SCI Flashcards
what is taylorism?
Organization of activities in the workplace with the aim of maximising productivity
Flaws in work process can be scientifically solved through improved management methods and the best way to increase worker productivity is to optimize the way they works.
what is LCC (load control center) and benefits
when transportation planning and sourcing functions are pulled together into a single group, rather than being managed regionally or at individual ship sites.
benefits: centralize transportation sourcing consistent processes higher efficiency improved overall network visibility
what is drp (distribution resource planning)
make the delivery of goods more efficient by determining which goods, in what quantities, and at what location are required to meet anticipated demand.
what is MRP (material requirements planning(
a system which helps manu plan, schedule and manage inventory during manu processes
what is a UPC (unique product code)
code printed on retail product packaging to aid in identifying a particular item.
used to make it easy to identify product features, such as the brand name, item, size, and color, when an item is scanned at checkout
about the ford assembly line
in 1908, workers performed the same tasks over and over again and sent to an unmoving conveyor belt
henry ford then created the moving assembly line to help.
it involves manu each part separately and assembling them to form the final prod
assembly line workers do their jobs and do more than one job
then, Toyota introduced the JIT to the assembly process (receiving goods as they are needed in the assembly line)
economic order quantity
the ideal order quantity a company should purchase to minimize inventory costs
The formula assumes that demand, ordering, and holding costs all remain constant.
Continuous replenishment programme (crp)
A strategy where businesses share inventory info with suppliers, allowing suppliers to automatically replenish inventory (based on POS data). - helps reduce logistics and warehouse costs and aligns production with demand. - suppliers can also plan for production.
Different to VMI-
Through CRP, buyers and suppliers share inventory info so they can increase replenishment freq and red inventories for both - through VMI, suppliers rse authorised to manage inv at buyers locations and can make decisions regarding inv in the sc
ways to have a lean production system
uses 2 concepts: JIT and jidoka
Jidoka = method for quickly identifying and correcting any issues that could lead to faulty production. JIT = about refining and coordinating each production process so that it only produces what is required by the next process in the sequence.
By applying these concepts, we are able to produce vehicles quickly and efficiently, everyone meeting our high-quality standards and our customers’ individual requirements.
the container
a system of standardised transport, that uses a common size of steel container to transport goods.
These containers can easily be transferred between different modes of transport – container ships to lorries and trains. This makes the transport and trade of goods cheaper and more efficient.
Before the use of containers, goods would be exported in a mixture of bags and boxes. It meant that loading and unloading took longer and was hard work. A large workforce was required to unload and sort the goods on arrival, before repacking for the onward transport.
The real strength of the container is helping to reduce costs, improve trade and increase the efficiency of international trade
inc standardisation - it helps to smooth out the activities that it process for business partners which can translate to higher efficiency
fishers model and lee
F - model that helps managers determine their supply chain based on the nature of the product (functional and innovative products).
- (functional (long lifecycle) prod / efficient sc - match) !
- (functional prod / responsive sc - mismatch)
- (innovative (short lifecycle) prod / efficient sc - mismatch)
- (innovative prod / responsive sc - match) !
L - expanded on F by saying demand and supply unc is important too
- (LDU (func) / LSU = LEAN)
- (HDU (innov) / LSU = RESPONSIVE)
- (LDU / HSU = RISK HEDGING)
- (HDU / HSU = AGILE)
PUSH PULL SC
pull = production orders begin upon inventory reaching a certain level
push = production begins based on demand
push pull = begins w push and turns into pull (pushes for demand and then does through inventory)
bullwhip effect and causes
when order variability inc upstream
causes = price changes demand forecast long lead times inflated orders transportation disc
sc visibility
the ability to access info owned by a company’s sc partners
there is 1D visibility (sc to the company)
2D visibility (sc to the company to sc)
direct (
sci with respect to inventory man
MRP - a method that calculates the number of materials required for production. One of the primary material requirements planning objective is ensuring that there is a supply of raw materials until the end of the production line.
kanban - lean method to manage and improve work across human systems. - aims to manage work by balancing demands with available capacity, and by improving the handling of system-level bottlenecks
economic order quan - a calculation that represents ideal order size, allowing them to meet demand without overspending. used to minimize inventory costs
distribution requirements planning - a process to make the delivery of goods more efficient by determining which goods, in what quantities, and at what location are required to meet anticipated demand.
