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Cog Neuropsych > exam 3 Neuro > Flashcards

exam 3 Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Selective Attention: Endogenous

A

Voluntary, goal directed, top- down

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2
Q

Exxample of Endogenous Attention

A

Following a central arrow cue

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3
Q

Selective attention: Exogenous

A

Involuntary, stimulus driven, bottom- up

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4
Q

Example of Exogenous

A

Attention captured by a sudden flash

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5
Q

Conclusion of Parietal Lobe Monkey experiment

A

Parietal neurons are involved in directing attention, not just eye movements, they also modulate visual areas

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6
Q

Parietal Lobe Monkey Experiment:
Not Attending:
Overt Attention:
Covert Attention

A

Not Attending: Weak parietal neuron activity
Overt Attention (Eye movement): increased activity
Covert attention (No eye movement): also increased activity

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7
Q

V4 Neuron Modulation Paradigm Conclusion

A

Attention modulates V4 Neuron activity depending on focus

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8
Q

V4 Neuron Modulation Paradigm

A

Monkeys shown effective and ineffective stimuli simultaneously

Found that V4 neurons responded more when attention was directed to the effective stimulus, even though visual input was the same

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9
Q

Cue Period

A

Activates Intraparietal Sulcus (IPS) - Endogenous

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10
Q

Target Period (Especially Invalid Trials)

A

Activates Temporoparietal Junction (TPJ) - Exogenous

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11
Q

Dual Network Theory

A

Dorsal Attention Network (IPS): Goal Directed
Ventral Attention Network (TPJ): Detects unexpected salient stimuli

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12
Q

Object Based Attention

A

Attention can spread within an object even if only one part is cued
shows that spatial attention interacts with object structure

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13
Q

Same Object Benefit

A

Faster detection when target appears on same object as cue

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14
Q

Balint’s Syndrome (Simultaneous Agnosia)

A

Caused by damage to both parietal lobes
Patients can only attend to one object at a time
preserved visual perception otherwise

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15
Q

What causes Balint’s syndrome

A

Damage to both parietal lobes

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16
Q

Attentional Blink

A

A temporary lapse in attention when identifying a second target (T2) shortly after a first (T1) in rapid serial presentation

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17
Q

What is a Lag?

A

Time between T1 and T2

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18
Q

Lag 1 Sparing

A

T2 detected if it comes immediately after T1

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19
Q

Two Stage Theory

A

Stage 1: Both targets get processed
Stage 2: Limited Capacity; if T1 Occupies processing resources, T2 gets missed if it appears within 200-500 ms after T1

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20
Q

What is the relationship between learning and Memory

A

Learning is acquiring new info
Memory is the retention of the learned info over time
Memory reflects the persistence of learning in a state that can be revealed later

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21
Q

What are the 3 time scales of memory

A

Sensory memory: milliseconds to seconds
Short term/Working memory: seconds to minutes
Long term Memory: hours to years

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22
Q

What is sensory memory

A

Brief high capacity memory for sensory systems

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23
Q

What are the two types of sensory memory

A

Visual sensory memory: Iconic memory (~500 ms)
Auditory Sensory Memory: Echoic Memory (a few seconds)

