SCI

Question 1

what is taylorism?

Answer 1

Organization of activities in the workplace with the aim of maximising productivity

Flaws in work process can be scientifically solved through improved management methods and the best way to increase worker productivity is to optimize the way they works.

Question 2

what is LCC (load control center) and benefits

Answer 2

when transportation planning and sourcing functions are pulled together into a single group, rather than being managed regionally or at individual ship sites.

benefits:
centralize transportation sourcing
consistent processes
higher efficiency 
 improved overall network visibility

Question 3

what is drp (distribution resource planning)

Answer 3

make the delivery of goods more efficient by determining which goods, in what quantities, and at what location are required to meet anticipated demand.

Question 4

what is MRP (material requirements planning(

Answer 4

a system which helps manu plan, schedule and manage inventory during manu processes

Question 5

what is a UPC (unique product code)

Answer 5

code printed on retail product packaging to aid in identifying a particular item.

used to make it easy to identify product features, such as the brand name, item, size, and color, when an item is scanned at checkout

Question 6

about the ford assembly line

Answer 6

in 1908, workers performed the same tasks over and over again and sent to an unmoving conveyor belt
henry ford then created the moving assembly line to help.

it involves manu each part separately and assembling them to form the final prod
assembly line workers do their jobs and do more than one job
then, Toyota introduced the JIT to the assembly process (receiving goods as they are needed in the assembly line)

Question 7

economic order quantity

Answer 7

the ideal order quantity a company should purchase to minimize inventory costs

The formula assumes that demand, ordering, and holding costs all remain constant.

Question 8

Continuous replenishment programme (crp)

Answer 8

A strategy where businesses share inventory info with suppliers, allowing suppliers to automatically replenish inventory (based on POS data). - helps reduce logistics and warehouse costs and aligns production with demand. - suppliers can also plan for production.

Different to VMI-

Through CRP, buyers and suppliers share inventory info so they can increase replenishment freq and red inventories for both - through VMI, suppliers rse authorised to manage inv at buyers locations and can make decisions regarding inv in the sc

Question 9

ways to have a lean production system

Answer 9

uses 2 concepts: JIT and jidoka

Jidoka = method for quickly identifying and correcting any issues that could lead to faulty production. 
JIT = about refining and coordinating each production process so that it only produces what is required by the next process in the sequence.

By applying these concepts, we are able to produce vehicles quickly and efficiently, everyone meeting our high-quality standards and our customers’ individual requirements.

Question 10

the container

Answer 10

a system of standardised transport, that uses a common size of steel container to transport goods.
These containers can easily be transferred between different modes of transport – container ships to lorries and trains. This makes the transport and trade of goods cheaper and more efficient.

Before the use of containers, goods would be exported in a mixture of bags and boxes. It meant that loading and unloading took longer and was hard work. A large workforce was required to unload and sort the goods on arrival, before repacking for the onward transport.

The real strength of the container is helping to reduce costs, improve trade and increase the efficiency of international trade

inc standardisation - it helps to smooth out the activities that it process for business partners which can translate to higher efficiency

Question 11

fishers model and lee

Answer 11

F - model that helps managers determine their supply chain based on the nature of the product (functional and innovative products).

• (functional (long lifecycle) prod / efficient sc - match) !
• (functional prod / responsive sc - mismatch)
• (innovative (short lifecycle) prod / efficient sc - mismatch)
• (innovative prod / responsive sc - match) !

