sci rev 2 Flashcards
1
Q
In what motion do the planets move about the earth to be considered planets?
A
In an eastward motion. They follow the ecliptic and are made of Aether
2
Q
What are the 7 planets?
A
Sun
Moon
Mercury
Saturn
Jupiter
Venus
Mars
3
Q
Superlunary sphere
A
The sphere that contains the moon and everything in the direction away from the earth
4
Q
Astrology
A
The study of the effects of celestial bodies on earth
5
Q
What is the Zodiac?
A
A band that is used to track where the sun has passed, which passes through 13 constellations; 8 degrees N and 8 degrees S of ecliptic
6
Q
What are the qualities of the planets?
A
Sun - Hot and Dry
Moon - Cold and wet
Mercury - Wild Card
Venus - Hot and Wet
Mars - Hot and Dry
Jupiter - Hot and Wet
Saturn - Cold and Dry
7
Q
What are the qualities of humanity?
A
Hot and wet
8
Q
Qualities of the constellations of the zodiac?
A
Fire Signs (Hot and dry: Choler) - Leo, Sag, Aries
Water signs (cold and wet: Phlegm) - Cancer, Pisces, Scorpio
9
Q
What are the 3 types of Astrology
A
- Catholic Astrology
- Generhlialogy
- Cathartic Astrology
10
Q
Catholic Astrology
A
The astrology of predicting big events like earthquakes, floods, similar to weather forecasting
11
Q
Genethlialogy
A
Astrology of Fates, things such as natal charts and horoscopes
12
Q
Cathartic astrology
A
Astrology of making choices, tells you the best time to do something or answers to questions
13
Q
Why does the church have a problem with genethlialogy
A
The church only really has a problem with genethlialogy, because it can violate the concept of free will, something that is given by God to humans which is the idea that you are responsible for sinning and making your own choices
14
Q
What are the 4 developments leading to heliocentrism
A
- Celestial objects are physical bodies, same as terrestrial bodies
- Discovery of “new” classical texts that said earth moves
- Desire to reconcile Aristotle and Ptolemy
- Belief that mathematics can make judgments about physical reality
15
Q
What planet has generative heat?
A
The Sun
16
Q
What planet has destructive heat?
A
Mars
17
Q
Major Planet system
A
There is a point in the middle of the universe and earth is right below this anchor point, and then planets circle around this anchor point, essentially not rotating around Earth. Planets move in an egg shape rather than a perfect circle
18
Q
Triple Rotation of Earth
A
Revolution about the sun
Rotation on its axis
directional rotation of axis
19
Q
Heliocentric Model
A
Sun is stationary at the center
20
Q
Geo-Heliocentric model
A
All planets orbit around the sun
Sun orbits around the earth
Overlapping planetary orbits
21
Q
Keplers 2nd Law
A
Sun has a motive power that propels the planets to move in their ellipticals
The speed of planets is relational to the distance to the sun
22
Q
Monastic schools
A
Vocation schools for monks
Sapientia: Wisdom
Optional 7 liberal arts
- unnecessary for monastic life
23
Q
Cathedral schools
A
Public education for the sons of the wealthy
no commitment to a church career is required to attend
The curriculum is controlled by the church
7 liberal arts and Scientia (knowledge)
Trivium: Logic, Grammar, rhetoric
Quadrivium: Geometry, music, arithmetic, astronomy
24
Q
What is egyptian gold
A
Justification for incorporating pagan philosophy into the curriculum by arguing that it was not good but useful
Take pagan philosophy and use it for christianity
25
Universities
Not affiliated with the church
Received funding from the students
Right to teach anywhere since they had a standardized curriculum
26
Basic Curriculum
Faculty of ARTS
27
3 Higher faculties
Medicine, Law and Theology ( Theology being the most important
28
Botanical Gardens
New type of plants and medicine brought back from outside of Europe
Botanical gardens taught how plants fit into nature and how to use its properties
29
Anatomical Theaters
Established as partof the regular medical curriculum
Public dissections werre formalized affairs
Anatomy was mostly learned through textbooks
30
Cabinet of curiosities
Collections of foreign, naturally produced materials
- Minerals, corals, animal skeletons, taxidermy
31
What are the 4 aristotelian causes?