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24
Q

How does the partial/ full report paradigm provide evidence of sensory memory

A

Sensory memory holds more info than what we can report before it fades

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25
What is the Partial/full report Paradigm
Full report: subject recall ~7 items Partial report: Subjects can reliably report any cued row - implying more info was briefly available than could report
26
What is the double dissociation exhibited by patients EP and KF?
Patient KF: Damaged STM, normal LTM Patient EP: Damaged LTM, Normal STM LTM(LONGTERM MEMORY) STM (SHORT TERM MEMORY) Reveals STM and LTM are seperate systems, not simply a linear process
27
What is the Modal model of STM and LTM and why was it rejected
Modal Model: STM is a gateway to LTM Rejected because KF had severely impaired STM but intact LTM, proving they are independent
28
Difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia
Anterograde: inability to form new memories Retrograde: loss of past memories EP: Strong Anterrograde, mild retrograde
29
Baddeley Hitch Model of Working Memory
Working Memory = active processing space Called working memory because it works on information, not just holds it
30
Components of Baddeley Hitch model of working memory
Phonological Loop (Verbal) Visuospatial sketchpage Central Executive (controls attention and coordinates info)
31
Tests for Baddeley Hitch Model
Phonological: digit span Visuospatial: spatial location memory
32
What is the difference between declarative and procedural memory
Declarative(explicit): conscious recall Procedural (Implicit): skills, habits
33
Types of Declarative memory
Episodic: personal events semantics: facts and knowledge
34
HM had what type of memory impaired?
Declarative
35
What is the neuropsychological evidence supporting the distinction between procedural and declarative
HM Could not recall new events (declarative) but learned new motor skills (procedural) like the tower of Hanoi without awareness
36
What does HM show
Shows different brain systems underlie these memory types
37
What is Priming
Faster or more accurate response due to prior exposure
38
How is priming measured
Implicit: word stem completion Explicit: Recognition tests
39
Priming in Amnesics
Poor performance on explicit tests, normal on implicit (EP shows normal priming but impaired recognition
40
What are encoding, consolidation and retrieval stages of memory
Encoding: forming memory from experience Consolidation: stabilizing memory over time Retrieval: accessing stored memory
41
What are feature binding and pattern separation for encoding
Feature binding: Linking different sensory features into one memory Pattern separation: differentiating similar memories to avoid confusion
42
What are pattern completion and pattern evaluation for retrieval
Pattern completion: Using cues to reconstruct a full memory Pattern Evaluation: Judging whether the retrieved memory is accurate/complete
43
What is graded retrograde amnesia
Memory loss is worse for recent events, older memories are spared
44
Evidence for graded retrograde amnesia
ECT and animal lesion studies show memories consolidate over time
45
What is consolidation
Stabilization of memory over time
46
What key brain structure is involved in consolidation
Hippocampus: critical for rapid (initial) consolidation Over time, memories become hippocampus independent and are stored in neocortex
47
Two Learning System Hypothesis
Hippocampus: Fast learning, supports rapid memory storage, initially encodes declarative memories Neocortex: slow learning, integrates into broader knowledge structure Over time, the hippocampus teaches neocrotex through system consolidation
48
What brain structure do declarative tasks use
Hippocampus dependent early one
49
What brain structure do procedural tasks use
More neocortex/basal ganglia related and stable over time
50
What is the FFA
FFA is a region in the fusiform gyrus that is preferentially active when viewing faces
51
How do you localize the FFA
FMRI Face Localizer Scans: involve presention subjects with blocks of faces and objects while measuring brain activity Subtraction methods: (faces > objects)
52
What is the PPA
PPA is the Parahippocampal Place area located in that Parahippocampal gyrus which responds to images of scenes, places, and spatial layouts
53
What is prosopagnosia
Face blindness often due to FFA damage
54
Three Alternative Hypotheses tested in Kanwisher
Low Level Feature difference: FFA might respind to simple visual properties like contrast or luminance Faces as a single category: FFA might not be face specific but respond to all members of a homogenous category Response to other animate objects: FFA might be sensitive to body parts, rather than faces exclusively
55
What is FMRI adaptation
When a stimulus is shown twice in a row, the brains response is reduced if it percieves the two stimuli as the same
56
How do we use FMRI adaptation
Helps test if the brain treats different views of the same face as the same or different
57
Viewpoint specific signals in FMRI adaptation
Brain activity is different when viewing different angles of the same face
58
Viewpoint invariant
Brain activity remains similar despite changes in viewpoint
59
Is FFA Viewpoint specific or invariant?
Viewpoint specific: does not treat different views of the same face as identical
60
Maggie Marilyn Experiment
Showed that the FFA responds to facial identity rather than just physical appearance
61
Does the FFA respond to Expertise or faces (Greeble experiment)
The expertise hypothesis suggest that FFA activation is due to expert level recognition rather than faces themselves The greeble experiment trained subjects to recognize novel objects as experts, and their FFA activated, supporting the expertise account
62
What aspects of a scene does the PPA respond to?
Spatial layouts and geometric properties of a scene rather than individual objects
63
Is the PPA viewpoint specific or invariant?
Viewpoint specific, its response changes with different views of a scene
64
Alternative hypothesis to the idea that the PPA responds specifically to scenes (Contextual Object Hypothesis)
PPA responds strongly to contextual objects (EX. Fireplace in a living room) and not just whole scenes, suggesting it might process scene related contextual associations
65
How is the location of an object defined in a frame of reference
The location of an object is always defined relative to a reference point A frame of reference consists of all locations that are defined relative to the same reference point
66
types of frames of reference
Retino-centered: Locations are defined raltive to where they fall on the retina Viewer-centered: locations are defined relative to the observers body or midline Object centered: locations are defined relative to the objects own geometry
67
Egocentric
Viewer centered
68
Allocentric
Object centered
69
Differences between retino-centered, viewer center, and object centered
Retinocentered: based on retinal coordinates, changes when the eyes move Viewer centered: based on the observers body, does not change with eye movements Object centered: based on the objects intrinsic structure, independent of viewer
70
What is the reference frame for V1 Neurons
Retinocentric, encode object locations based on their position on the retina
71
How do we know the reference frame for V1 Neurons
Objects that stimulate the same location on the retina activate the same V1 Neurons If fixation moves, the same object in the world is represented by different V1 neurons
72
What is cortical blindness
Occurs when there is damage to the occipital cortex, leading to loss of vision in the corresponding visual field
73
Damage to the left occipital cortex causes
Right visual field blindness
74
Damage to the right occipital cortex causes
Left visual field blindness
75
What is visuospatial neglect
A disorder where individuals fail to percieve stimuli on the contralesional side of space Not due to blindness (V1 is still intact) but an attentional deficit
76
Two types of neglect:
Viewer Centered neglect: deficit is defined relative to the viewers midline Object centered neglect: deficit is defined relative to an objects intrinsic left and right
77
Example of viwer centered neglect
a patient ignores everything on their left side, regardless of gaze direction
78
Example of object centered neglect
A patient ignores the left side of objects, no matter where they are in space
79
What is attention
Attention is the process by which the mind selects certain stimuli for enhanced processing while ignoring others
80
Characteristics of attention
Limited Capacity: We can only attend to a small portion of sensory input at a time Selection: we choose what we attend to Modulation: attention can enhance perception Vigilance: ability to sustain attention over long periods of time
81
What is modulation
Refers to a persons ability to alter neural responses and percieved attributes of stimuli
82
Examples of Modulation
Contrast: Attended stimuli appear higher in contrast Motion: motion appears faster when attended
83
Brain areas modulated by attention
V4 Parietal cortex TPJ and IPS
84
When does attentional selection happen?
Early: attention filters info before semantic processing Late: all info is processed to the semantic level, filtering occurs after
85
Evidence for early selection
Cherry's dichotic listening: unattended message not processed for meaning ERP Studies: show neural differences as early as 100ms
86
Problems for early selection
Cocktail party effect: Hearing your name in an unattended stream Stroop effect: can't ignore word meanings even when focusing on font color
87
Load Theory
High Load -> early selection Low Load -> late selection
88
Posner Cueing task
A reaction time task that tests spatial covert attention Valid cue: accurately predicts target location -> faster reaction time Invalid cue: misleads attention -> slower reaction Neutral: No directional info
89

Cog Neuropsych (4 decks)

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