L - expanded on F by saying demand and supply unc is important too

• (LDU (func) / LSU = LEAN)
• (HDU (innov) / LSU = RESPONSIVE)
• (LDU / HSU = RISK HEDGING)
• (HDU / HSU = AGILE)

Question 12

PUSH PULL SC

Answer 12

pull = production orders begin upon inventory reaching a certain level
push = production begins based on demand
push pull = begins w push and turns into pull (pushes for demand and then does through inventory)

Question 13

bullwhip effect and causes

Answer 13

when order variability inc upstream

causes =
price changes
demand forecast
long lead times 
inflated orders 
transportation disc

Question 14

sc visibility

Answer 14

the ability to access info owned by a company’s sc partners

there is 1D visibility (sc to the company)
2D visibility (sc to the company to sc)
direct (

Question 15

sci with respect to inventory man

Answer 15

MRP - a method that calculates the number of materials required for production. One of the primary material requirements planning objective is ensuring that there is a supply of raw materials until the end of the production line.

kanban - lean method to manage and improve work across human systems. - aims to manage work by balancing demands with available capacity, and by improving the handling of system-level bottlenecks

economic order quan - a calculation that represents ideal order size, allowing them to meet demand without overspending. used to minimize inventory costs

distribution requirements planning - a process to make the delivery of goods more efficient by determining which goods, in what quantities, and at what location are required to meet anticipated demand.

Question 16

3 supply chain metrics

Answer 16

service - the ability to anticipate, capture and meet demand with personalised prods and ontime delivery

assets - anything w commercial value (like inventory and cash )

speed - metrics which are time related

Question 17

3 pillars of design for supply chains

Answer 17

economic packaging

• design prods which can be efficiently stored
• design packaging so that prods can be secure at cross docking
• design prods to efficiently utilise retail space

concurrent and paralel processing

management of variety

Question 18

closed loop sc

Answer 18

businesses reuse, recycle their production waste to create new products.
direct and reverse flows form a loop

Question 19

how to create/improve a resilient sc

Answer 19

resilience can be improved by building redundancy or flexibility

R = keep extra resources incase of a disruption

F = build up capabilities that can respond fast

Question 20

drivers of sc innovation

Answer 20

population growth 
new consumer
urbanization 
digital culture
climate change

Question 21

the innovation process

Answer 21

idea generation
idea prioritisation
idea implenebntation
to the market

Question 22

porters strategies for innovation

Answer 22

cost leadership - the structure of costs are better than the competitors and have a higher value to customers

differentiation

focus strategy - focusing on specifically defined market segments and in these segments companies focus on leadership/differentiation

Question 23

What is the idea funnel and how do we make sure ideas stay in funnel

Answer 23

Shows the number of potential ideas which later become one idea which has potential to succeed

we use the stage gate process - stage = phases of the development process (such as generation of the first idea, etc)

gate = the checkpoints where its decided if a project will not be pursued, returned for rework, or goes to the next phase.

Question 24

Quantitative eval of innovation ideas and issues

Answer 24

NPV - net present value = used to evaluate the profitability of investment projects - if NPV > 0 do the proj - used for new projects/ innov

issues = not a lot known so assumed / more suitable for known prods and serv where experience is available

Discovery-Driven Planning = systematically converts assumptions into knowledge as a strategic venture unfolds. When new data are uncovered, they are incorporated into the evolving plan.

Question 25

radical innovation & technology adoption lifecycle

Answer 25

an invention that destroys an existing business model ``` innovators early adopt early maj late maj laggards ```

