the epidermal layer allowing gases in and out of the leaf, also water
56
Guard cells?
Each stomata has two guard cells that regulate the stomata's size.
57
Vascular tissue cells?
Form a series of tubes that transport fluids throughout the plant Visible as leaf veins Two kinds xylem - carries water and minerals Phloem - carries sugars produced by the leaves to the sink
58
Chloroplasts?
Contains green pigment call chlorophyll
59
Cellular respiration?
The opposite of photo synthesis
60
Transpiration?
The process of water vapour leaving the leaves through the stomata
61
Lenticels?
Pores formed from slits in the opening of WOODY stems
62
What factors into the involvement of water and materials in plants?
Osmosis, diffusion, active transport, and transpiration
63
Adhesion?
The attraction of water molecules to other substances
64
Cohesion?
The attraction of water molecules to other water molecules
65
Tonicity?
The osmotic pressure a solution will put on a membrane.
66
Plasmolysis?
Cytoplasm and cell membranes shrink away from the cell wall due to the outflow of water ( the cells become dehydrated)
67
Turgidity?
Larger or fuller then normal because of swelling
68
What is a source?
The place where the products of photosynthesis are made.
69
What is a sink?
The place where the products of photosynthesis are used
70
Phototropism?
Growth in response to light
71
Gravitropism?
Growth in response to gravity
72
Negative phototropism/gravitropism means what?
Growth in the opposite direction from the stimuli.
73
Nastic response?
Complex response in carnivorous plants

Science 10 (5 decks)

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