Material Cause
Efficient Cause
Formal Cause
Final Cause
32
Two types of Aristotelian motion
Natural motion: the nature of an object
Violent motion: an external force acts upon an object
33
Why does Aristotle believe that vacuums have a size?
bc nothing having a size doesn't makes sense to him
34
35
Aristotle's issue with projectile motion
Why do projectiles keep on moving after the actor of the external force is no longer in contact with it?
36
What is Aristotle's solution to projectile motion?
The medium takes over in place of the external force.
However, this is unconvincing because it requires the medium to be the source of motion and provides resistance to the motion
37
Fluxus Formae
VERB
Motion is a real thing that exists in bodies that change
A quality of body
38
Forma Fluens
Motion is the movement of the body from one place to another
NOUN
It is not something that yo can seperate
39
Merton Rule: Mean Speed Theorem
The distance an object moves under uniform acceleration is equal to the width of the time interval multiplied by its velocity at the midpoint of the interval
40
Merton Group
Interested in local motion
Intensity (force) vs quantity (inertia)
Uniform (constant velocity) and non-uniform velocity (accelerated motion)
41
Galileo's Law of Intertia
Thought experiment about a flat ramp that neither increases nor decreases the speed of a ball traveling along it
In a vacuum, without an external force, a ball on this flat ramp will maintain its speed forever
42
4 Doctrines to explain the natural world
1. Any effect has a distinct cause
2. All causes are in the form of local motion
3. It is a chimerical untruth to believe in action at a distance
4. All causes are present in their effects on power or reality
43
Descartes
Suggests that matter is an extension (the same thing as taking up space)
- Matter has volume
44
What does Aristotle suggest about falling bodies
How fast a body falls is determined by its weight, so a heavier object should fall faster than a lighter object.
45
What does Galileo suggest about falling bodies?
believes that all things fall at the same acceleration rate regardless of mass
46
Mechanical Philosophy
ALL THINGS CAN BE REDUCED TO MATTER AND MOTION W.OUT RECOURSE TO ACTION AT A DISTANCE
47
4 aspects of mechanical philosophy
1. There is no effect w/out cause
2. .no cause acts w/out motion
3. nothing acts on distant things except through itself or an organ or connection
4. Nothing moves unless it is touched
48
What is mechanical philosophy similar to?
Similar to the idea of natural magic
There are no hidden sympathies that cause motion
49
Greek Atomism
Everything is made of atoms and void (being and nothingness)
50
Characteristics of atoms in Atomism
Eternal, unchangeable, and indestructible
51
What did Leucippus and Democritus believe about atoms
Atoms don't rely on any sort of divine intervention
They are completely random collisions of atoms with no grand divine plan
52
What did Aristotle think of Atomism
Did not believe in atomism: He asled "How can things be nothingness?"
53
Corpusculariansism
Similar to atomism
The Corpuscles can theoretically be broken down into something smaller
There is a minimal quanitity - lowest you can divide something while still retaining it's "it-ness"
54
Primary vs Secondary Qualities
Shape is a Primary Quality
Secondary Sources: Are reliant on someone to percieve it (does a tree make a sound when it falls if you are not there? According to corpuscularianism, it does not)
55
Alchemy
How natural things are made and decomposed (The study of materials)
56
What was alchemy originally used for?
Costume Jewelry
Dying Glass
Dying metals (Gold Plating)
Fabrics
57
Did they believe that they were making new materials when doing alchemy originally?
No
58
Gnosticism
A religious belief that the spirit and the body are different things and that the spirit is trapped and corrupted in the body
59
How does Zosimos apply gnostic teachings to physical matter?
He claims that he is separating the spirit from the body, purifying the spirit, and recombining it to make new materials.
60
Mercury Sulfer Theory
All metals have similar properties (ductility, malleability, etc.) which is explained because they are all made of the same basic thing (mercury - Philosophically pure mercury)
61
What are the proportions of Gold, Silver and Copper
Gold = Perfect Proportion
Silver = Slightly too much mercury
Copper = sulfur > mercury
62
Noble Metals
Gold
Silver
63
Base metals
Copper
tin
iron
mercury
lead
64
Difference between Arabic Alchemy and Latin Alchemy
Arabic Alchemy - Transmutation of metals "Medicine of Metals" not for people though
Latin Alchemy - Transmutation of metals and medicines for people - wanted to prolong life.