Question 26

4 types of product innovation

Answer 26

``` market innov (new mkt, old tech) radical innov (new new) incremental innov (old old) tech innov (old mkt, new tech) ```

Question 27

2 types of inov

Answer 27

closed = companies carry out work in a self-contained innovative environment open = methods rely on external knowledge sources for their innovation management strategies.

Question 28

what is systemic innov

Answer 28

the process of methodically analyzing and solving problems with a primary focus on identifying the correct problem to be solved and then generating innovative solution concepts free from mental inertia.

Question 29

user lead innov

Answer 29

innovating users - advanced users or users who deal with a problem very intensively even in a certain area. the process of drawing on. users' knowledge to develop new products, services and concepts, which are based on a genuine understanding of. users' needs and systematically engage users in the process of the development of an enterprise. eg = a city w poor air qual is a lead user for zero emissions energy production lead users can be used as a source of innovative and commercially attractive products or services and are distinguished from other users through the lead users which are lead users' two distinct characteristics: 1) currently experiencing needs that will later be experienced by many users in the mkt 2) anticipate high benefits from obtaining solutions to their needs and so may innovate

Question 30

how to idetify lead users

Answer 30

snowballing = people with rare interests or attributes tend to know others like themselves. pyramiding = assuming that people with a strong interest in a topic or field can direct an enquiring researcher to people more expert than themselves. puramiding is a modified version of snowballing

Question 31

difference between lead user innov and non lead user innov

Answer 31

LU = high newness level larger mkt shares development of entire product family NLU = incremental improvements

Question 32

why can disruptive innov be a danger for established firms?

Answer 32

- firms fall victim to a new tech that is less powerful than established tech. - the initial low performance of the new technology can mean that it is completely unsuitable for the markets of the established firms -

Question 32

why can disruptive innov be a danger for established firms?

Answer 32

- firms fall victim to a new tech that is less powerful than established tech. - the initial low performance of the new technology can mean that it is completely unsuitable for the markets of the established firms -

Question 33

how to react to a disruptive tech

Answer 33

Adopt a disruptive tech and find a way to use it immediately (online banking) Focus on the existing business and invest there (e.g., cinema vs. television). Wait and see Counter attack-attacking a disruption (e.g.,reactionof Swatch to the electronic clocks based on quartz crystals)

Question 34

The Abernaty-Utterback Model

Answer 34

described the life cycle of industrial innovation says that companies first start w innov but as the development stage foes on, the race for innov inc once the product innov is out there, the process innov is introduced to improve the ways in which its made

Question 35

what is the processs model

Answer 35

the graphical representation of business processes or workflows. Like a flow chart, individual steps of the process are drawn out so there is an end-to-end overview of the tasks in the process within the context of the business environment.

Question 36

what is the product-process matrix

Answer 36

merges the product lifecycle, (which encompasses all aspects of the product development process—from ideation to a product's growth or decline) with the process lifecycle, (the progression towards a more cost-effective and productive standardized structure).

Question 37

Supply Chain Processes

Answer 37

A collection of related events, activities and decisions that involve a number of actors and objects and that collectively lead to an outcome that is of value to an organisation or its customers ``` such as: • Order-to-Cash process • Quote-to-Order process • Procure-to-Pay process • Manufacturing process • Claims processing ```

Question 38

what are the key parts of a process

Answer 38

control flow perspective = what needs to be done and when data perspective = what to we need to work on resource perspective = who is doing the work

Question 39

what are the components of the process architecture

Answer 39

support processes = provide resources to be used by other processes core processes = generate value as they are directly linked to external cust management processes = provide direction rules and practices

Question 40

Supply chain process modelling

Answer 40

Principles, methods and tools to design analyse, execute and monitor supply chain processes with the goal of improving them

Question 41

what is the criteria for the eval of sc processes

Answer 41

which has the greatest impact on the organisation's goals which processes are in the most trouble which sc is the most susceptible to successful management your main focus is on poor process health and high priority

Question 42

BPMN (business process modeling notation)

Answer 42

rectangle = activity (work performed in a process) circle = start of an event bold circle = end of an event diamond = gateway (capture separating and joining paths in the control flow) arrow = sequence flow document = checks status of things like stock

Question 43

an example of modelling a sc process = order to cash

Answer 43

typical order to cash is triggered by the receipt of a purchase. (circle) purchase order then has to be checked against stock to see if item is available (rectangle) depending on availability I tis accepted or rejected (diamond pointing to accept or reject)(goes to rectangle then bold circle or rec to rec etc) if good confirmed, invoice is sent and good shipped. (bold circle and end of events)

Question 44

BPMN ELEMENTS pools and lanes

Answer 44

pool = resource class (the bog rectangle) used to model a business party like thee seller etc lane = captures a resource sub class within a resource class by partitioning a pool (used to model departments ) (little ones)

Question 45

value-added analysis & steps

Answer 45

method for identifying problems within a process. 1) divide sc processes into steps (so steps performed before a task, the task itself, and after) 2) classify each processes step (value adding, business value adding and non value) value adding = is cust willing to pay for activity / if step is removed, would cust perceive the end prod or service as less valuable? business value adding: Is this step needed to collect revenue / ○ Would the business suffer in the long term if this step was removed? non value adding: non willing to pay for

Question 46

7 sources of waste in sc

Answer 46