3 supply chain metrics
service - the ability to anticipate, capture and meet demand with personalised prods and ontime delivery
assets - anything w commercial value (like inventory and cash )
speed - metrics which are time related
3 pillars of design for supply chains
economic packaging
- design prods which can be efficiently stored
- design packaging so that prods can be secure at cross docking
- design prods to efficiently utilise retail space
concurrent and paralel processing
management of variety
closed loop sc
businesses reuse, recycle their production waste to create new products.
direct and reverse flows form a loop
how to create/improve a resilient sc
resilience can be improved by building redundancy or flexibility
R = keep extra resources incase of a disruption
F = build up capabilities that can respond fast
drivers of sc innovation
population growth new consumer urbanization digital culture climate change
the innovation process
idea generation
idea prioritisation
idea implenebntation
to the market
porters strategies for innovation
cost leadership - the structure of costs are better than the competitors and have a higher value to customers
differentiation
focus strategy - focusing on specifically defined market segments and in these segments companies focus on leadership/differentiation
What is the idea funnel and how do we make sure ideas stay in funnel
Shows the number of potential ideas which later become one idea which has potential to succeed
we use the stage gate process - stage = phases of the development process (such as generation of the first idea, etc)
gate = the checkpoints where its decided if a project will not be pursued, returned for rework, or goes to the next phase.
Quantitative eval of innovation ideas and issues
NPV - net present value = used to evaluate the profitability of investment projects - if NPV > 0 do the proj - used for new projects/ innov
issues = not a lot known so assumed / more suitable for known prods and serv where experience is available
Discovery-Driven Planning = systematically converts assumptions into knowledge as a strategic venture unfolds. When new data are uncovered, they are incorporated into the evolving plan.
radical innovation & technology adoption lifecycle
an invention that destroys an existing business model
innovators early adopt early maj late maj laggards
4 types of product innovation
market innov (new mkt, old tech) radical innov (new new) incremental innov (old old) tech innov (old mkt, new tech)
2 types of inov
closed = companies carry out work in a self-contained innovative environment
open = methods rely on external knowledge sources for their innovation management strategies.
what is systemic innov
the process of methodically analyzing and solving problems with a primary focus on identifying the correct problem to be solved and then generating innovative solution concepts free from mental inertia.
user lead innov
innovating users - advanced users or users who deal with a problem very intensively even in a certain area.
the process of drawing on. users’ knowledge to develop new products, services and concepts, which are based on a genuine understanding of. users’ needs and systematically engage users in the process of the development of an enterprise.
eg = a city w poor air qual is a lead user for zero emissions energy production
lead users can be used as a source of innovative and commercially attractive products or services and are distinguished from other users through the lead users which are lead users’ two distinct characteristics:
1) currently experiencing needs that will later be experienced by many users in the mkt
2) anticipate high benefits from obtaining solutions to their needs and so may innovate
how to idetify lead users
snowballing = people with rare interests or attributes tend to know others like themselves.
pyramiding = assuming that people with a strong interest in a topic or field can direct an enquiring researcher to people more expert than themselves.
puramiding is a modified version of snowballing
difference between lead user innov and non lead user innov
LU = high newness level
larger mkt shares
development of entire product family
NLU = incremental improvements
why can disruptive innov be a danger for established firms?
- firms fall victim to a new tech that is less powerful than established tech.
- ## the initial low performance of the new technology can mean that it is completely unsuitable for the markets of the established firms
why can disruptive innov be a danger for established firms?
- firms fall victim to a new tech that is less powerful than established tech.
- ## the initial low performance of the new technology can mean that it is completely unsuitable for the markets of the established firms
how to react to a disruptive tech
Adopt a disruptive tech and find a way to use it immediately (online banking)
Focus on the existing business and invest there (e.g., cinema vs. television).
Wait and see
Counter attack-attacking a disruption (e.g.,reactionof Swatch to the electronic clocks based on quartz crystals)
The Abernaty-Utterback Model
described the life cycle of industrial innovation
says that companies first start w innov but as the development stage foes on, the race for innov inc
once the product innov is out there, the process innov is introduced to improve the ways in which its made
what is the processs model
the graphical representation of business processes or workflows. Like a flow chart, individual steps of the process are drawn out so there is an end-to-end overview of the tasks in the process within the context of the business environment.
what is the product-process matrix
merges the product lifecycle, (which encompasses all aspects of the product development process—from ideation to a product’s growth or decline) with the process lifecycle, (the progression towards a more cost-effective and productive standardized structure).
Supply Chain Processes
A collection of related events, activities and decisions that involve a number of actors and objects and that collectively lead to an outcome that is of value to an organisation or its customers
such as: • Order-to-Cash process • Quote-to-Order process • Procure-to-Pay process • Manufacturing process • Claims processing
what are the key parts of a process
control flow perspective = what needs to be done and when
data perspective = what to we need to work on
resource perspective = who is doing the work
what are the components of the process architecture
support processes = provide resources to be used by other processes
core processes = generate value as they are directly linked to external cust
management processes = provide direction rules and practices
Supply chain process modelling
Principles, methods and tools to design analyse, execute and monitor supply chain processes with the goal of improving them
what is the criteria for the eval of sc processes
which has the greatest impact on the organisation’s goals
which processes are in the most trouble
which sc is the most susceptible to successful management
your main focus is on poor process health and high priority