65
What is mercury and sulfur made of?
Earth, fire, air, and water
66
Mercury alone theory
Sulfur is a property of mercury rather than a fully independent thing
67
Why did the pope prohibit multplying metals?
Feared that alchemists would debase the currency of perpetuate frauds
68
Humanism
Wanted to go back to all the Greek Information
69
willow tree experiment
demonstrates through qualitative analysis that plants are exclusively made of water
70
Who coined the term Gas?
Joan Baptist Van Helmont
71
What did Robert Doyle want to do?
Wants to show that all substances can be decomposed and recomposed and retain their entity.
72
Redintegration Experiment
If you can reduce saltpeter to a pair of dissolved liquids and then bring them together to remake saltpeter, that recommends corpuscularianism over the Aristotelian mixt.
73
Why aren't dissections regularly practiced?
It is difficult to have all of the things go right for a dissection to occur (Dissections need to occur during the winter, families can't put up a fight, etc.)
74
Anatomy of the Heart based on Galen
3 ventricles (Left, middle, right)
The heart has tiny pores in the heart
There is no circulation of blood. It goes one way.
75
2 systems of blood
Venus and Artirial blood
Nutritive blood comes from the liver (Venus system) and when it gets to the heart, it passes through the pores in the middle ventricle, meets with air in the middle and is carried by the arteries as the vivifying blood (life giving blood)
76
Where does blood originate according to Galen?
The liver
77
Blood is the product of what?
Food. Blood is consumed at the same rate it is produced
78
Who was the first to establish human dissections?
Mondino de Luizzi
79
Who was the first to say they could not find the heart pores?
Andreas Vesalius
80
What are the differences between Versalian and Galenic Anatomy
1. No two part mandible
No Rete mirabile
No pores of the heart
81
Who was the first to explain completely and in detail blood circulation?
William Harvey
82
What did Harvey find with the Ligature Experiment?
If veins are blocked -> Heart is Empty
If Arteries are blocked -> Heart will balloon
83
What did Marcello Malpighi conclude about brains?
The brain is a gland
84
What are Galen's three stages of digestion?
1st: Food is cooked in the stomach -> separating food into chyle and feces
2nd: chyle moves from the stomach to the liver where it becomes venous blood.
3rd: Blood goes to the kidneys where it's seperated from the phlegm
85
What are the tria Prima?
Salt, sulfur, and Mercury
86
What is mercury used to cure?
Syphilis
87
Salt is the __ Sulfur is the ___ element and mercury is the ___ element
Stable
Flammable
Fluid
88
What are the 2 types of Materia Medica?
1. Things they expected to find and things they understand
2.) Entirely new things they did not have in Europe. No conception/category to put them in
89
Mechanistic Dogma
- Everything is matter or motion
- No effects without efficient causes
- No causes except efficient causes
- No action at a distance
90
Laws of Motion for Descartes
Any body in motion remains in motion until acted upon by an outside force
Bodies travel in straight lines
During Collisions, the stronger body imparts motion to the weaker body
91
Ontology according to Descartes
Thinking substance - defined by thinking (the mind
Extended Substance - defined by extension (matter)
92
Universal Truths
Going down to the basics and then extrapolating everything else from it
93
What did newton believe about empirical evidence
It is more important than logic
94
Empirical evidence
Experimentation and Observation
95
Generalizations according to Newton
Observations of one body can tell you about all bodies
96
Deduction
Theory -> Hypothesis
97
Induction
Observations -> generalizations
98
Why did popper believe that induction is wrong?
There is always a possibility that your generalization will be wrong
99
Why does Academia del Lincei fall apart?
Federico Cosi, the sole founder and financer, dies.
It is later revived by the pope.
INSTITUTIONAL BACKING IS IMPORTANT
100
Academia del Cimento, why did it fall apart?
Medici moves to Rome, again not backed by an institution, therefore it cannot continue after medici moves
101
How does the Royal Society of London get money?
They start admitting people based on wealth rather than science
102
What did Henry Oldenburg do?
Began the philosophical transaction in 1666. ( which is a regularly published scientific journal)
103
Who was the Secretary of the Royal Society?