``` transport motion inventory waiting defects over processing over production ```

Question 47

what is a flow analysis

Answer 47

process model + performance of each activity = process performance

Question 48

as is and to be

Answer 48

as is = desrcrptive modelling od the sc process to be = prescriptive modeling

Question 49

2 types of process innov approaches

Answer 49

exploitative redesign (transactional) = doesnt question the current sc structure / wants to identify problems and resolve them in a series of small changes (incremental sc innov) explorative redesign (transformational) = questions the principles of existing process structure / aims to achieve breakthrough sc innov

Question 50

explain explorative redesign (transformational)

Answer 50

first you need to capture info at one at the source you need to absorb info processing work into the real work you have to make those who use the output of the process, drive the process (like VMI) Put the decision point where the work is performed and build control into the process (like empowering workers and giving them the power to make their own decisions) treat wide spread resources as if they were centralised (if the same workers do the same function in diff loc you might as well combine them)

Question 51

exploitative redesign (transactional)

Answer 51

so you have 3 levels = task / flow / process T task elim = elim all non value adding steps / reduce or elim steps that arent necessary like checks and approvals task composition = merge two tasks to elim transport decomposition = split tasks in 2 and assign to specialised resources triage = intergrate very diff tasks into a more general one F resequencing = Reorder tasks according to their cost or effect to minimize over-processing (basically postpone expensive tasks to the end bc they may be unnecessary) Parallelism Enhancement = run multp tasks simultaneously where possible to reduce cycle time P Process specialisation = One process is split into mult. (by cust class, location, time period) process standardisation = Two processes integrated resource optimisation = Use resources of a given type as if they were in one room Avoid one group of people overloaded and the other idle communication optimisation = automated handling etc of messages automation = use data sharing to improve visibility , use network tech to replace physical flow w info flow , use tracking tech to locate resources , automate end to end processes

Question 52

Tools and techniques for sc innov

Answer 52

pick chart = helps to organise ideas ( sees which ideas will have a high pay off etc) (possible, implement, challenge, kill) issue register = maintains and organises weaknesses of processes (the issues). in the form of a table w headings like issue name, description, assumptions, impact and possible improvement actions pareto chart = shows frequency of issues in order root cause analysis = helps find out root causes and how to respond to them why why diagram = tree diagram where each statement is determined by asking why fish bone (cause and effect) diagram = brainstorming to identify possible causes of a problem and in sorting ideas into useful categories FMEA (failure mode and effects analy) = Used to estimate risks and ranking them by considering their likelihood of occurrence and potential effects Positive deviance = Identify and use deviant behaviour in the sc

Question 53

Value based view on business models

Answer 53

business model canvas and framework and value prop canvas

Question 54

how Business Model innovation

Answer 54

Business model innovation is the art of enhancing advantage and value creation by making simultaneous—and mutually supportive—changes both to an organization's value proposition to customers and to its underlying operating model. Aligned – Leverage core capabilities and design consistency across all dimensions of the business model, both internally and externally, that build customer value. Analytical – Use information strategically to create foresight, and prioritize actions while measuring and tracking for rapid course correction. Adaptable – Link innovative leadership to enhance the ability to effect change and institutionalize operational flexibility.

Question 55

The Activity-Based View on Business Models

Answer 55

designed by a focal firm to meet market needs what how who why

Question 56

Selected Supply Chain Innovation Concepts

Answer 56

e retailing = engeneer to order / make to order / assemble to order / make to stock / digital copy Digital marketplaces in supply chain and logistics industry = for example on demand warehousing - companies that need extra warehouse space but only temporarily can connect w warehouses that have temporary extra space through a service On-demand delivery and crowd shipping = low price for cust, efficient dispatch of orders, strong mkt presence Sustainable business model-driven supply chain innovation LLOK ON SLIDE 5.1 Technological innovations for the supply chain = ROBOTS, control towers, modes of transport like drones

Question 57

why is tracking important

Answer 57

* Allow its recovery through cost savings * Allow the identification of lost items * Allow the cross-checking of the workload * Identify slow processes or anomaly events

Question 58

what is localosation

Answer 58

a process that is spanning entire supply chains and informing product development, location decisions, and manufacturing models.

Question 59

satellite localisation

Answer 59

has improved logistics by ensuring real-time monitoring of vehicles

Question 60

what might block wireless links

Answer 60

reflection (when it changes direction bc it bounces of a medium) diffraction (when in bends around an object like hills or buildings) shadowing (when signal looses strength when passing through a medium) scatering (when wave hits an object and scatters into multp waves,like fog and unpredictable)

Question 61

gps in sc

Answer 61

Vehicle tracking Goods distribution route planning = starting and ending point determined by driver but best route determined by GPS Fleet man = allow you to have a constant 2-way communication with your fleet. resource optimisation = you can determine the exact cause of delivery delay if there is any.

Question 62

sensor networks, features and types

Answer 62

a network of devices that can communicate the information gathered from a monitored field through wireless links you decide where to intal you decide what to install you decide your needs you know the final application types = radiofrequency, audio, optical

Question 63

Radiofrequency technologies what are they and types

Answer 63

a wireless electromagnetic signal used as a form of connection wifi Bluetooth RFID = radio freq identification - Query a tag which replies with saved info - use din libraries, sc tracing, baggage rfid vs barcode = barcode one real at a time, limited info, info cant be changed RFID = lots of data, resistant to external factors

Question 64

UWB

Answer 64

Ultra-wideband (UWB) is a radio-based communication technology for short-range use and fast and stable transmission of data - used for indoor localiastion of moving assets in complex small environments

Question 65

name the 4 tech with big impact on sc

Answer 65

Robotic process automation (RPA) 3d printing Digital supply chain planning - big data analytics and AI Blockchain technology

Question 66

what is RPA and how des it work and pros and cons

Answer 66

robotic process automation automates repetitive human tasks so that we can focus on other things works by first defining the steps that need to be performed by the robot then the robot controller allocates to robots then robots interact w humans then humans deal with exceptions pros = lower costs, speed, scalability, consistency, 24/7 cons = employees may not be happy, not all process ok for rpa, automates not standardises

Question 67

where can rpa be used in the sc & eg

Answer 67

inventory man supply and demand planning pruchase order man eg - Dynamic inventory reorder point calculations = issue is that there is changing demand so how can I keep up - solution is to automate, monitor ERP of transactions and automate replenishment - benefit is maximised profitability and less inventory

Question 68

what is main concept behind 3d printing and what type of sc does it allow for

Answer 68

allows for customisation, the manu of rarely ordered objects and market intelligence allows for a highspeed bespoke sc which is a fast paced , customisable sc. customers close to factories also get fast delivery also is good for lean and responsive sc bc lean for cost eff and responsive for time build to order wtc decreases inventory bc made there and then

Question 69

what is additive manu

Answer 69

digital manufacturing technology that enables companies to rethink their supply chain (SC) design. producers send digital designs to 3D-printers. The computerized design guides the fabrication of products, building them up layer by layer rather than cutting away from a large block of existing material as in most traditional manufacturing. can reduce the number of parts required for an application and enable cost-effective production of small numbers of parts. The technology allows the manufacturing of complex structures + customization

Question 70

Strategic Network Design LECTURE 5.4

Answer 70

supply chain model that aligns the supply chain infrastructure (production-distribution network or supply-delivery network) with customer requirements and the business strategy and optimizes the infrastructure based on Total Cost to Serv

Question 71

what are some IT systems for supply chain planning - scp problen=ms can be solved by...