Henry Oldenburg
104
What does it mean for the Royal Society of London to be chartered?
Gives them the ability to be a royal society. Chartered by the king
105
What is different about the Academie des Sciences?
Thinkers are on payroll
106
What are the 5 types of writing mediums and their downfalls?
Papyrus- Easily degrades w/ moisture
Clay - big, brittle
Wax - reusable and temporary
Stone Tablets - big, heavy, brittle, time consuming to carve
Animal Skin - the best
107
What was parchment made out of?
Vellum
108
Why were there problems with shorthand created by scribes?
Different shorthand conventions were used in different places and times. They got carried away with shorthand and things got too complicated
109
What is the Occult
It means hidden
110
How was divination viewed?
Viewed as Heresy
Consorting with demons require reverence
Demons act within nature but have certain abilities
111
What is natural magic?
Harnessing of connections between occult (hidden) properties
112
What is the Doctrine of Signatures?
God's Authorship; things are made by what they can do. Sympathies can be understood using signs (things that look like one another have a special relationship)
113
What is an example of a Sympathy
Walnuts are good for your brain because they look like your brain
114
What is the job of a natural magician
Find and use these sympathies
115
You are a combination of ___ and ___
Matter and form
Form differentiates matter
116
Why are magnets considered to have occult properties?
Bc they have hidden properties that explain things that cannot be explained by the combo of matter and form
117
What is matter composed of?
The 4 elements. Water, air, fire, earth
118
Miasmatic theory of the Black Death
Saturn, Jupiter, and mars in alignment with the sign of Aquarius which releases the Miasma (bad air)
119
What is the purpose of humanity?
To attain salvation from the original sin through God
120
How does the observation from a new telescope discredit Aristotelean cosmology?
Sunspots, craters on the moon (Goes against the Aether theory that says everything is perfect and unchanging in the aether), The phases of venus (With geocentrism, this should not be seen)
121
Galileo and Pope Urban disagreed on what is considered to be a hypothesis. What were their definitions?
Galileo: Describes a physical reality that can be proven or disproven
Pope Urban: Does not have to describe reality, however it can provides us with a model that can predict things occuring in the world.
122
Dialogue on two chief world systems
Supports the Heliocentric model as a description of reality and presents the church's geocentric view as stupid
123
What did the Gutenburg allow?
For the dissemination of knowledge through printing and book making
124
Why did a change in one science impact all sciences?
Bc people wanted to understand all disciplines within nature as a whole
124
Kuhn's 3 stages of Science
1. Developmental period - Characterized by competing ideas
2. Normal Science - Everyday science accepts new ideas as truths
3. Revolutionary Period - New frameworks appear to explain new information and replace the paradigm of normal science
125
Hierachy of Catholicism
Pope, cardinals, bishopsm priests, parishoners
126
Indulgences
Time reduction cards provided by the church. Everyone goes to purgatory, however, the amount f time spent depends on how many sins you've comiited
127
What did Martin Luther believes?
He believed that as long as you accept Jesus Christ as your savior, that is all you need for salvation (even if you are a horrible person who commited horrible atrocities)
128
What did Luther think of indulgences?
Did not like them. Believed that God was the only one who could rid years of purgatory
129
4 humors
Blood
Bile
Phlemg
Melancholy
130
4 qualities
Hot
Cold
Wet
Dry
131
categorize the Humors, elements, and qualities
Fire: Hot and Dry (Upward motion) -> bile
Air: Hot and wet (upward) -> blood
Water : cold and wet (down) -> phlemg
Earth: Cold and dry (down) -> melancholy
132
Catherism
Wanted people to believe that god had an equally powerful being but evil :Anti-God
Good god created spiritual world
Bad God: made the physical world
133
why did pope urban put galileo on trial
He could not seem week, they were going through the protestant reformation
134
Logical Positivism
Verification principle: only believe things as you see them
135
What are the aristotelian qualities of the planets?
Saturn -> Cold & Dry
Mars - > Hot and dry
Venus -> hot and wet
Mercury -> wild card
Jupiter -> Hot and dry
Moon -> cold and dry
Sun -> hot and dry
136
What humor is associated to leo, saggitarius and aries?
Bile
137
What humor is associated to scorpio, Pisces, and cancer
Phlemg
138
139