Answer 71

ERP = automates business processes and provides insights scp modules = provides planning, what if scenario analysis and real time demand commitments APS systems (advanced planning and scheduling) = try to find feasible, near optimal plans across the sc - An APS allocates raw materials and production capacity optimally to balance demand and plant capacity.

Question 72

Semiconductors

Answer 72

An Integrated Circuit (IC) is also called as chip or microchip. It is a semiconductor wafer in which millions of components are fabricated. Design: Semiconductor chip designs are created for specific or general device usage. Manufacturing (Front End): Silicon wafers are processed through manufacturing and then diced into multiple chips Manufacturing (Back End): Chips are layered and assembled into packages that can be mounted onto circuit boards. Packaged chips are then tested End Product Integration: Chips are integrated by electronics and equipment manufacturers to create end products for consumers. Consumption: End products are shipped to companies, retailer, and consumers worldwide.

Question 73

AI

Answer 73

used for cheaper prediciton - the more you use ai the cheaper it gets bc demand rises

Question 74

ai canvas

Answer 74

How can you decide whether employing a prediction machine will improve matters 1. First you specify what you are trying to predict. 2. No prediction is accurate so to determine the value of investment, you need to know the cost of going ahead vs not. This is the judgement. Mainly costs 3. Then you identify the action which is dependant on the predictions. May just be a dispatch or don’t dispatch 4. This action leads to an outcome. 5. To generate a useful prediction, you need to know what is going on at the time a decision needs to be made. This is the input data 6. But to develop the prediction machine, you need to train a machine learning model. this is the training. The training data matches historical sensor data with prior outcomes to create algorithms. Over time it improves 7. These improvements come from feedback data. This is data which is collected when the prediction machine is operating in real situ

Question 75

ai in the sc

Answer 75

retail - deep learning algo, natural lang processor cust service

Question 76

Big data and ai in supply chain planning process

Answer 76

helps w decisions. such as sourcing, when deciding who you want to be your suppliers you always look at trust, costs distance, qual. ai can help in predicting which supplier to chose there is also demand planning and fulfilment - you look at seasonal data etc - ai can help to identify which prods are different and how so that you make new ones

Question 77

anticipation shipping

Answer 77

predict, pack and ship the products that are expected to be bought soon by its customers package items for a certain geographical area even before a customer has placed an order

Question 78

what can big data help w in sc

Answer 78

material planning and handeling (intellegent container systems) transport and disrt planning (maps for best route) inventory planning

Question 79

challenges of big data analytics in sc

Answer 79

complex tech | costly

Question 80

what is block chain tech

Answer 80

A permanent digital record of transactions that is stored across a distributed/decentralized network of computers

Question 81

6 factors of blockchain

Answer 81

1. It can be decentralised and centralised 2. Its distributed 3. The transactions in the ledger are validated 4. Every user has a unique key 5. The info recorded is unable to be changed 6. The ledger is governed by programmed logic

Question 82

Block chain in the supply chain

Answer 82

provides all parties within a respective supply chain with access to the same information, potentially reducing communication or transfer data errors - improves qual and reducing costs

Question 83

Advantages of the blockchain in supply chain

Answer 83

Asset tracking Visibility across and down into multipole tiers of the sc Accountability Process conformance - so companies can use the blockchain to promise customers that their products are certified organic or whatever Improved collaboration across the sc

Question 84

2 types of embeddedness relationship

Answer 84

Structural embeddedness - how relationships are structured - examines the form of the network between entrepreneurs, and where the position of the business object is analysed in the existing network structure relational = ○ looks at the quality of relationships between business actors

Question 85

3 types of phases that networks can go through:

Answer 85

1. Fluid network a. In the beginning of the lifecycle b. Built by a new established entrepreneurial firm 2. Growing network a. After fluid when the network is looking for some orientation b. Inc structural embeddedness c. Starts to become more frequent businesses Mature network Inc relational embeddedness - inc relationship between customer and company

Question 86

structural holes

Answer 86

no connection between networks. an “empty space” between contacts in a person's network. It means that these contacts do not interact closely (though they may be aware of one another). Actors on either side of the structural hole have access to different flows of information

Question 87

issues of blockchains

Answer 87

``` • Latency and scalability • Cost and energy use • Lack of regulation • Data qual Lack of knowledge ```

Question 88

aSPIRANT

Answer 88

a rather positive view of future developments in all PESTLE dimensions bc of its positive tech innov (PESTLE) new business model is needed to adapt to digitalisation agile and circular supply chain structures are required to manage the product life cycle (paying attention to waste)

Question 89

what is a standard?

Answer 89

a widley agreed way of doing something

Question 90

2 types of standards

Answer 90

de facto = arise when critical mass likes themwell wnough to use them formal = endorsed by standard development org - need stamp of approval

Question 91

formal standards

Answer 91

defined by sdo to ensure a fair standard standards are not regulations - conformity w standards are voluntary, regulations are compulsory

Question 92

what are iso

Answer 92

a network of national standard bodies which one member per country. they develop international standards

Question 93

iso 9001

Answer 93

standard for qual man systems

Question 94

iso 14001

Answer 94

env standards

Question 95

goals, challenges, and benefits of block chains on fluid growing and mature network stages

Answer 95

goal of fluid: to have critical mass of assets and collaborations goal of growing: higher market share and economies of scale goal of mature: exploiut new and existing opportunities challenges of fluid: dispersed network and structural holes chal of growing: depends on key suppl and structural holes chal of mat: shrinking network bene of block in F: gain adv of data sharing w new partners ben G: reconfigure scN ben M: explore new opp

Question 96

what is a sc network

Answer 96

an evolution of the basic sc Due to rapid technological advancement, organisations with a basic supply chain can develop this chain into a more complex structure involving a higher level of interdependence and connectivity between more organisations, this constitutes a supply-chain network.[

Question 97

structural holes

Answer 97

A structural hole refers to an “empty space” between contacts in a person's network. It means that these contacts do not interact closely (though they may be aware of one another). Actors on either side of the structural hole have access to different flows of information

Question 98

2. PrOCEEDIng

Answer 98

positive and harmonious overall development (env) - customers are responsible but demand customisation high level of disruptive tech fast responsive sc (due to tech adv fast recovery mechanisms) also circular product lifecycle developments demand for cust means very adaptable manu etc

Question 99

3. oFFsET

Answer 99

environmetal problems inc (means cust want a 'much and cheap' product) political unc inc meaning tech innov dec so, sc, no circular - no sust lean and efficient to red costs due to much and cheap

Question 100

six macro-scenarios

Answer 100

provide settings for how future supply chains could be by 2030

Question 101

DiThER

Answer 101

economic state benefits from tech innov like additive manu and automation - makes prod of cust prods cost effective for everyone Companies try to postpone their production until the latest point possible to allow individual customisation & disruptive tech resiloient sc due t unstable env. also economic conditions hard to predict

Question 102

UNEaSE

Answer 102

declining cond - everything bad

Question 103

UNEaSE

Answer 103

declining cond - everything bad due to barriers to the flow of goods, (P) waiting times inc and costs inc SO location of suppliers help in dec costs. so agile

Question 104

ENDANGEr

Answer 104

everything bad risk hedging